Latest revision as of 07:51, 8 October 2022

superfolder GFP coding sequence

This is the coding sequence of superfolder GFP (Pedelacq et al (2006): "Engineering and characterization of a superfolder green fluorescent protein", Nature Biotech 24 (1) January 2006).

More information about the properties of this GFP in relation to the currently used mut3GFP can be found at: http://openwetware.org/wiki/IGEM:Cambridge/2008/Improved_GFP.

It carries the following amino acid changes with respect to mut3 GFP (E0040), the currently most commonly used GFP in the registry:

S30R, Y39N, F64L, G65T, F99S, N105T, Y145F, M153T, V163A, I171V, A206V

Its in-vivo properties are considerably improved with respect to mut3 - it develops fluorescence about 3fold faster than mut3 GFP and reaches 4fold higher absolute fluorescence levels. Fluorescenct colonies can be identified with the naked eye even without UV or blue light illumination (that is to say the amount of blue light in normal daylight or lablight is sufficient). Additionally it is more stable in vitro and refolds faster after in vitro denaturation with respect to mut3 GFP.

Note: Superfolder GFP is available in constructs driven by the pBAD and T7 promoters: part numbers I746908 and I746909 respectively. Additionally 6-his tagged versions for protein purification exist: I746914 (pBAD driven) and I746915 (T7 driven).

Contribution: Wego_Taipei iGEM2022 on BBa I746916

Wet Lab Contribution: BBa_K4271008

In order to detect the degree of paraoxon degradation by our target protein OPH into p-nitrophenol (pNP), we designed a biosensor based on the existing part: superfolder GFP coding sequence. Our construct design, BBa_K4271008 , is based on a research paper published in Nucleic Acids Research (Jha, Ramesh K., et al.). The pNP sensor indicates the amount of pNP produced during OPH hydrolysis via GFP fluorescence.

Fig. 5. The linear map of our pNP sensor plasmid. Our sensor plasmid includes a dual-directional pobA/R promoter, pNP RBS, sfGFP, pobR operator, pNPmut1-1, and two double terminators that are composed of RrrnB1 terminator and T7 terminator

Fig. 6. Theoretical function of our biosensor upon IPTG induction (created by BioRender): Our biosensor contains an enzyme plasmid and a sensor plasmid that would enhance GFP expression, thereby indicating the amount of paraoxon detoxified by OPH

After cultivating normal E.coli colonies and E.coli engineered with the biosensor in the absence and presence of pNP, the result we acquired from the experiment was not consistent with the data published in the paper (Jha et al., 2016). The observed differences between the levels of GFP fluorescence before and after adding 125 µM of pNP were not significant enough to prove the effectiveness of the biosensor.

Groups	Fluorescence
Dh5alpha	24970
Dh5alpha + pNP	20650
DH5alpha-sensor	46867
Dh5alpha-sensor + pNP	50783

Fig. 7. GFP fluorescence level of DH5 alpha and DH5 alpha with biosensor in the absence/presence of pNP

Since the genetic organization and sequence of our pNP sensor is identical to the plasmid design in the research paper, we concluded that there might be an error in the biosensor design. We believe this discovery would benefit and contribute to future research related to the application of the pNP biosensor.

For more information about the pNP biosensor design and experiments, please visit our <a href: "https://2022.igem.wiki/wego-taipei/engineering"> Engineering Success Page</a>.

References

Ramesh K. Jha, Theresa L. Kern, Youngchang Kim, Christine Tesar, Robert Jedrzejczak, Andrzej Joachimiak, Charlie E. M. Strauss, A microbial sensor for organophosphate hydrolysis exploiting an engineered specificity switch in a transcription factor, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 44, Issue 17, 30 September 2016, Pages 8490–8500, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw687

LINKS_China 2021 Characterization of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3

Author: Aaron Zhexuan Zhang
Designer: Zixiang Zhou

Part of our project is about modifying bacterial cellulose membrane's (BCM) properties through binding proteins fused with cellulose binding matrixes. Here, we secreted sfGFP-CBM3 in S. cerevisiae cells.

To enable secretion of proteins in yeast, we attached a short signal peptide called maturation factor alpha (Ma) to our protein. Aza et al have already characterized Mα and mutated it to become more efficient at protein secretion. For our project, we selected Ma A9D; A20T; Q32H; F48S; G62D (referred to as Ma_Mut) as it had one of the highest secretion rates. We constructed two plasmids, Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 (Fig. 1B), and transformed both plasmids into yeast (Fig. 1A).

On YPD plates, secretion of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 can be seen by the green halo surrounding each individual colony (Fig. 1D). After culturing Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 yeast in liquid YPD (Fig. 1E), we performed SDS-PAGE analysis on both the whole cell and growth media (Fig. 1C). We discovered that only a small portion of the expressed proteins were found in the media for Ma-sfGFP-CBM3, and an unobservable amount of secreted protein was found in the Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 media. This meant that most likely, only a small amount of CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 will be secreted, not enough to significantly alter the characteristics of the resulting BCM. As a proof of concept, we cultured SCOBY using Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 (Fig. 1F). In the future, we hope to increase the expression of secretion rate of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 to achieve in situ modification of BCM (Mohammadi et al, 2019).

Figure 1: Expression and measurement of Ma proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A). Schematic of Ma plasmids transformed into S. cerevisiae BY4741 B) Gel electrophoresis results of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 C) SDS-PAGE analysis of yeast whole cell and YPD media for Ma-sfGFP-CBM3. D) Pictures of single colonies of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3. E) Liquid cultures of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3. F) BCM produced using Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 S. cerevisiae BY4741SCOBY.

Contribution: GIFU TOKAI 2019

Group: GIFU TOKAI 2019
Author: Ryo NIWA

Documentation:
First, plasmid DNA of BBa_I746916 was amplified with Cont_For primer, Cont_Rev primer. The PCR product was re-amplified with T7 SD PRO primer and Cont_Rev primer. The PCR product was electrophoresed by 1.5% agarose gel and dyed by ethidium bromide for 20 minutes. After confirming the single band, the DNA was purified by FastGene Gel/PCR Extraction Kit (NIPPON Genetics, Tokyo, Japan). Then, following the instruction of PUREfrex2.0 and, it expressed sfGFP. At this time, we used water as a negative control instead of template DNA. sfGFP expressed by the cell-free system was analyzed by its fluorescence and western blotting. In PURE system, BBa_I746916 was successfully expressed and, the expressed sfGFP was turned into green under the UV. The figure.1 shows the sfGFP under UV exposure. We also perfomred western blotting and confirmed the band of sfGFP around 27 kDa. Using Microplate Reader, we also performed the quntification of sfGFP. We used Fluorescein from the measurement kit to make calibration. The result is shown in the graph.

Figure.1 Expression in PURE system

Figure.2 Western Blotting Analysis (Control: Water, Sample: BBa_I746916)

Contribution: GreatBay_SZ 2019

Group: GreatBay_SZ 2019
Author: Xinyou Chang
Introduction & Design: Xinyou Chang

Documentation:
2Rep-sfGFP is the recombinant chromoprotein that can mix with the NT-2Rep-CT spidroin in certain ratio to be artificially spun into the continuous and high function spider silk with green fluorescence property. This year we synthesized the part NT-2Rep-CT, to for artificial silk spinning, is the common architecture in two main types of spider silk proteins: major ambulate spidorins(MaSps) and minor ampullate spidorins (MiSps): A non-repetitive N-terminal domain (NT), as well as the C-terminal domain (CT). In between them is an extensive repetitive region (Rep). We believe this part can realize the approach of producing recombinant spidroins (silk proteins) from other chassis and spin them into silk to fulfill the demand of spider silks. However, this part is only responsible for to form continuous silk that are colorless. In order to maintain and stability of color and silk spinning, stead of mixing pure sfGFP with our spidroin, we added two repetitive region in front of sfGFP, with the assumption that 2Rep can assist the NT-2Rep-CT extensive region’s transition into beta-sheet formation as the 2Rep regions can lie parallel to each other and be formed into beta-sheet structure cohesively. And do not disrupt the dimer formation at NT or the unfolding at CT during the silk spinning process.

Purification and SDS PAGE

In order to detect whether protein expression was induced by adding isopropylthiogalactoside (final concentration 0.3mM), we used SDS-page(10%) to determine the presence of target protein. Target protein after purification by Ni-NTA method was compared to their original chromoprotein only. Result showing the size chromoprotein only, 2Rep-sfGFP, and NT-2Rep-sfGFP are in an increasing trend as regions are added, this result is constant in all three of our chromoprotein. This suggests that our 2Rep protein domain is successfully added on to our pure chromoprotein and well induced. 2Rep-sfGFP under white light source have the most opacity in their own group of chromoprotein of same color.

Fiber spinning of NT2RepCT with recombinant chromoprotein 2Rep-sfGFP

Recombinant chromoprotein 2Rep-chromoprotein concocting with NT-2Rep-CT spidroin in the suitable ratio can form the most continuous and stable silk when spinning into 100%isopropanol comparing with the silk spun by replacing 2Rep-chromoprotein with chromoprotein only or NT-2Rep-chromoprotein. It’s also the most transmittance The stable feature of this particular silk spun supports our assumption to let the 2Rep region bounded to the chromoprotein assist the NT-2Rep-CT extensive region’s transition into beta-sheet formation as the 2Rep regions can lie parallel to each other and be formed into beta-sheet structure cohesively without disruption to the dimer forming at NT or the amyloid-like fibril forming at CT when carrying out artificial silk spinning at low pH or in 100% isopropanol.

Scanning electron microscopy of fibers

Aiming to verify the distribution uniformity of the mixture of recombinant chromoprotein and spidroin after spinning into fiber, we looked at our artificial spun silks under electron microscope. We randomly selected the cross section in our continuous silk, it has clearly shown that the fiber circularity is qualified as a uniformly distributed silk. For sfGFP, when 2Rep is added to the front of chromoprotein, the silk formed is has the smallest diameter among all the silks in the chromoprotein same group.

References:
[1] Andersson, Marlene, et al. “Biomimetic Spinning of Artificial Spider Silk from a Chimeric Minispidroin.” /Nature Chemical Biology/, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 262–264., doi:10.1038/nchembio.2269.

Characterization: Freiburg 2019

Group: Freiburg 2019
Author: Fabian Bäzner
Summary: We demonstrated the non-peptide guided auto-secretion of sfGFP (BBa_I746916) into the medium. sfGFP can thereby be used as a carrier for proteins linked to its carboxyl end which we analyzed with different induction conditions to reach optimal secretion.

Documentation: <p align="justify"> Secretion of proteins can have various benefits. The secretory production of recombinant proteins leads to simpler purification, avoidance of protease attack and a better chance of correct protein folding¹. Due to its fluorescent properties, sfGFP represents a secretion tag for easy extracellular signal validation.

To demonstrate the auto-secretion of sfGFP described by Zhang et al.² we designed two constructs, each containing the Npu DnE C-Intein (BBa_K1362101) with Thioredoxin as an insert (Figure 1). In one construct, the C-intein was fused to the carboxyl end of sfGFP.

