Part:BBa_K1096002

MazF protein (E. coli)

MazF is toxin protein in MazE-MazF, toxin-antitoxin module. It is function as mRNA endonuclease

Characterization

Group: Tokyo Tech 2016

Author: Kazuki Fujisawa
We designed parts(BBa_K1949100, BBa_K1949101, BBa_K1949102, BBa_K1949103, BBa_K1949104) to characterize mazE(BBa_K1096001) and mazF(BBa_K1096002).

Characterize

We performed experiment to work our final genetic circuits and characterized mazE and mazF.

This experiment consists of the four parts below.

Ⅰ.Adjustment of mazF Expression

Ⅱ.mazEF System Assay ~Stop & GO~

Ⅲ.mazEF System Assay ~Go & Stop~

Ⅳ.mazEF System Assay on the LB Agar Plate (Queen's Caprice)

Ⅰ.Adjustment of mazF Expression

In order to control cell growth as we desire using the mazEF system, it is necessary to adjust the expression level of mazF. It has been reported that MazF has very strong ability to inhibit cell growth and that mazE expression can not recover it when mazF is expressed at high level[1]. Therefore, we here explored the relationship between concentration of the expression inducer for mazF (arabinose in this experiment) and expression level of it; such information is important for operating our final genetic circuits properly.
We constructed

E. coli A: Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3)

E. coli B: PBAD - rbs - mazF - tt - Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3).

result

It was found that cell growth of E. coli B was inhibited under arabinose (inducer for mazF) concentrations of over 0.02% (Fig. 1). Interestingly, at arabinose concentration of 0.2%, GFP fluorescence intensity fell markedly, regardless of mazF expression, suggesting that high arabinose concentrations may inhibit gfp expression or prevent GFP from exerting fluorescence. Taken together, it is concluded that the concentration of arabinose should be 0.02%.

Fig. 1 Relative value of turbidity, RFU of GFP and RFU of GFP / turbidity. E. coli A and E. coli B were cultured in the presence of indicated amounts of arabinose, and turbidity (upper graph), RFU of GFP (middle graph), and RFU / turbidity (lower graph) were measured. Also, the same cells were cultured in the absence of arabinose, and measurements were performed similarly as above. The ratio of the former values to the latter values were calculated.

Ⅱ.mazEF System Assay ~Stop & GO~

The most attractive feature of the mazEF system is that cytotoxity of a toxin protein (MazF) is determined by the stoichiometric ratio of a toxin protein to a corresponding antitoxin protein (MazE) in cells. The story of Snow White involves sleep and resuscitate from sleep, and thus, we think that this feature is useful for our project.
We constructed

E. coli C: PBAD - rbs (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3)

E. coli A: Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3)

E. coli D: PBAD - rbs - mazF - tt - Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs - mazE (pSB3K3)

E. coli B: PBAD - rbs - mazF - tt - Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3).

result

As shown in Fig. 2, when the mazE expression was induced 2 h after the mazF expression, cell growth resumed gradually. Similarly, the RFU of GFP also increased mazF expression, and about 8 h later, cell growth resumed. Similarly, the RFU of GFP was also resumed. Before starting the experiments, we anticipated that recovery from the growth inhibition by mazF would be observed immediately after the induction of mazE expression. However, it took 8 h for us to observe the recovery. The reason is unclear, but the prior expression of mazF might damage the cells and it might take time to repair. Alternatively, the mazF expression might lead cells to the dormant state from which cells can hardly escape. We assume that this feature is advantageous for our Snow White project, because we can prolong the sleeping time of Snow White and take sufficient time for Prince to find Snow White. As a conclusion, the “Stop and Go” experiment was successful.