Fig. 1: constructs for sfGFP secretion

Expression system:

Backbone: pET302
Promoter: T7 promoter
Terminator: T7 terminator
RBS: T7 RBS (BBa_K1362090)
E.coli strain: BL21(DE3)

We induced the sfGFP-CInt-TRX construct in 20 mL E. coli cultures under different temperatures (37, 30, 25°C), IPTG concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.1 mM, ctrl.), media (LB-medium, auto-induction medium) and took samples of each culture after 16, 24 or 48 hours. The samples were subsequently centrifuged at 21000 xg and the fluorescence of the supernatant was measured with a plate reader (excitation: 495 nm; emission: 515 nm) (Figure 2).

Fig. 2: Fluorescence of the medium after different inductions

The induction with 0.1 mM IPTG at 37°C in LB-medium showed the highest relative fluorescence. This condition was used for a 50 mL culture and the secretion was analyzed over time. We measured the OD600 and obtained samples of the culture every 2 hours. Samples were centrifuged at 21000 xg and the fluorescence of the supernatant was measured with the plate reader (excitation: 495 nm; emission: 515 nm)(Figure 3).

Fig. 3: Fluorescence of the medium and OD₆₀₀ of the induced and uninduced 50 mL culture containing E. coli BL21(DE3) with the sfGFP-CInt-TRX construct.

After 6 hours, the fluorescence in the medium increases, while the cells are still in the growth phase. These results were confirmed by Western Blot analyses of the supernatant, using an antibody against TRX (Figure 4). Expression of CInt-TRX in another 50 mL culture of E. coli BL21(DE3) under the same conditions did not show secretion of TRX (figure 4, 8 h / 10 h). This indicates the increase of fluorescence in the medium is based on the secretion of sfGFP-CInt-TRX and not on lysis of cells and sfGFP is carrying CInt-TRX into the medium.

Fig. 4: Western Blot of samples from different timepoints from the medium of cultures con- taining BL21(DE3) expressing CInt-TRX or sfGFP-CInt-TRX, all samples adjusted to an OD₆₀₀ of 4, stained against TRX

Altogether we demonstrated the auto-secretion of sfGFP, analyzed different conditions for the secretion and measured the secretion over time.

References:

[1] Choi J. H. et al., Secretory and extracellular production of recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli (2004). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64, 625–635

[2] Zhang Z. et al., Non-peptide guided auto-secretion of recombinant proteins by superfolder green fluorescent protein in Escherichia coli (2017). Scientific Reports. 7, 6990

Contribution: QHFZ-China 2019

Group: QHFZ-China iGEM 2019
Author: Cheng Li
Introduction & Design:

Figure 1. Schematic cartoon of the DNA construct of BBa_K3007036

BBa_I746916 is a fluorescent protein. This year, we used it in our system to report whether there was uric acid in the environment.

This year we use BBa_K3007036 to express sfGFP. The part is equal to BBa_I746916. However, BBa_I746916 has two tandem termination codon (TGA) at the 3' end of the part. We retained only one termination codon (TGA) in BBa_K3007036.

Documentation:
We charactered sfGFP part in the part BBa_K3007010 (https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3007010). Fig.4 and Fig. 5 showed the result related to sfGFP, Fig. 1-3 showed the process that we constructed the part.

This year, QHFZ-China designed a UA monitor system in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The original version is shown in Fig. 1. Pc is a constitutive promoter, Pcp6 promoter, and it promotes the expression of HucR and YgfU. When uric acid is absent, HucR can bind to PhucR, which suppresses dsRed expression. If uric acid presents in high concentration, HucR will release from PhucR and the expression of dsRed will recover from the inhibition [2].

Figure 1. Working mechanism of the uric acid detection system in E. coli.

Two clones with the UA detection system were tested. The original gene circuit was able to response to UA in a range of 0 to 200 μM (Fig. 2A). The clone 1 showed much better dynamics than the other (Fig. 2B). Time course experiments showed that the fluorescence intensity became quite strong at 4 to 6 hours after UA induction, and became stable at 10 to 12 hours (Fig. 2C). Even if we removed UA by replacing fresh LB medium, after 48 hours of shaking, the fluorescence would still be notable (Fig. 2D) and there was no significant difference between dsRed fluorescence / OD600 before and after UA removing (Fig. 2E). All the data meant that our design could detect high UA concentration quickly and stably.

Figure 2. Response of UA detection system after different concentration of UA induction. (A) A photo to visualize the fluorescence induced by UA under blue light. (B) Responding curve about the dsRed fluorescence / OD600 to different UA concentration of two E. coli clones. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions. (C) Time course experiments about the dsRed fluorescence / OD600 of E. coli after 0, 20 or 100 μM UA addition. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions. (D) A photo to visualize the fluorescence after UA removal under blue light. (E) Quantitative measurement of dsRed fluorescence / OD600 before and after UA removal.

However, through our human practices, we found that the sensitivity and responding time of the original design were not good enough. In the next generation of design, we introduced RinA_p80α - PrinA_p80a system to enhance the sensitivity. Meanwhile, we changed dsRed to sfGFP, whose maturation time is much shorter, to shorten the waiting time. The new version of the uric acid detector was shown in Fig. 3. If UA presented, RinA_p80α would express and active transcription of sfGFP which was under control of PrinA_p80α. We called this as Version 2.

Figure 3. Working mechanism of new uric acid detection system in E. coli (Version 2).

We tested the sfGFP production of Version 2 under different concentration of extracellular UA. The curve in Fig. 4A showed the fluorescence was saturated under only 15 μM UA induction, while the old version needed about 100 μM UA to get saturated (Fig. 2B). To test if sfGFP could shorten the reaction time, we used the same construct only except reporter genes, called PRinA_p80α – sfGFP and PRinA_p80α – dsRed, respectively. After adding 20 μM UA into the reaction system, the curve of PRinA_p80α – sfGFP climbed much faster than PRinA_p80α – dsRed, which suggested our new design had a great induction performance, and fitted our predictions very well (Fig. 4B).

Figure 4. The induction performances of the Version 2. (A) Induction curve of Version 2 under 0 to 200 μM UA treatment by measuring the sfGFP fluorescence / OD600. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions. (B) Time course experiment of sfGFP Version 2 and dsRed Version 2. Data were normalized by taking the fluorescence / OD600 of two groups at 0 h as standard, respectively. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions.

At last, we took a photo to show the green fluorescence released by E. coli expressing sfGFP.

Figure 5. green fluorescence released by E. coli expressing sfGFP under a blue light

References:
[1] Wan, X., Volpetti, F., Petrova, E., French, C., Maerkl, S. J., & Wang, B. (2019). Cascaded amplifying circuits enable ultrasensitive cellular sensors for toxic metals. Nature chemical biology, 15(5), 540.
[2] Liang C., Xiong D., Zhang Y., Mu S. and Tang S. (2015). Development of a novel uric-acid-responsive regulatory system in Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99, 2267–2275.

Contribution: WHU-China 2019

Group: WHU-China 2019
Authors: Jiongyi He
Summary: We confirmed that sfGFP (BBa_I746916) is available in constructs driven by the pR (BBa_R0051) and determined the relationship between sfGFP protein concentration and fluorescence intensity. Besides, we made a comparison of fluorescence intensity between BBa_K3098015 and BBa_I746916.
Documentation:

We constructed a recombined plasmid composed of pR (BBa_R0051)+RBS (BBa_B0030)+sfGFP (BBa_I746916)+6xHis-tag to express the sfGFP (BBa_I746916). By the way, there was no repressor CI of pR in the expression system.

We also constructed a recombined pet28a plasmid composed of T7 promoter and sfGFP BBa_K3098015 to express the sfGFP with avi-tag.

After purification by Ni resin, we made it a series of gradient dilutions of BBa_K3098015 and BBa_I746916 respectively. Then we measured the sfGFP protein concentration by Bradford method and the fluorescence intensity under 475nm as emission wavelength and 545nm as excitation wavelength.

Then we fit data into a straight line: y=kx+b. Due to the fluorescence intensity of blank group without any sfGFP is 113 A.U., the ordinate at the origin should be 113. So the b should be 113. It is easy to understand that the higher the value of k is, the stronger the sfGFP fluorescence is.

Therefore, we draw following conclusions:
(1) sfGFP (BBa_I746916) is available in constructs driven by the pR(BBa_R0051);
(2)According to the k of relationship(y=kx+113) between protein concentration and fluorescence intensity through our measurements, the fluorescence of sfGFP-Avitag (BBa_K3098015) is stronger than sfGFP (BBa_I746916).

T--WHU-China--sfGFP compare overview.png

Contribution: Valencia_UPV iGEM 2018

Group: Valencia_UPV iGEM 2018
Author: Adrián Requena Gutiérrez
Summary: We have adapted the part to be able to assemble transcriptional units with the Golden Gate method and we have done the characterization of this protein.
Documentation:
We adapted the CDS BBa_I746916 to be used to assemble composite parts using the Golden Gate method creating BBa_K2656013. Then we made the characterization of the part: The characterization of this protein (and by extension of all the other part that codify for the sfGFP) was performed with our transcriptional unit BBa_K2656101. This transcriptional unit was assembled in a [http://2018.igem.org/Team:Valencia_UPV/Design Golden Braid alpha 1 plasmid] including the following parts:

BBa_K2656004: the J23106 promoter in its Golden Braid compatible version from our [http://2018.igem.org/Team:Valencia_UPV/Part_Collection Part Collection]
BBa_K2656009: the B0030 ribosome biding site in its Golden Braid compatible version from our [http://2018.igem.org/Team:Valencia_UPV/Part_Collection Part Collection]
BBa_K2656013: This part.
BBa_K2656026: the B0015 transcriptional terminator in its Golden Braid compatible version from our [http://2018.igem.org/Team:Valencia_UPV/Part_Collection Part Collection]

In order to carry out a correct characterization of the protein and to be able to use it to make measurements of the different transcriptional units that we have assembled with it, we have obtained the emission and excitation spectra in the conditions of our equipment. By using this [http://2018.igem.org/Team:Valencia_UPV/Experiments#spectra protocol] with the parameters of Table 1, Figure 1 has been obtained.

Table 1. Parameters used to obtain the spectra
Parameter	Value
Number of samples	6
Excitation Wavelength measurement range (nm)	[420-525]
Emission wavelenght (nm)	545
Emission Wavelength measurement range (nm)	[470-580]
Excitation wavelenght (nm)	450
Gain (G)	50

Figure 1. sfGFP emission and excitation spectra

Improvement

Group: iGEM2018_Jilin_China
Author:Zihao Wang
Summary: This year our team registered the superfolder GFP designed by Overkamp W et al with a BBa_K2541400 (sfGFP_optimism, https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K2541400). Compared with superfolder GFP(BBa_I746916), sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) is BbsI restriction site free, so it can be used in Golden Gate assembly to achieve efficient and rapid assembly of gene fragments.
Document:

1. Usage and Biology

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) exhibits intrinsic fluorescence and is commonly used as a reporter gene in intact cells and organisms [1]. Many mutants of the protein with either modified spectral properties, increased fluorescence intensity, or improved folding properties have been reported [2].

GFP often misfolds when expressed as fusions with other proteins, while a robustly folded version of GFP, called superfolder GFP (sfGFP), was developed and described by Pédelacq et al at 2006[3] that folds well even when fused to poorly folded polypeptides. We decided to use sfGFP as our reporter protein due to its faster folded feature and higher fluorescence intensity. The superfolder GFP had been registered in iGEM BBa_I746916. There is another superfolder GFP designed by Overkamp W et al at 2013[4], which is a codon optimized sfGFP. It was be used in Escherichia coli by Segall-Shapiro T H et al at 2018[5].

This year our team registered the superfolder GFP designed by Overkamp W et al with a BBa_K2541400 (called sfGFP_optimism) and BBa_K2541401(called sfGFP(BbsI free)). Compared with superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916), sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) and sfGFP(BbsI free)(BBa_K2541401) are BbsI restriction site free, and the BbsI restriction endonuclease is an economical and efficient enzyme used in Golden Gate assembly, so sfGFP_optimism and sfGFP(BbsI free) can be used in Golden Gate assembly to achieve efficient and rapid assembly of gene fragments.

Figure 1. Expression of three types of sfGFP(BBa_I746916, BBa_K2541401, BBa_K2541400), cultivated overnight.

2. Characterization

We constructed sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) sequence and superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916) on the pSB1C3 vector. The BbsI recognition site free was confirmed by nucleic acid electrophoresis (Figure 2). The sfGFP_optimism can not be digested by BbsI. And the length of these sequences are correct.

Figure 2. L1: 1kb DNA marker; L2: BBa_I746916; L3: BBa_I746916+BbsI; L4: BBa_K2541401; L5: BBa_K2541401+BbsI; L6: BBa_K2541400; L7: BBa_K2541400+BbsI; L8: 1kb DNA marker.

We got the emission and excitation spectra of two type sfGFP: sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400), sfGFP(BbsI free)(BBa_K2541401) and superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Emission and Excitation Spectra of sfGFP_optimism(BBa_K2541400) and sfGFP(BBa_I746916)

For further characterization, we detected the expression intensity of these two types of sfGFP. According to the results (Figure 4), we found out that the fluorescence intensity of sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) is nearly 2.6 times higher than superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916).

Figure 5. The expression of three types of sfGFP in E.coli. The grey line represents fluorescent expression of sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400), the orange line represents fluorescent expression of sfGFP(BbsI free) (BBa_K2541401), the blue line represents fluorescent expression of superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916) and the yellow line represents fluorescent expression of negative control (BBa_J364007).

3. Conclusion

We have made an improvement on the superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916). Our sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) is BbsI restriction site free, which can be used in Golden Gate assembly to achieve efficient and rapid assembly of gene fragments. And its fluorescence intensity is higher than superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916).

Contribution:UCAS-China 2019

Group:UCAS-China

We inserted different number of TAG codon to sfGFP at different site to see the effect of TAG codon to the expression of sfGFP. Figure 1 shows that TAG codon can inhibit the transcription of sfGFP effectively.

Figure 1:The fluorescence of sfGEP inserted different number of TAG codon

Usage and Biology

Contribution: Linköping_Sweden 2019

Author: Andreas Holmqvist and Leo Juhlin

Summary: In this contribution we verified the fluorescence of CBD-sfGFP, studied the compatibility of CBD-sfGFP in Vibrio natriegens and measured the expression of CBD-sfGFP in different chassis. An important thing to note is that the sfGFP is fused to the CBD_cipA (BBa_I746916). However, as can be seen below, the sfGFP still maintained a high fluorescence and was able to be folded correctly. Documentation: The expression system used contained the following parts:

BBa_B0034Ribosome binding site
[http://https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_I719005 BBa_I719005]T7 promotor

Fluorescence in BL21 (DE3)

BBa_I746916

Figure 5. 1 liter LB-miller with induced BL21 (DE3) expressing CBD-sfGFP on an UV-table emitting UV-light at 302 nm.

Compatibility in Vibrio natriegens
In order to see if sfGFP worked in Vibrio natriegens using the strain V_max, CBD-sfGFP (BBa_K3182108) and CBD-pCons-Aspink (BBa_K3182100) was ligated into the pUC19 vector and heat shocked into V_max.Thereafter, the bacteria was spread onto LB-miller V2 agar dishes with 200 µg/ml carbenicillin and incubated in 37 °C for 16 hours. Both plates was put on an UV-table and illuminated in 302 nm (Figure 6). The picture below shows that the CBD-sfGFP bacteria, in comparison to the control CBD-pCons-AsPink, displays a strong green fluorescent color which verified that pUC19-CBD-sfGFP could successfully be heat shocked and expressed in V_max.

Figure 6. Picture to the right depicts a LB-agar dish withV_maz expressing pUC19 CBD-sfGFP. To the left is a control with V_max expressing PUC19 CBD-pCons-Aspink. Both dishes was placed on an UV-table and illuminated in 302 nm.

Protein expression in different chassis
To measure the protein expression of T7-CBD-sfGFP in different bacteria and carbenicillin concentrations. BL21 (DE3) and Vibrio natriegens , using the strain V_max, was grown in Falcon tubes to 0.5 OD₆₀₀. V_max was grown with two different carbenicillin concentrations, 200 and 600 µg/mL, while BL21 (DE3) had the same carbenicillin concentration of 100 µg/mL carbenicillin. The bacteria was induced with 1 mM IPTG and placed in a 96-well plate in 4 replicates with 200 µL per well. A spectrometry experiment was conducted and measured the fluorescence (excitation 470 nm,emission 550 nm) intensity during 16 hours in 37 °C. The results seen below (Figure 7) shows that expression in V_max with 600 µg/mL carbenicillin gave the highest protein yield. The most probable explanation for the increased protein yield for V_max at 600 µg/mL carbenicillin is partially caused by the higher protein production of V_max compared to BL21 (DE3). Another important factor was the use of an optimal concentration of carbenicillin (600 µg/mL) for V_maxwhich retained the plasmid more efficiantly than V_max at 200 µg/mL carbenicillin.

Figure 7. CBD-sfGFP expression in different chassis. The orange line represent Vmax at 600 µg/mL carbenicillin, blue represents Vmax at 200 µg/mL carbenicillin, and green represents E. coli BL21 at 100 µg/mL carbenicillin. The y-axis depicts RFU and the x-axis represents the time over 28 hours.

Contribution: Sydney_Australia 2019

Group: Sydney_Australia
Authors: Fahad Ali and Isobel Magrath
Summary: We tested the thermal stability of sfGFP, by measuring fluorescence at 494 nm over the range 60-95°C using a qPCR machine.
Documentation: In order to better characterise the thermal stability of sfGFP, we conducted a melting curve analysis, with comparison to our new fluoroprotein VVD36-C73A-CH4-M130I (Part:BBa_K3140010). We prepared 50 mL overnight cultures of pK18:sfGFP and pK18:VVD36-C73A-CH4-M130I. Following culture, cells were pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended in 1mL of Zietkiewicz buffer (40mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8; 50mM NaCl: 20mM KCl; 20mM MgCl2; 5mM b-mercapto-ethanol; 10% glycerol). Cells were then lysed through bead-beating, and then centrifuged to remove supernatant. Serial dilutions of cell lysate were prepared in a 96-well PCR plate. We then used a qPCR machine with a 6-carboxy-fluorescein (FAM) filter to measure excitation and emission at 494 and 518 nm, respectively, at an initial temperature of 60°C for one minute before increasing by 0.3 degrees per second up to 95°C.

Results are summarised in Fig. 1.

Fig 1: We measured the thermal stability of sfGFP using the appliedbiosystems StepOnePlus Real Time PCR System using a FAM filter (max nm absorbtion 494, max emission 518) over a temperature range of 60-95°C increasing at 0.3°C per second. Temperature (°C) is displayed on the x axis, and d(Fluor)/dT is displayed on the y axis.

From the results of the derivative curve, we observe that sfGFP is less thermostable than C73A-CH4-M130I.

Contribution: UniGE-Geneva

Group: UniGE-Geneva
Authors: Grégory Segala and Bryan Bourrat
Summary: In the list of Parts assigned to our team, we decided to characterize the fluorescent protein : sfGFP (BBa-I746916). Our goal was to observe the evolution of the intensity of fluorescence emitted by this protein, after induction by IPTG (Isopropyl -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside), varying two parameters: temperature and pH.
Documentation:

Fig 1:Procedure details of the experiment.

Fig 2:Variation of Fluorescence Intensity depending on Temperature.

Fig 3::Variation of Fluorescence Intensity depending on pH.

Conclusion: There is no variation in the intensity of fluorescence, for the GFP, depending on whether you are in an acidic, neutral or alkaline pH environment. It is also observed that there is no variation in fluorescence intensity even though temperature increases. Thus, sfGFP seems more stable than the other fluorescent protein we characterized (mCherry RFP : BBa-J18932).

Contribution: iGEM Athens 2020

Group: iGEM_Athens
Authors: Ö.Can, A.Doğa Yücel, A.B.Pekşen, E.Turksever, S.Özcengiz, O.Göcenler, I.B. Altay, G. Broutzakis, M. Ioannidou, S. Kanellopoulos, K. Pylarinou
Summary: A codon optimized version of this part was constructed in collaboration with iGEM KU Instanbul for Flavobacteria. iGEM Instanbul 2020 aims to create a biolaser system that utilizes GFP as gain medium and reflectin as a resonator. The codon optimized sequence for the strain Flavobacterium johnsoniae can be found in the following accession: BBa_K3520010
Further information for this part in Flavobacteria will be added during the second phase of the competition (2021).

Contribution: UPF_Barcelona 2020

Group: UPF_Barcelona
Authors: T.Berjaga, Q. Marti & J.Puig
Summary: The ASV tag was added into the sfGFP in order to increase the protein degradation rate, thus having faster system responses. The effect of the ASV tag in the sfGFP degradation rate was characterized.

If there is a need for faster responses in the system, and in consequence, for faster recoveries, we must increase the protein degradation rate. However, we must consider that a strong increase on the degradation rate will imply a loss of accuracy on the reported measurements, as the range will become narrower. Therefore, the addition of the ASV tag becomes ideal as it is supposed to be weak [1].

This ASV tag addition can be seen as an improvement of an existing part as it will make a difference for any kind of system that needs faster continuous measurements.

The characterization of this protein was done combining a constitutive promoter (BBa_J23100), a RBS32 (BBa_B0032) and a double terminator (BBa_B0015) followed by the sfGFP with the ASV degradation tag (This reporter sequence BBa_K3484006) . A control with the original sequence (BBa_I746916), with the same promoter, double terminator and RBS, was done to see how the tag affected the final fluorescence.

Figure 1. Experimental data extracted from the Plate-reader. Each curve is a mean of 4 different wells to reduce noise.