Fig. 2. Time vs Turbidity (left), Time vs RFU of GFP (right)

Ⅲ.mazEF System Assay ~Go & Stop~

In experimentⅡ, a toxin inhibits cell growth, and an antitoxin resuscitates it. However, what will happen when a toxin is expressed after the constitutive expression of antitoxin? Therefore, in the experiments of this section, we conducted a reciprocal experiment and named this experiment "Go & Stop".
We constructed

E. coli C: PBAD - rbs (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3)

E. coli A: Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3)

E. coli G: PBAD - rbs - mazF - tt - Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Pcon - rbs(weak) - mazE (pSB3K3)

E. coli F: PBAD - rbs - mazF - tt - Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), Pcon - rbs - mazE (pSB3K3)

E. coli E: PBAD - rbs - mazF - tt - Pcon - rbs - gfp (pSB6A1), vector (pSB3K3).

result

Turbidity of E. coli G stopped earlier than that of E. coli F (Fig. 3), indicating that cellular mazE amount over MazF amount affects cytotoxity of MazF. In other words, the cytotoxity of MazF is determined stoichiometrically. Similarly, final RFU of E. coli G was lower than that of E. coli F. From the results of ExperimentⅠ and ExperimentⅡ, it is expected that mazEF can repeatedly control cell growth.

Fig. 3. Time vs Turbidity (left), Time vs RFU of GFP (right)

Calculation of the change of RFU of GFP / Turbidity per unit time (translation efficiency) indicates that the expression level of mazE correlated with the translation efficiency(Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Translation efficiency of each E. coli.

Ⅳ.mazEF System Assay on the LB Agar Plate(Queen's Caprice)

The control of cell growth by the mazEF system has been shown until the previous sections. In this section, we analyzed whether the “stop & go” experiment can be repeated many times. It seemed like that dormancy of Snow White was controled by Queen, we named this experiment "Queen's caprice".
We constructed

E. coli i: PBAD - rbs (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3)

E. coli D: PBAD - rbs - mazF (pSB6A1), Plac - rbs - mazE (pSB3K3)

E. coli H: PBAD - rbs - mazF(pSB6A1), Plac - rbs (pSB3K3).

result

From the result, it was clarified that growth of E. coli cells was repeatedly controlled by expression of mazE (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). We believe that the repeated control of cell growth is very useful for the future biotechnology; see http://2016.igem.org/Team:Tokyo_Tech/Human_Practices.

Fig. 5. Control of colonization by mazEF system on the LB Agar Plate Ⅰ

Fig. 6. Control of colonization by mazEF system on the LB Agar Plate Ⅱ

reference

[1] Hazan, R., B. Sat, and H. Engelberg-Kulka. E. coli mazEF mediated cell death is triggered by various stressful conditions. J. Bacteriol. 2004 Dec;186(24):8295-8300.

Contribution From XMU-China 2020

Group: iGEM Team XMU-China 2020

Author: Shi Zhang

Summary: colony forming unit (CFU)

Characterization from iGEM20-XMU-China

        MazF is toxin protein in MazF-MazE, toxin-antitoxin module. It was first registered in 2013 and used as an mRNA endonuclease. It kills bacteria without cracking them, which will directly influence the value of OD₆₀₀.

        In order to quantify the toxicity of mazF, colony forming unit (CFU) cell viability assays were used to measure functionality of the circuit(1).

        Because direct expression of MazF will kill bacteria, we construct the circuit "P_Bad/araC-RBS-MazF-terminator-pSB1C3"(BBa_K3332083) and "P_Bad/araC-RBS-EYFP-terminator-pSB1C3"(BBa_K3332082) in E.coli BL21(DE3) to characterize its function.

Fig.1 genetic circuit of P_Bad/araC-RBS-MazF-terminator.

        When 0.2% arabinose was added, the experimental group showed a sharp decrease on the CFU, which indicates the protein encoded by MazF is fatal to E. coli. It further demonstrated that the MazF encoded by J23100-RBS (BBa_K880005) was able to work as a toxin.

Fig.2 The results of CFU.The round dot indicates the non induction group, and the square dot indicates the induction group.