[1] Andersen, J.,Sternberg, C., Poulsen, L. K., Bjørn, S. P., Givskov, M. New Unstable Variants of Green Fluorescent Protein for Studies of Transient Gene Expression in Bacteria. Applied and environmental microbiology, June 1998, p. 2240–2246

Model Characterization

In order to quantify how the ASV tag affected the degradation rate of the sfGFP, a simple mathematical model was developed. The following model is exactly the same for the two scenarios, and consists of a constitutive expression minus a degradation rate (Equation.1). As both systems are constitutively regulated by the same promoter, the PJ23100 (BBa_J23100), the production rate will be the same in the two systems. In addition, the equations representing the steady-state (dy/dx=0) of the system were calculated (Equation.2).

Equation 1. Ordinary Differential equations for the sfGFP cell with (B.) and without tag (A.).

Equation 2. Steady-State equations for the sfGFP cell with (B.) and without tag (A.).

With the Steady-State equations we are able to look for the relationship between the two degradation rates (δ) as the production rate is the same(Equation.3).

Equation 3. Relationship between the two degradation rates (δ) with and without tag (The last point of the experimental data was taken as the steady-states).

In the relation between the degradation rates (Equation 3.) we can clearly see that the ASV tag has an impact on the degradation rate. Mathematically it has been proved that the degradation rate is increased, approximately, 25% when the ASV tag is added on the sfGFP gene sequence. All in all, it has been demonstrated that the addition of the ASV tag increases the degradation rate. Therefore, the introduction of an ASV tag is a good approach to reduce the recovery system time without losing effectiveness of measurement, which is interesting for any kind of biosensor or feedback loop application.

Characterization experiments

For the characterization a Plate-Reader analysis was made. All the information on the experimental conditions and parameters used are described on the table below (Table 1).

Table 1. Plate-Reader Parameters for the characterization of the effects of ASV tag in sfGFP
Parameters	Value
Plate-Reader model	Synergy HTX
Plate type	Thermo Fischer 96-well microplates black-walled clear bottom
Cell medium	LB
Time	24 hours
Shake	Linear: Continuous, Frequency: 567 rpm (3mm)
Temperature	37C
Gain	50
Optical Density (OD) measurement (absorbance)	660nm
GFP excitation wavelength	485nm
GFP emission wavelength	528nm

Contribution: iGEM Vilnius-Lithuania 2021

Group: Vilnius-Lithuania
Author: Rimvydė Čepaitė
Summary: Our team characterized the dynamics of sfGFP expression under variety of different promoters in Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 strain for sfGFP protein in expression construct alone and when fused with tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL). In addition to that, we also introduced an mRNA cyclization system to this project. The circularization of mRNA molecules improves the fraction of full-length proteins among synthesized polypeptides by selectively translating intact mRNA and reducing abortive translation [1].

SfGFP expression rates under different promoters was estimated by measuring fluorescence intensity and dividing the intensiveness of the signal by the OD600 of the medium during the course of 6 hours (Figure 1). The greater ratio would indicate the stronger expression (Table 1). The same evaluation strategy was applied to measure the effectiveness of mRNA cyclization system, which in our particular case did not show the expected potential to improve the efficiency of our system (Figure 2)[1].

Figure 1: first graph - comparison of the sfGFP expression strength of under all target promoters; second graph - the expression strength under all target promoters compared to p-slpA.

Table 1: the evaluation results of the promoters without mRNA cyclization system.

Promoter	Absolute value of fluorescence/OD600 at the midpoint of growth	Promoter strength in comparison to p-slpA
BBa1033225	383.99	0.76
BBa1033222	227.79	0.45
BBa1033220	295.25	0.58
P-slpA	508.22	1.00
J23118	176.43	0.35
J23117	155.74	0.31
J23115	135.46	0.27
J23114	175.06	0.34
J23113	180.56	0.36
J23107	253.16	0.50
J23106	237.59	0.47
J23103	178.62	0.35
J23102	187.82	0.37
J23101	226.14	0.44

Figure 2: comparison of general promoter strength with and without mRNA cyclization system.

The ability of the mRNA cyclization system to improve sfGFP expression while fused with another protein was estimated by measuring how intensively the nissle transformants can produce sfGFP fused together with tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) under the different promoters. Fluorescence intensity was evaluated by dividing the intensiveness of the signal by the OD600 during the course of 7 hours. Results in our particular case did not show the expected potential to improve the efficiency of our system (Figure 3).

Figure 3: comparison of expression strength of sfGFP fused together with TAL under different promoters with and without mRNA cyclization system.

Contribution: SUSTech Shenzhen 2022

We apply a directed evolution approach called CPR which based on gene circuits to select positive clones from library that leads to the production of a thermostable polymerase Taq by emulsion PCR. Designed circuits are divided into positive selection and negative selection to select trp repressor that can bind to trp and can not bind to 6-Br-trp respectively. We construct plasmid pTrpR, pPOS and pNEG. pTrpR is induced to express muted trp repressors. Active trp repressors with its ligand can induce pPOS to express Taq polymerase and inactive trp repressors or trp repressor without its ligand can induce pNEG to express Taq polymerase.

Figure 1: Schematic of compartmentalized partnered Replication (CPR) positive and negative circuits.

The expression of Taq polymerase cannot be monitored easily, we apply GFP assay to use GFP production to analyzing the gene circuits function. We also construct pNEG-sfGFP and pPOS-sfGFP which replace Taq polymerase gene with sfGFP to characterize the expression of Taq polymerase. We transform pTrpR which express wild type trp repressor into competent cells that have been transformed with plasmid pNEG-sfGFP or pPOS-sfGFP. Then we culture and induce with different concentration of trp and 1mM IPTG to induce expression of sfGFP. We expect that as trp concentration increases, the expression of sfGFP (RPU/OD600) in pNEG-sfGFP gradually decreases, and the expression of sfGFP (RPU/OD600) in pPOS-sfGFP gradually increases

Figure 2:GFP production (RPU/OD600) – trp concentration graph by GFP test for wild type trp repressor and pNEG (due to time and pandemic, we only completed the experiment of pNEG).

In addition to GFP test, we also perform a mock selection to confirm the designed gene circuit function can actually select positive clone. At first, we mix culture with strains that has been induced to express sfGFP and oil mix to check the quality of emulsion droplet. We measure the diameter of droplet with a phase contrast microscopy. We found that the diameter of emulsion droplets are range about 2~10μm and less than 20% emulsion droplets contain a GFP-expression cell. Thus, we have checked any emulsion droplet can only contain a single cell.

Figure 3:Phase contrast microscopy image of emulsion droplet of 50×diluted scale bar, 10μm (left) of emusion droplet merge with GFP expression of 1× diluted emulsion. scar bar, 10μm.

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

10
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
12
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
21
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
23
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
25
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
1000
INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]
Illegal SapI.rc site found at 13

References

Yang, J., Han, Y.H., Im, J. et al. Synthetic protein quality control to enhance full-length translation in bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 17, 421–427 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-021-00736-3