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

• 10
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
• 12
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
• 21
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
• 23
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
• 25
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
• 1000
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

Background

In order to fit the project, our research object for contribution studies is MazF protein (Escherichia coli).

In our work, an iron-limiting inducible expression system was constructed. And the plasmid consists of promoter P_fhuA1 (RBS and Fur box on it), toxic gene mazF, rrnB T1 termina tor and T7Te terminator, which are arranged orderly on a pUC57 backbone. In this iron regulatory system, the presence of abundant iron inhibits the RNA polymerase from contacting with the promoter region sequence and prevents the transcription, so as not to express the toxic gene mazF. On the contrary, there is not enough iron to turn on the expression of downstream toxic gene. More importantly, this system is tightly regulated by iron-limitation signal [1].

Accordingly, we aim to induce the expression of toxic gene by artificially limiting iron to achieve bacterial suicide. Finally, we successfully verified the suicide function of MazF protein.

Results and analysis

First of all, we did an experiment to verify the suicide function of mazF. There were two pieces of sterile filter paper on the M9 plates, one containing 10μL FeSO₄, and the other containing 10μL double distilled water. The M9 culture plate has not Fe^{2 +}, so there will be bacteria growing around the filter paper (marked as the “Fe²⁺”) containing FeSO₄, and no bacteria around the other filter paper (marked as "0") containing double disulled water, if the plasmid has the function. Based on the experimental result (Figure 1.), we can prove that mazF has the suicidal effect.

Figure 1. E. coli growth with toxic gene mazF on the M9 medium plates in the filter paper diffusion experiment. The number of colony forming unit around the two filter paper, one containing 10 uL FeSO₄ and another containing 10 uL double distilled water. This experiment was repeated for three times.

From figure 1, we can clearly see that there are more bacteria growing around the filter paper, marked as "Fe²⁺", while there is no bacteria around the filter paper marked as “0”. It can be concluded that MazF protein is effective under the control of the Fe²⁺.

In addition, we set four groups of different concentrations of Fe^{2 +} to regulate the expression of mazF to further prove the suicide effect. If mazF has the suicidal effect, the growth of bacteria will be inhibited in the absence of Fe^{2 +} (0 μM Fe²⁺). According to the experimental results (Figure 2.), the turbidity degree of bacteria has obvious differences under different conditions of Fe²⁺. Compared with the control, the turbidity of "0 μM Fe²⁺"group was a little clearer than that in the "10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM Fe²⁺" groups.

Figure 2. E. coli growth with toxic gene mazF in the M9 medium with the different concentration gradients of FeSO₄.Turbidity degree of bacterial liquid in each group. This experiment was repeated for three times.

Worring that the addition of Fe²⁺ will affect the growth of common bacteria, we also conducted a control test of DH5α (Figure 3.). Within 9 hours of the incubation, OD₆₀₀ of each group was measured every hour. From Figure 3., the growth of the "0 μM Fe²⁺" group is inhibited in the logarithmic period. And the growth of DH5α in the 4 groups of Fe²⁺ showed on no difference.

Figure 3. Growth curve of bacteria with different concentrations of Fe²⁺. A. Growth curve of DH5α. At 0 h, different concentration gradients FeSO₄ were added. The error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments, performed in triplicate. B. E.coli growth with toxic gene mazF. Growth curves to demonstrate the tightly controllable expression of toxic gene ,mazF under repression (+Fe,10μM , 20 μM, 40 μM FeSO₄), or induction (0 μM FeSO₄) . At 0 h, the different concentration gradients FeSO₄ were added.

In conclusion, the expression of toxic gene mazF is related to the concentration of Fe^{2 +}.And when there is enough Fe²⁺ in the culture environment, the expression is repressed. On the contrary, when the amount of Fe^{2 +} is not enough, the gene expression is induced and the toxic protein MazF is expressed, thus kills the bacteria.

Methods

Plasmids Construction

The promoter P_fhuA1 (RBS and Fur box on it) and mazF are ligated between the parts by overlap extension PCR, and the construted fragment is ligated to pUC57 by homologous recombination. The correct construction is confirmed by sequencing.

Inoculation and cultivation

1. Methods of molecular cloning and transformation are described above. Transform this plasmid into E. coli DH5α. Then spread it onto a LB medium plates with 60 μg/mL ampicillin and incubate overnight at 37℃ in a biochemical incubator.

2. Pick three monoclonals from the same plate as parallel repeats. With the 5 ml LB medium containing 60 μg/mL ampicillin, the seed culture media are grow at 37℃ while shaking at 200 rpm overnight.

3. Take 2 mL seed culture medium into 2 mL EP tube and centrifuge for 2 minutes at 5000 rpm. Then wash the centrifugated deposit with PBS buffer to remove ferrous ions for three times. After that resuspend the deposit in the M9 medium (60 μg/ml ampicillin) and make the final volume 5 mL.

4. Measure the OD₆₀₀ value of the resuspending culture media in an automatic microplate reader (SynergyH1 hybrid multimodal reader). Then dilute the resuspending culture medium to OD₆₀₀ = 0.02 and add FeSO₄ solution (40 mM) to the final concentration of 0 μM, 10 μM , 20 μM, 40 μM. The blank control groups are the same volume of M9 medium containing 60 μg/mL ampicillin which are added the corresponding concentration gradient FeSO₄ solution respectively.

5. Incubate the cultures for 9 h at 37℃ while shaking at 200 rpm.

6. Samples are taken from each group once an hour and measured by UV spectrophotometer. And then convert the raw data to OD₆₀₀.

7. Take 50 μL from the seed culture medium and add it into 5ml LB medium containing 60 μg/mL ampicillin. Incubate for 8-9 hours at 37℃ while shaking at 200 rpm.

8. Dilute the incubated bacterial fluid to 10² and 10³ times respectively.

9. Take 10 uL bacterial fluid from the two diluted groups, spread it onto M9 medium containing 60 μg/mL ampicillin respectively. Then two filter papers with a drop of 10 μL of FeSO₄ (40 mM) and 10 μL of double distilled water respectively are put onto each plate. Blank controls are fresh M9 medium containing ampicillin (Amp, 60 μg/mL) with the engineered bacteria. Incubate them overnight at 37℃ in a biochemical incubator.

10. All experiments above are carried out in 3 biological replications.

Sequence and Features BBa_K1096002 SequenceAndFeatures

Contribution From CUG-China 2024

MazF is toxin protein in MazF-MazE, toxin-antitoxin module. It was first registered in 2013 and used as an mRNA endonuclease. It kills bacteria without cracking them, which will directly influence the value of OD₆₀₀. In our project, we expect engineered bacteria to survive and carry out biomining activities only in environments containing gold, so we constructed bacterial suicide switches using tandem gene wiring of gold combined with specific transcription factors, Inverter and mazF.

Fig 5. The gene circuit of expression vector “pYDT-golS-P_gol-cI-P_R-mazF” In order to quantify the function of inverter and the toxicity of mazF, We designed gene circuits to express inverter and mazF by induction of inducers and reflected the toxicity of MazF to cells by measuring OD₆₀₀. Fig 6. Growth profiles of the engineered bacterium E. coli BL21 in the presence of both inducer IPTG and Au[III], only inducer IPTG or Au[III], and no inducer IPTG and Au[III]. In the presence of both Au[III] and the inducer IPTG, the engineered strains grew normally. Whereas, when only Au[III] or inducer IPTG was present and when neither Au[III] nor inducer IPTG was added, the bacteria expressed the toxic protein MazF resulting in failure to grow normally. The effective operation of the suicide module was demonstrated.

Reference

[1] Guan, Lingyu, et al. "Development of a Fur-dependent and tightly regulated expression system in Escherichia colifor toxic protein synthesis." BMC biotechnology 13.1 (2013): 25.

Sequence and Features BBa_K1096002 SequenceAndFeatures