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 Note:
 Superfolder GFP is available in constructs driven by the pBAD and T7 promoters: part numbers I746908 and I746909 respectively. Additionally 6-his tagged versions for protein purification exist: I746914 (pBAD driven) and I746915 (T7 driven).
+==Contribution: Wego_Taipei iGEM2022 on BBa I746916==
+===Wet Lab Contribution: BBa_K4271008===
+<html>
+In order to detect the degree of paraoxon degradation by our target protein OPH into p-nitrophenol (pNP), we designed a biosensor based on the existing part: superfolder GFP coding sequence. Our construct design, <a href: "https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K4271008"> BBa_K4271008 </a>, is based on a research paper published in Nucleic Acids Research (Jha, Ramesh K., et al.). The pNP sensor indicates the amount of pNP produced during OPH hydrolysis via GFP fluorescence.
+</html>
+<html>
+<center><figure style=" width: 80%; text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-size: smaller; text-indent: 0 ">
+         <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4271/wiki/linear-map-of-sensor-plasmid.png" width=100% style="border: 1px solid black;">
+<figcaption> Fig. 5. The linear map of our pNP sensor plasmid. Our sensor plasmid includes a dual-directional pobA/R promoter, pNP RBS, sfGFP, pobR operator, pNPmut1-1, and two double terminators that are composed of RrrnB1 terminator and T7 terminator </figcaption>
+    </figure></center>
+<center><figure style=" width: 80%; text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-size: smaller; text-indent: 0 ">
+         <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4271/wiki/paraoxon-biosensor.png" width=100% style="border: 1px solid black;">
+<figcaption> Fig. 6. Theoretical function of our biosensor upon IPTG induction (created by BioRender): Our biosensor contains an enzyme plasmid and a sensor plasmid that would enhance GFP expression, thereby indicating the amount of paraoxon detoxified by OPH </figcaption>
+    </figure></center>
+</html>
+After cultivating normal E.coli colonies and E.coli engineered with the biosensor in the absence and presence of pNP, the result we acquired from the experiment was not consistent with the data published in the paper (Jha et al., 2016). The observed differences between the levels of GFP fluorescence before and after adding 125 µM of pNP were not significant enough to prove the effectiveness of the biosensor.
+<html>
+<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; float:left;">
+    <tr style="background-color: #9e9e9e">
+        <td>Groups</td>
+        <td>Fluorescence</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+        <td>Dh5alpha</td>
+        <td>24970 </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+        <td>Dh5alpha + pNP </td>
+        <td> 20650 </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+        <td>DH5alpha-sensor </td>
+        <td> 46867 </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+        <td>Dh5alpha-sensor + pNP </td>
+        <td> 50783 </td>
+    </tr>
+</table>
+<style>
+    table, td, td{
+        border: 1px solid black;
+    }
+    td{
+        text-align: center;
+    }
+</style>
+<br><br><br><br><br><br>
+<center><figure style=" width: 70%; text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-size: smaller; text-indent: 0; border: thin silver solid; margin: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em; ">
+         <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4271/wiki/fluorescent-protein-expression-level.png" width=100% style="border: 1px solid black;">
+<figcaption> Fig. 7. GFP fluorescence level of DH5 alpha and DH5 alpha with biosensor in the absence/presence of pNP </figcaption>
+    </figure></center>
+</html>
+Since the genetic organization and sequence of our pNP sensor is identical to the plasmid design in the research paper, we concluded that there might be an error in the biosensor design. We believe this discovery would benefit and contribute to future research related to the application of the pNP biosensor.
+For more information about the pNP biosensor design and experiments, please visit our <a href: "https://2022.igem.wiki/wego-taipei/engineering"> Engineering Success Page</a>.
+===References===
+Ramesh K. Jha, Theresa L. Kern, Youngchang Kim, Christine Tesar, Robert Jedrzejczak, Andrzej Joachimiak, Charlie E. M. Strauss, A microbial sensor for organophosphate hydrolysis exploiting an engineered specificity switch in a transcription factor, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 44, Issue 17, 30 September 2016, Pages 8490–8500, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw687
+<br><br>
+==LINKS_China 2021 Characterization of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3==
+<b>Author: Aaron Zhexuan Zhang<br>
+Designer: Zixiang Zhou</b>
+Part of our project is about modifying bacterial cellulose membrane's (BCM) properties through binding proteins fused with cellulose binding matrixes. Here, we secreted sfGFP-CBM3 in <i>S. cerevisiae</i> cells.
+<br>To enable secretion of proteins in yeast, we attached a short signal peptide called maturation factor alpha (Ma) to our protein. Aza et al have already characterized Mα and mutated it to become more efficient at protein secretion. For our project, we selected Ma A9D; A20T; Q32H; F48S; G62D (referred to as Ma_Mut) as it had one of the highest secretion rates. We constructed two plasmids, Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 (Fig. 1B), and transformed both plasmids into yeast (Fig. 1A).
+<br>On YPD plates, secretion of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 can be seen by the green halo surrounding each individual colony (Fig. 1D). After culturing Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 yeast in liquid YPD (Fig. 1E), we performed SDS-PAGE analysis on both the whole cell and growth media (Fig. 1C). We discovered that only a small portion of the expressed proteins were found in the media for Ma-sfGFP-CBM3, and an unobservable amount of secreted protein was found in the Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 media. This meant that most likely, only a small amount of CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 will be secreted, not enough to significantly alter the characteristics of the resulting BCM. As a proof of concept, we cultured SCOBY using Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 (Fig. 1F). In the future, we hope to increase the expression of secretion rate of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 to achieve in situ modification of BCM (Mohammadi et al, 2019).
+[[Image:T--LINKS China--Figure 18.png|thumbnail|750px|center|'''Figure 1:''' Expression and measurement of Ma proteins in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. A). Schematic of Ma plasmids transformed into <i>S. cerevisiae</i> BY4741 B) Gel electrophoresis results of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3 C) SDS-PAGE analysis of yeast whole cell and YPD media for Ma-sfGFP-CBM3. D) Pictures of single colonies of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3. E) Liquid cultures of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 and Ma-CBM3-2Rep-CBM3. F) BCM produced using Ma-sfGFP-CBM3 <i>S. cerevisiae</i> BY4741SCOBY. ]]
+==Contribution: GIFU TOKAI 2019==
+<div>
+<b>Group: GIFU TOKAI 2019</b>
+<br>
+<b>Author: Ryo NIWA</b>
+<br>
+<p><br><br>
+<b>Documentation:</b>
+<br>
+First, plasmid DNA of BBa_I746916 was amplified with Cont_For primer, Cont_Rev primer. The PCR product was re-amplified with T7 SD PRO primer and  Cont_Rev primer. The PCR product was electrophoresed by 1.5% agarose gel and dyed by ethidium bromide for 20 minutes. After confirming the single band, the DNA was purified by FastGene Gel/PCR Extraction Kit (NIPPON Genetics, Tokyo, Japan). Then, following the instruction of PUREfrex2.0 and, it expressed sfGFP. At this time, we used water as a negative control instead of template DNA. sfGFP expressed by the cell-free system was analyzed by its fluorescence and western blotting. In PURE system, BBa_I746916 was successfully expressed and, the expressed sfGFP was turned into green under the UV. The figure.1 shows the sfGFP under UV exposure. We also perfomred western blotting and confirmed the band of sfGFP around 27 kDa. Using Microplate Reader, we also performed the quntification of sfGFP. We used Fluorescein from the measurement kit to make calibration. The result is shown in the graph.</p>
+<br><br>
+<div class="text-center">
+https://2019.igem.org/wiki/images/3/36/T--GIFU_TOKAI--contributon1.jpg
+<p>Figure.1 Expression in PURE system</p>
+https://2019.igem.org/wiki/images/a/a5/T--GIFU_TOKAI--Western.png
+<p>Figure.2 Western Blotting Analysis (Control: Water, Sample: BBa_I746916)</p>
+</div>
+==Contribution: GreatBay_SZ 2019==
+<div>
+<b>Group: GreatBay_SZ 2019</b>
+<br>
+<b>Author: Xinyou Chang</b>
+<br>
+<b>Introduction & Design: Xinyou Chang</b>
+<br>
+<p><br><br>
+<b>Documentation:</b>
+<br>
+Rep-sfGFP is the recombinant chromoprotein that can mix with the NT-2Rep-CT spidroin in certain ratio to be artificially spun into the continuous and high function spider silk with green fluorescence property.
+This year we synthesized the part NT-2Rep-CT, to for artificial silk spinning, is the common architecture in two main types of spider silk proteins: major ambulate spidorins(MaSps) and  minor ampullate spidorins (MiSps): A non-repetitive N-terminal domain (NT), as well as the C-terminal domain (CT). In between them is an extensive repetitive region (Rep). We believe this part can realize the approach of producing recombinant spidroins (silk proteins) from other chassis and spin them into silk to fulfill the demand of spider silks. However, this part is only responsible for to form continuous silk that are colorless.
+In order to maintain and stability of color and silk spinning, stead of mixing pure sfGFP with our spidroin, we added two repetitive region in front of sfGFP, with the assumption that 2Rep can assist the NT-2Rep-CT extensive region’s transition into beta-sheet formation as the 2Rep regions can lie parallel to each other and be formed into beta-sheet structure cohesively. And do not disrupt the dimer formation at NT or the unfolding at CT during the silk spinning process.
+<br><br>
+'''Purification and SDS PAGE'''
+[[File: 2repsfcfpimprovementfig1.png|center|550px]]
+[[File: 2repsfcfpimprovementfig2.png|center|550px]]
+In order to detect whether protein expression was induced by adding isopropylthiogalactoside (final concentration 0.3mM), we used SDS-page(10%) to determine the presence of target protein. Target protein after purification by Ni-NTA method was compared to their original chromoprotein only. Result showing the size chromoprotein only, 2Rep-sfGFP, and NT-2Rep-sfGFP are in an increasing trend as regions are added, this result is constant in all three of our chromoprotein. This suggests that our 2Rep protein domain is successfully added on to our pure chromoprotein and well induced.
+Rep-sfGFP under white light source have the most opacity in their own group of chromoprotein of same color.
+</p>
+'''Fiber spinning of NT2RepCT with recombinant chromoprotein 2Rep-sfGFP'''
+[[File: 2repsfcfpimprovementfig3.png|center|550px]]
+Recombinant chromoprotein 2Rep-chromoprotein concocting with NT-2Rep-CT spidroin in the suitable ratio can form the most continuous and stable silk when spinning into 100%isopropanol comparing with the silk spun by replacing 2Rep-chromoprotein with chromoprotein only or NT-2Rep-chromoprotein. It’s also the most transmittance
+The stable feature of this particular silk spun supports our assumption to let the 2Rep region bounded to the chromoprotein assist the NT-2Rep-CT extensive region’s transition into beta-sheet formation as the 2Rep regions can lie parallel to each other and be formed into beta-sheet structure cohesively without disruption to the dimer forming at NT or the amyloid-like fibril forming at CT when carrying out artificial silk spinning at low pH or in 100% isopropanol.
+'''Scanning electron microscopy of fibers'''
+[[File: 2repsfcfpimprovementfig4-1.png|center|550px]]
+Aiming to verify the distribution uniformity of the mixture of recombinant chromoprotein and spidroin after spinning into fiber, we looked at our artificial spun silks under electron microscope. We randomly selected the cross section in our continuous silk, it has clearly shown that the fiber circularity is qualified as a uniformly distributed silk.
+For sfGFP, when 2Rep is added to the front of chromoprotein, the silk formed is has the smallest diameter among all the silks in the chromoprotein same group.
+<p><br><br>
+<b>References:</b><br>
+[1] Andersson, Marlene, et al. “Biomimetic Spinning of Artificial Spider Silk from a Chimeric Minispidroin.” /Nature Chemical Biology/, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 262–264., doi:10.1038/nchembio.2269.
+<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
+==Characterization: Freiburg 2019==
+<b>Group:</b> Freiburg 2019
+<br>
+<b>Author:</b> Fabian Bäzner
+<br>
+<b>Summary:</b> We demonstrated the non-peptide guided auto-secretion of sfGFP (BBa_I746916) into the medium. sfGFP can thereby be used as a carrier for proteins linked to its carboxyl end which we analyzed with different induction conditions to reach optimal secretion.
+<b>Documentation:</b>
+<p align="justify">
+Secretion of proteins can have various benefits. The secretory production of recombinant proteins leads to simpler purification, avoidance of protease attack and a better chance of correct protein folding<sup>1</sup>. Due to its fluorescent properties, sfGFP represents a secretion tag for easy extracellular signal validation.
+To demonstrate the auto-secretion of sfGFP described by Zhang et al.<sup>2</sup> we designed two constructs, each containing the Npu DnE C-Intein (BBa_K1362101) with Thioredoxin as an insert (Figure 1). In one construct, the C-intein was fused to the carboxyl end of sfGFP.</p>
+[[File:BBa_I746916_sfGFP_secretion_constructs.png|100px|thumb|left|<b>Fig. 1:</b> constructs for sfGFP secretion]]
+<br>
+Expression system:
+Backbone: pET302<br>
+Promoter: T7 promoter<br>
+Terminator: T7 terminator<br>
+RBS: T7 RBS (BBa_K1362090)<br>
+E.coli strain: BL21(DE3)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br><p align="justify">
+We induced the sfGFP-CInt-TRX construct in 20 mL E. coli cultures under different temperatures (37, 30, 25°C), IPTG concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.1 mM, ctrl.), media (LB-medium, auto-induction medium) and took samples of each culture after 16, 24 or 48 hours. The samples were subsequently centrifuged at 21000 xg  and the fluorescence of the supernatant was measured with a plate reader (excitation: 495 nm; emission: 515 nm) (Figure 2).</p>
+[[File:BBa_I746916_fluorescence_different_conditions.png|400px|thumb|center|<b>Fig. 2:</b> Fluorescence of the medium after different inductions]]
+<p align="justify">
+The induction with 0.1 mM IPTG at 37°C in LB-medium showed the highest relative fluorescence. This condition was used for a 50 mL culture and the secretion was analyzed over time. We measured the OD600 and obtained samples of the culture every 2 hours. Samples were centrifuged at 21000 xg and the fluorescence of the supernatant was measured with the plate reader (excitation: 495 nm; emission: 515 nm)(Figure 3).</p>
+[[File:BBa_I746916_fluorescence_over_time.png|600px|thumb|center|<b>Fig. 3:</b> Fluorescence of the medium and OD<sub>600</sub> of the induced and uninduced 50 mL culture containing E. coli BL21(DE3) with the sfGFP-CInt-TRX construct.]]
+<p align="justify">
+After 6 hours, the fluorescence in the medium increases, while the cells are still in the growth phase. These results were confirmed by Western Blot analyses of the supernatant, using an antibody against TRX (Figure 4). Expression of CInt-TRX in another 50 mL culture of E. coli BL21(DE3) under the same conditions did not show secretion of TRX (figure 4, 8 h / 10 h). This indicates the increase of fluorescence in the medium is based on the secretion of sfGFP-CInt-TRX and not on lysis of cells and sfGFP is carrying CInt-TRX into the medium.</p>
+[[File:BBa_I746916_Western_Blot_sfGFP_secretion.png|600px|thumb|center|<b>Fig. 4:</b> Western Blot of samples from different timepoints from the medium of cultures con- taining BL21(DE3) expressing CInt-TRX or sfGFP-CInt-TRX, all samples adjusted to an OD<sub>600</sub> of 4, stained against TRX]]
+Altogether we demonstrated the auto-secretion of sfGFP, analyzed different conditions for the secretion and measured the secretion over time.
+<b>References:</b>
+[1] Choi J. H. et al., Secretory and extracellular production of recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli (2004). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64, 625–635
+[2] Zhang Z. et al., Non-peptide guided auto-secretion of recombinant proteins by superfolder green fluorescent protein in Escherichia coli (2017). Scientific Reports. 7, 6990
+<hr>
+==Contribution: QHFZ-China 2019==
+<div>
+<b>Group: QHFZ-China iGEM 2019</b>
+<br>
+<b>Author: Cheng Li</b>
+<br>
+<b>Introduction & Design:</b>
+<br>
+[[File:T--QHFZ-China--BBa K3007036 1.png|200px|thumb|left|Figure 1. Schematic cartoon of the DNA construct of BBa_K3007036]]
+<p><br><br>
+BBa_I746916 is a fluorescent protein. This year, we used it in our system to report whether there was uric acid in the environment.
+<br><br>
+This year we use BBa_K3007036 to express sfGFP. The part is equal to BBa_I746916. However, BBa_I746916 has two tandem termination codon (TGA) at the 3' end of the part. We retained only one termination codon (TGA) in BBa_K3007036. </p>
+<p><br><br>
+<b>Documentation:</b>
+<br>
+We charactered sfGFP part in the part BBa_K3007010 (https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3007010). Fig.4 and Fig. 5 showed the result related to sfGFP, Fig. 1-3 showed the process that we constructed the part.
+<br><br>
+This year, QHFZ-China designed a UA monitor system in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>). The original version is shown in Fig. 1. Pc is a constitutive promoter, Pcp6 promoter, and it promotes the expression of HucR and YgfU. When uric acid is absent, HucR can bind to PhucR, which suppresses dsRed expression. If uric acid presents in high concentration, HucR will release from PhucR and the expression of dsRed will recover from the inhibition [2]. </p>
+[[File:T--QHFZ-China--BBa K3007001 2.png|400px|thumb|left|Figure 1. Working mechanism of the uric acid detection system in <i>E. coli</i>. ]]
+<p><br><br>
+Two clones with the UA detection system were tested. The original gene circuit was able to response to UA in a range of 0 to 200 μM (Fig. 2A). The clone 1 showed much better dynamics than the other (Fig. 2B). Time course experiments showed that the fluorescence intensity became quite strong at 4 to 6 hours after UA induction, and became stable at 10 to 12 hours (Fig. 2C). Even if we removed UA by replacing fresh LB medium, after 48 hours of shaking, the fluorescence would still be notable (Fig. 2D) and there was no significant difference between dsRed fluorescence / OD600 before and after UA removing (Fig. 2E). All the data meant that our design could detect high UA concentration quickly and stably.</p>
+[[File:T--QHFZ-China--BBa K3007005 3.png|400px|thumb|left|Figure 2. Response of UA detection system after different concentration of UA induction. (A) A photo to visualize the fluorescence induced by UA under blue light. (B) Responding curve about the dsRed fluorescence / OD600 to different UA concentration of two <i>E. coli</i> clones. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions. (C) Time course experiments about the dsRed fluorescence / OD600 of <i>E. coli</i> after 0, 20 or 100 μM UA addition. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions. (D) A photo to visualize the fluorescence after UA removal under blue light. (E) Quantitative measurement of dsRed fluorescence / OD600 before and after UA removal.]]
+<p><br><br>
+However, through our human practices, we found that the sensitivity and responding time of the original design were not good enough. In the next generation of design, we introduced RinA_p80α - PrinA_p80a system to enhance the sensitivity. Meanwhile, we changed dsRed to sfGFP, whose maturation time is much shorter, to shorten the waiting time. The new version of the uric acid detector was shown in Fig. 3. If UA presented, RinA_p80α would express and active transcription of sfGFP which was under control of PrinA_p80α. We called this as Version 2.</p>
+[[File:T--QHFZ-China--BBa K3007005 4.png|400px|thumb|left|Figure 3. Working mechanism of new uric acid detection system in <i>E. coli</i>
+ (Version 2). ]]
+<p><br><br>
+We tested the sfGFP production of Version 2 under different concentration of extracellular UA. The curve in Fig. 4A showed the fluorescence was saturated under only 15 μM UA induction, while the old version needed about 100 μM UA to get saturated (Fig. 2B). To test if sfGFP could shorten the reaction time, we used the same construct only except reporter genes, called PRinA_p80α – sfGFP and PRinA_p80α – dsRed, respectively. After adding 20 μM UA into the reaction system, the curve of PRinA_p80α – sfGFP climbed much faster than PRinA_p80α – dsRed, which suggested our new design had a great induction performance, and fitted our predictions very well (Fig. 4B). </p>
+[[File:T--QHFZ-China--BBa K3007005 5.png|400px|thumb|left|Figure 4. The induction performances of the Version 2. (A) Induction curve of Version 2 under 0 to 200 μM UA treatment by measuring the sfGFP fluorescence / OD600. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions. (B) Time course experiment of sfGFP Version 2 and dsRed Version 2. Data were normalized by taking the fluorescence / OD600 of two groups at 0 h as standard, respectively. Data were shown as mean ± SD. N = 3 technical repetitions.]]
+<p><br><br>At last, we took a photo to show the green fluorescence released by <i>E. coli</i> expressing sfGFP. </p>
+[[File: T--QHFZ-China--BBa K3007036 sfGFP.jpeg|200px|thumb|left| Figure 5. green fluorescence released by <i>E. coli</i> expressing sfGFP under a blue light]]
+<p><br><br>
+<b>References:</b><br>
+[1] Wan, X., Volpetti, F., Petrova, E., French, C., Maerkl, S. J., & Wang, B. (2019). Cascaded amplifying circuits enable ultrasensitive cellular sensors for toxic metals. Nature chemical biology, 15(5), 540.<br>
+[2] Liang C., Xiong D., Zhang Y., Mu S. and Tang S. (2015). Development of a novel uric-acid-responsive regulatory system in <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99, 2267–2275.</p>
+<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
 ==Contribution: WHU-China 2019==
-'''Group:''' WHU-China
+'''Group:''' WHU-China 2019
 <br>'''Authors:''' Jiongyi He
-<br>'''Summary:''' We confirmed that sfGFP (BBa_I746916) is available in constructs driven by the pR (BBa_R0051) and determined the relationship between sfGFP protein concentration and fluorescence intensity. Besides, we made a comparison fluorescence intensity of between BBa_K3098015 and BBa_I746916.
+<br>'''Summary:''' We confirmed that sfGFP (BBa_I746916) is available in constructs driven by the pR (BBa_R0051) and determined the relationship between sfGFP protein concentration and fluorescence intensity. Besides, we made a comparison of fluorescence intensity between <html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3098015 ">BBa_K3098015</a></html> and BBa_I746916.
 <br>'''Documentation:'''
 <br>
-https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/parts/e/e3/SfGFP-WHU.png
+[[File:SfGFP-WHU.png|500px|thumb|center|]]
 <br>
-We constructed a recombined plasmid composed of pR (BBa_R0051)+RBS (BBa_B0030)+sfGFP (BBa_I746916)+6xHis-tag to express the sfGFP (BBa_I746916). By the way, there was not repressor CI of pR in the expression system.
+We constructed a recombined plasmid composed of pR (BBa_R0051)+RBS (BBa_B0030)+sfGFP (BBa_I746916)+6xHis-tag to express the sfGFP (BBa_I746916). By the way, there was no repressor CI of pR in the expression system.
 <br>
-[[File:Construction_whu.png|600px|thumb|center|]]
+[[File:Construction_whu.png|400px|thumb|center|]]
 <br>
-We also constructed a recombined pet28a plasmid composed of T7 promoter and sfGFP <a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3098015 ">BBa_K3098015</a> to express the sfGFP with avi-tag.
+We also constructed a recombined pet28a plasmid composed of T7 promoter and sfGFP <html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3098015 ">BBa_K3098015</a></html> to express the sfGFP with avi-tag.
 <br>
-[[File:Construction2_whu.png|600px|thumb|center|]]
+[[File:Construction2_whu.png|400px|thumb|center|]]
 <br>
 After purification by Ni resin, we made it a series of gradient dilutions of BBa_K3098015 and BBa_I746916 respectively. Then we measured the sfGFP protein concentration by Bradford method and the fluorescence intensity under 475nm as emission wavelength and 545nm as excitation wavelength.
 <br>
-[[File:Sfgfpdata1.png|600px|thumb|center|]]
+[[File:Sfgfpdata1.png|500px|thumb|center|]]
 <br>
-[[File:Sfgfpdata2.png|600px|thumb|center|]]
+[[File:Sfgfpdata2.png|500px|thumb|center|]]
 <br>
-Due to the fluorescence intensity of blank group without any sfGFP is 113 A.U., the ordinate at the origin should be 113. Then we fit data into a straight line: y=kx+b. It is easy to understand that the higher the value of k is, the stronger the sfGFP fluorescence is.
+Then we fit data into a straight line: y=kx+b. Due to the fluorescence intensity of blank group without any sfGFP is 113 A.U., the ordinate at the origin should be 113. So the b should be 113. It is easy to understand that the higher the value of k is, the stronger the sfGFP fluorescence is.
+<br>
 <br>
 Therefore, we draw following conclusions:
@@ Line 46: / Line 299: @@
 (1) sfGFP (BBa_I746916) is available in constructs driven by the pR(BBa_R0051);
 <br>
-(2)According to the k of relationship between protein concentration and fluorescence intensity through our measurements, the fluorescence of sfGFP-Avitag (BBa_K3098015) is stronger than sfGFP (BBa_I746916).
+(2)According to the k of relationship(y=kx+113) between protein concentration and fluorescence intensity through our measurements, the fluorescence of sfGFP-Avitag (BBa_K3098015) is stronger than sfGFP (BBa_I746916).
+[[File:T--WHU-China--sfGFP compare overview.png|400px|thumb|center|]]
+==Contribution: Valencia_UPV iGEM 2018==
 Group: Valencia_UPV iGEM 2018
 <br>
@@ Line 106: / Line 360: @@
 Author:Zihao Wang
 <br>
-Summary: This year our team registered the superfolder GFP designed by Overkamp W et al with a BBa_K2541400 (sfGFP_optimism, https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K2541400). Compared with superfolder GFP(BBa_I746916), sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) is BbsI restriction site free, so it can be used in GoldenGate assembly to achieve efficient and rapid assembly of gene fragments.
+Summary: This year our team registered the superfolder GFP designed by Overkamp W et al with a BBa_K2541400 (sfGFP_optimism, https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K2541400). Compared with superfolder GFP(BBa_I746916), sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) is BbsI restriction site free, so it can be used in Golden Gate assembly to achieve efficient and rapid assembly of gene fragments.
 <br>
 Document:
@@ Line 200: / Line 454: @@
 ===Usage and Biology===
-===Contribution===
 <div>
-Group: Linkoping_Sweden iGEM 2019
+==Contribution: Linköping_Sweden 2019==
 <br>
 Author: Andreas Holmqvist and Leo Juhlin
 <br>
-Summary: In this contribution we verified the fluorescence of CBD-sfGFP, studied the compatibility of CBD-sfGFP in <i> Vibrio natriegens </i> and measured the expression of CBD-sfGFP in different chassis. An important thing to note is that the sfGFP is fused to the CBD<sub>cipA</sub> (<a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3182000">BBa_K3182000</a>). However, as can be seen below, the sfGFP still maintained a high fluorescence and was able to be folded correctly.
+Summary: In this contribution we verified the fluorescence of CBD-sfGFP, studied the compatibility of CBD-sfGFP in <i> Vibrio natriegens </i> and measured the expression of CBD-sfGFP in different chassis. An important thing to note is that the sfGFP is fused to the CBD<sub>cipA</sub> <html>(<a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3182200">BBa_I746916</a>)</hmtl>. However, as can be seen below, the sfGFP still maintained a high fluorescence and was able to be folded correctly.
 Documentation:
 <html>
@@ Line 214: / Line 468: @@
 <li> </html>[https://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_B0034 BBa_B0034]Ribosome binding site<html></li>
 <li> </html>[http://https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_I719005 BBa_I719005]T7 promotor<html></li>
-<br>
+<br><br>
 <b style=font-size:120%;> Fluorescence in BL21 (DE3)</b> <br>
-To verify the fluorescence of sfGFP (<a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_I746916 ">BBa_I746916</a>), BL21 (DE3) containing CBD-sfGFP was grown in 1 liter LB-miller with 25 µg/ml chloramphenicol. Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was used to induce the culture at a final concentration of 1 mM and the culture was incubated O.N. in 37 °C after the induction. Thereafter, the CBD-sfGFP expressing bacteria was placed on an UV-table emitting light 302 nm  (Figure 5). The picture shows CBD-sfGFP´s strong fluorescence at 302 nm UV-light.
+To verify the fluorescence of sfGFP (<a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_I746916">BBa_I746916</a>), BL21 (DE3) containing CBD-sfGFP was grown in 1 liter LB-miller with 25 µg/ml chloramphenicol. Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was used to induce the culture at a final concentration of 1 mM and the culture was incubated O.N. in 37 °C after the induction. Thereafter, the CBD-sfGFP expressing bacteria was placed on an UV-table emitting light 302 nm  (Figure 5). The picture shows CBD-sfGFP´s strong fluorescence at 302 nm UV-light.
 </div>
 <br>
@@ Line 233: / Line 487: @@
 <div>
 <b style=font-size:120%;> Protein expression in different chassis</b><br>
-To measure the protein expression of T7-CBD-sfGFP in different bacteria and carbenicillin concentrations. BL21 (DE3)</i> and <i> Vibrio natriegens </i>, using the strain V<sub>max</sub>, was grown in Falcon tubes to 0.5 OD<sub>600</sub>. V<sub>max</sub> was grown with two different  carbenicillin concentrations, 200 and 600 µg/mL, while BL21 (DE3) had the same carbenicillin concentration of 100 µg/mL carbenicillin. The bacteria was induced with 1 mM IPTG and placed in a 96-well plate in 4 replicates with 200 µL per well. A spectrometry experiment was conducted and measured the fluorescence (excitation 470 nm,emission 550 nm) during 16 hours in 37 °C. The results seen below (Figure 7) shows that expression in V<sub>max</sub> with 600 µg/mL carbenicillin gave the highest protein yield. The most probable explanation for the increased protein yield for V<sub>max</sub> at 600 µg/mL carbenicillin  is partially caused by the higher protein production of  V<sub>max</sub> compared to BL21 (DE3). Another important factor was the use of an optimal concentration of carbenicillin (600 µg/mL) for V<sub>max</sub>which retained the plasmid more efficiantly than V<sub>max</sub> at 200 µg/mL carbenicillin.  </div>
+To measure the protein expression of T7-CBD-sfGFP in different bacteria and carbenicillin concentrations. BL21 (DE3)</i> and <i> Vibrio natriegens </i>, using the strain V<sub>max</sub>, was grown in Falcon tubes to 0.5 OD<sub>600</sub>. V<sub>max</sub> was grown with two different carbenicillin concentrations, 200 and 600 µg/mL, while BL21 (DE3) had the same carbenicillin concentration of 100 µg/mL carbenicillin. The bacteria was induced with 1 mM IPTG and placed in a 96-well plate in 4 replicates with 200 µL per well. A spectrometry experiment was conducted and measured the fluorescence (excitation 470 nm,emission 550 nm) intensity during 16 hours in 37 °C. The results seen below (Figure 7) shows that expression in V<sub>max</sub> with 600 µg/mL carbenicillin gave the highest protein yield. The most probable explanation for the increased protein yield for V<sub>max</sub> at 600 µg/mL carbenicillin  is partially caused by the higher protein production of  V<sub>max</sub> compared to BL21 (DE3). Another important factor was the use of an optimal concentration of carbenicillin (600 µg/mL) for V<sub>max</sub>which retained the plasmid more efficiantly than V<sub>max</sub> at 200 µg/mL carbenicillin.
-</html>[[Image:T--Linkoping_Sweden--CBD-VmaxEcoliMeasurement.png|600px|thumb|left|<b>Figure 7.</b> CBD-sfGFP expression in different chassis. The orange line represent Vmax at 600 µg/mL carbenicillin, blue represents Vmax at 200 µg/mL carbenicillin, and green represents E. coli BL21 at 100 µg/mL carbenicillin. The y-axis depicts RFU and the x-axis represents the time over 28 hours.]]<html>
 </div>
+<div></html>[[Image:T--Linkoping_Sweden--CBD-VmaxEcoliMeasurement.png|600px|thumb|left|<b>Figure 7.</b> CBD-sfGFP expression in different chassis. The orange line represent Vmax at 600 µg/mL carbenicillin, blue represents Vmax at 200 µg/mL carbenicillin, and green represents E. coli BL21 at 100 µg/mL carbenicillin. The y-axis depicts RFU and the x-axis represents the time over 28 hours.]]</div>
 <br><br>
 <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
 <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
-<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
+<br><br><br>
-<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
+<br><br>
+<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
+==Contribution: Sydney_Australia 2019==
+<br>'''Group:''' Sydney_Australia
+<br>'''Authors''': Fahad Ali and Isobel Magrath
+<br>'''Summary''': We tested the thermal stability of sfGFP, by measuring fluorescence at 494 nm over the range 60-95°C using a qPCR machine.
+<br>'''Documentation''': In order to better characterise the thermal stability of sfGFP, we conducted a melting curve analysis, with comparison to our new fluoroprotein VVD36-C73A-CH4-M130I ([[Part:BBa_K3140010]]). We prepared 50 mL overnight cultures of pK18:sfGFP and pK18:VVD36-C73A-CH4-M130I. Following culture, cells were pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended in 1mL of Zietkiewicz buffer (40mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8; 50mM NaCl: 20mM KCl; 20mM MgCl2; 5mM b-mercapto-ethanol; 10% glycerol). Cells were then lysed through bead-beating, and then centrifuged to remove supernatant. Serial dilutions of cell lysate were prepared in a 96-well PCR plate. We then used a qPCR machine with a 6-carboxy-fluorescein (FAM) filter to measure excitation and emission at 494 and 518 nm, respectively, at an initial temperature of 60°C for one minute before increasing by 0.3 degrees per second up to 95°C.
+Results are summarised in '''Fig. 1'''.
+[[Image:T--Sydney_Australia--sfGFPVVD_Met130DerivativeMeltCurve.png|frame|none|'''Fig 1''': We measured the thermal stability of sfGFP using the appliedbiosystems StepOnePlus Real Time PCR System using a FAM filter (max nm absorbtion 494, max emission 518) over a temperature range of 60-95°C increasing at 0.3°C per second. Temperature (°C) is displayed on the x axis, and d(Fluor)/dT is displayed on the y axis.]]
+From the results of the derivative curve, we observe that sfGFP is less thermostable than C73A-CH4-M130I.
+==Contribution: UniGE-Geneva==
+'''Group:''' UniGE-Geneva
+<br>'''Authors:''' Grégory Segala and Bryan Bourrat
+<br>'''Summary:''' In the list of Parts assigned to our team, we decided to characterize the fluorescent protein : sfGFP (BBa-I746916). Our goal was to observe the evolution of the intensity of fluorescence emitted by this protein, after induction by IPTG (Isopropyl -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside), varying two parameters: temperature and pH.
+<br>'''Documentation:'''
+<br>
+[[Image:T--UniGE-Geneva--unige-igem-characterization-2.001.png|frame|none|'''Fig 1''':Procedure details of the experiment.]]
+[[Image:T--UniGE-Geneva--unige-igem-characterization-2.002.png|frame|none|'''Fig 2''':Variation of Fluorescence Intensity depending on Temperature.]]
+[[Image:T--UniGE-Geneva--unige-igem-characterization-2.003.png |frame|none|'''Fig 3'''::Variation of Fluorescence Intensity depending on pH.]]
+<br>'''Conclusion:''' There is no variation in the intensity of fluorescence, for the GFP, depending on whether you are in an acidic, neutral or alkaline pH environment. It is also observed that there is no variation in fluorescence intensity even though temperature increases. Thus, sfGFP seems more stable than the other fluorescent protein we characterized (mCherry RFP : BBa-J18932).
+==Contribution: iGEM Athens 2020==
+<br>'''Group:''' iGEM_Athens
+<br>'''Authors''': Ö.Can, A.Doğa Yücel, A.B.Pekşen, E.Turksever, S.Özcengiz, O.Göcenler,  I.B. Altay, G. Broutzakis, M. Ioannidou, S. Kanellopoulos, K. Pylarinou
+<br>'''Summary''': A codon optimized version of this part was constructed in collaboration with iGEM KU Instanbul for <i>Flavobacteria</i>. iGEM Instanbul 2020 aims to create a biolaser system that utilizes GFP as gain medium and reflectin as a resonator. The codon optimized sequence for the strain <i>Flavobacterium johnsoniae</i> can be found in the following accession: <html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3520010">BBa_K3520010</a></html>
+<br>Further information for this part in Flavobacteria will be added during the second phase of the competition (2021).
+==Contribution: UPF_Barcelona 2020==
+<br>'''Group:''' UPF_Barcelona
+<br>'''Authors:''' T.Berjaga, Q. Marti & J.Puig
+<br>'''Summary:''' The ASV tag was added into the sfGFP in order to increase the protein degradation rate, thus having faster system responses. The effect of the ASV tag in the sfGFP degradation rate was characterized.
+If there is a need for faster responses in the system, and in consequence, for faster recoveries, we must increase the protein degradation rate. However, we must consider that a strong increase on the degradation rate will imply a loss of accuracy on the reported measurements, as the range will become narrower. Therefore, the addition of the ASV tag becomes ideal as it is supposed to be weak [1].
+This ASV tag addition can be seen as an improvement of an existing part as it will make a difference for any kind of system that needs faster continuous measurements.
+The characterization of this protein was done combining a constitutive promoter (<html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_J23100">BBa_J23100</a></html>), a RBS32 (<html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_B0032">BBa_B0032</a></html>) and a double terminator (<html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_B0015">BBa_B0015</a></html>) followed by the sfGFP with the ASV degradation tag (This reporter sequence <html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3484006">BBa_K3484006</a></html>) . A control with the original sequence (<html><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_I746916">BBa_I746916</a></html>), with the same promoter, double terminator and RBS, was done to see how the tag affected the final fluorescence.
+[[File:UPF_Barcelona--Improve1.png|900px|thumb|center|Figure 1. Experimental data extracted from the Plate-reader. Each curve is a mean of 4 different wells to reduce noise.]]
+[1] Andersen, J.,Sternberg, C., Poulsen, L. K., Bjørn, S. P., Givskov, M. New Unstable Variants of Green Fluorescent Protein for Studies of Transient Gene Expression in Bacteria. Applied and environmental microbiology, June 1998, p. 2240–2246
+<br>'''Model Characterization'''
+In order to quantify how the ASV tag affected the degradation rate of the sfGFP, a simple mathematical model was developed. The following model is exactly the same for the two scenarios, and consists of a constitutive expression minus a degradation rate (Equation.1). As both systems are constitutively regulated by the same promoter, the PJ23100 (BBa_J23100), the production rate will be the same in the two systems. In addition, the equations representing the steady-state (dy/dx=0) of the system were calculated (Equation.2).
+[[File:UPF_Barcelona--Improve3.png|400px|thumb|center|Equation 1. Ordinary Differential equations for the sfGFP cell with (B.) and without tag (A.).]]
+[[File:UPF_Barcelona--Improve4.png|400px|thumb|center|Equation 2. Steady-State equations for the sfGFP cell with (B.) and without tag (A.).]]
+With the Steady-State equations we are able to look for the relationship between the two degradation rates (δ) as the production rate is the same(Equation.3).
+[[File:UPF_Barcelona--Improve5.png|400px|thumb|center|Equation 3. Relationship between the two degradation rates (δ) with and without tag (The last point of the experimental data was taken as the steady-states).]]
+In the relation between the degradation rates (Equation 3.) we can clearly see that the ASV tag has an impact on the degradation rate. Mathematically it has been proved that the degradation rate is increased, approximately, 25% when the ASV tag is added on the sfGFP gene sequence. All in all, it has been demonstrated that the addition of the ASV tag increases the degradation rate. Therefore, the introduction of an ASV tag is a good approach to reduce the recovery system time without losing effectiveness of measurement, which is interesting for any kind of biosensor or feedback loop application.
+<br>'''Characterization experiments'''
+For the characterization a Plate-Reader analysis was made. All the information on the experimental conditions and parameters used are described on the table below (Table 1).
+{|class='wikitable'
+|colspan=4|Table 1. Plate-Reader Parameters for the characterization of the effects of ASV tag in sfGFP
+|-
+|'''Parameters'''
+|'''Value'''
+|-
+|Plate-Reader model
+|Synergy HTX
+|-
+|Plate type
+|Thermo Fischer 96-well microplates black-walled clear bottom
+|-
+|Cell medium
+|LB
+|-
+|Time
+|24 hours
+|-
+|Shake
+|Linear: Continuous, Frequency: 567 rpm (3mm)
+|-
+|Temperature
+|37C
+|-
+|Gain
+|50
+|-
+|Optical Density (OD) measurement (absorbance)
+|660nm
+|-
+|GFP excitation wavelength
+|485nm
+|-
+|GFP emission wavelength
+|528nm
+|-
+|}
+==Contribution: iGEM Vilnius-Lithuania 2021==
+<br>'''Group:''' Vilnius-Lithuania
+<br>'''Author:''' Rimvydė Čepaitė
+<br>'''Summary:''' Our team characterized the dynamics of sfGFP expression under variety of different promoters in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Nissle 1917 strain for sfGFP protein in expression construct alone and when fused with tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL). In addition to that, we also introduced an mRNA cyclization system to this project. The circularization of mRNA molecules improves the fraction of full-length proteins among synthesized polypeptides by selectively translating intact mRNA and reducing abortive translation [1].
+SfGFP expression rates under different promoters was estimated by measuring fluorescence intensity and dividing the intensiveness of the signal by the OD600 of the medium during the course of 6 hours (Figure 1). The greater ratio would indicate the stronger expression (Table 1). The same evaluation strategy was applied to measure the effectiveness of mRNA cyclization system, which in our particular case did not show the expected potential to improve the efficiency of our system (Figure 2)[1].
+[[File:All_promoters_evaluation.png|center|500px|AmeBye]]
+<b>Figure 1:</b> first graph - comparison of the sfGFP expression strength of under all target promoters; second graph - the expression strength under all target promoters compared to p-slpA.
+<b>Table 1:</b> the evaluation results of the promoters without mRNA cyclization system.
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
+|-
+! Promoter
+! Absolute value of fluorescence/OD600 at the midpoint of growth
+! Promoter strength in comparison to p-slpA
+|-
+| BBa1033225 || 383.99 || 0.76
+|-
+| BBa1033222 || 227.79 || 0.45
+|-
+| BBa1033220 || 295.25 || 0.58
+|-
+| P-slpA || 508.22 || 1.00
+|-
+| J23118 || 176.43 || 0.35
+|-
+| J23117 || 155.74 || 0.31
+|-
+| J23115 || 135.46 || 0.27
+|-
+| J23114 || 175.06 || 0.34
+|-
+| J23113 || 180.56 || 0.36
+|-
+| J23107 || 253.16 || 0.50
+|-
+| J23106 || 237.59 || 0.47
+|-
+| J23103 || 178.62 || 0.35
+|-
+| J23102 || 187.82 || 0.37
+|-
+| J23101 || 226.14 || 0.44
+|}
+[[File:MRNA_cyclization_system_evaluation.png|center|700px|AmeBye]]
+<b>Figure 2:</b> comparison of general promoter strength with and without mRNA cyclization system.
+The ability of the mRNA cyclization system to improve sfGFP expression while fused with another protein was estimated by measuring how intensively the nissle transformants can produce sfGFP fused together with tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) under the different promoters. Fluorescence intensity was evaluated by dividing the intensiveness of the signal by the OD600 during the course of 7 hours. Results in our particular case did not show the expected potential to improve the efficiency of our system (Figure 3).
+[[File:MRNA_cyclization_system_evaluation_sfGFP+TAL.png|center|600px|AmeBye]]
+<b>Figure 3:</b> comparison of expression strength of sfGFP fused together with TAL under different promoters with and without mRNA cyclization system.
+==Contribution: SUSTech Shenzhen 2022==
+We apply a directed evolution approach called CPR which based on gene circuits to select positive clones from library that leads to the production of a thermostable polymerase Taq by emulsion PCR. Designed circuits are divided into positive selection and negative selection to select trp repressor that can bind to trp and can not bind to 6-Br-trp respectively. We construct plasmid pTrpR, pPOS and pNEG. pTrpR is induced to express muted trp repressors. Active trp repressors with its ligand can induce pPOS to express Taq polymerase and inactive trp repressors or trp repressor without its ligand can induce pNEG to express Taq polymerase.
+[[Image:no1.png|400px|thumbnail|center|'''Figure 1:''' Schematic of compartmentalized partnered Replication (CPR) positive and negative circuits.]]
+The expression of Taq polymerase cannot be monitored easily, we apply GFP assay to use GFP production to analyzing the gene circuits function. We also construct pNEG-sfGFP and pPOS-sfGFP which replace Taq polymerase gene with sfGFP to characterize the expression of Taq polymerase. We transform pTrpR which express wild type trp repressor into competent cells that have been transformed with plasmid pNEG-sfGFP or pPOS-sfGFP. Then we culture and induce with different concentration of trp and 1mM IPTG to induce expression of sfGFP. We expect that as trp concentration increases, the expression of sfGFP (RPU/OD600) in pNEG-sfGFP gradually decreases, and the expression of sfGFP (RPU/OD600) in pPOS-sfGFP gradually increases
+[[Image:no2.png|400px|thumbnail|center|'''Figure 2:'''GFP production (RPU/OD600) – trp concentration graph by GFP test for wild type trp repressor and pNEG (due to time and pandemic, we only completed the experiment of pNEG).
+ ]]
+In addition to GFP test, we also perform a mock selection to confirm the designed gene circuit function can actually select positive clone. At first, we mix culture with strains that has been induced to express sfGFP and oil mix to check the quality of emulsion droplet. We measure the diameter of droplet with a phase contrast microscopy. We found that the diameter of emulsion droplets are range about 2~10μm and less than 20% emulsion droplets contain a GFP-expression cell. Thus, we have checked any emulsion droplet can only contain a single cell.
+[[Image:no3.png|400px|thumbnail|center|'''Figure 3:'''Phase contrast microscopy image of emulsion
+droplet of 50×diluted scale bar, 10μm (left) of emusion droplet merge with GFP expression of 1× diluted emulsion. scar bar, 10μm.
+ ]]
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 <span class='h3bb'>Sequence and Features</span>
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+=References=
+<ol>
+<li>Yang, J., Han, Y.H., Im, J. et al. Synthetic protein quality control to enhance full-length translation in bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 17, 421–427 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-021-00736-3
+</li>
+</ol>

Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa I746916"

Latest revision as of 07:51, 8 October 2022

Contribution: Wego_Taipei iGEM2022 on BBa I746916

Wet Lab Contribution: BBa_K4271008

References

LINKS_China 2021 Characterization of Ma-sfGFP-CBM3

Contribution: GIFU TOKAI 2019

Contribution: GreatBay_SZ 2019

Characterization: Freiburg 2019

Contribution: QHFZ-China 2019

Contribution: WHU-China 2019

Contribution: Valencia_UPV iGEM 2018

Improvement

1. Usage and Biology

2. Characterization

We constructed sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) sequence and superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916) on the pSB1C3 vector. The BbsI recognition site free was confirmed by nucleic acid electrophoresis (Figure 2). The sfGFP_optimism can not be digested by BbsI. And the length of these sequences are correct.

We got the emission and excitation spectra of two type sfGFP: sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400), sfGFP(BbsI free)(BBa_K2541401) and superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916) (Figure 3).

For further characterization, we detected the expression intensity of these two types of sfGFP. According to the results (Figure 4), we found out that the fluorescence intensity of sfGFP_optimism (BBa_K2541400) is nearly 2.6 times higher than superfolder GFP (BBa_I746916).

3. Conclusion

Contribution:UCAS-China 2019

Usage and Biology

Contribution: Linköping_Sweden 2019

Contribution: Sydney_Australia 2019

Contribution: UniGE-Geneva

Contribution: iGEM Athens 2020

Contribution: UPF_Barcelona 2020

Contribution: iGEM Vilnius-Lithuania 2021

Contribution: SUSTech Shenzhen 2022

References