Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K2455003"

Latest revision as of 00:48, 2 November 2017

Cell-Penetrating USER Cassette

This biobrick contains an AsiSI/Nb.BSMI USER Cassette with a N-terminal nona-arginine (R9) Cell-penetrating peptide. The nona-arginine (R9) gives any cassette inserted proteins the ability to pass through plasma membranes. In addition, the USER Cassette carries a N-terminal hexa-histidine tag which allows for easy purification.

For our study we demonstrated that proteins inserted into the cassette can be purified using the histidine-tag, and subsequently used to stain E. coli and Pseudomonas putida cells, presumably through internalization caused by the R9 peptide.

In addition; previous studies have shown that R9 associated proteins, either covalently or non-covalently, were able to enter a variety of cell types (Chang et al., 2005).

Sequence and Features

Usage and Biology

Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) are small peptides, that are able to facilitate transport of a wide variety of cargoes across plasma membranes. CPPs are typically rich in basic residues and originate from viral domains such as the viral HIV tat domain (Eudes & Chugh, 2008). In recent years researchers have tried to make synthetic CPPs, with special interest in peptides constructed solely from arginine residues. The arginine rich sequences have been shown to trigger endocytosis in a wide range of cell types, including onion and potato cells (Chang et al., 2005).

USER Cassette

The biobrick carries the AsiSI/Nb.BsmI USER Cassette which facilitates gene insertion through the use of USER cloning.

Figure 1: Insertion of genes using USER cloning. Gene constructs consisting of multiple pieces can be inserted through the creation of a series of pieces with matching overhangs. One such use could be to insert point mutations into the gene of choice. The outer most overhangs must match the USER Cassette for the insertion to work.

For more information on USER cloning see [http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/AMUSER/ Amuser] or [http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/AMUSER/instructions.php Amuser instructions].

Insertion Requirements

For insertion of genes into the USER Cassette genes have to be amplified with the primers carrying the two following overhangs:

Forward primer: CGTGCGAUCx

Reverse primer: CACGCGAUxx

Where U = Uracil and x = any non-uracil-nucleotide; these are needed to keep the inserted gene in-frame. AsiSI and Nb.BsmI have to be used to facilitate opening of the cassette.

Gene Insertion

In order to test the biobricks ability to facilitate protein import in E. coli we chose to insert two different fluorescent proteins into the biobrick, SYFP2 and mTag BFP.

Opening of USER Cassette

To facilitate insertion, we first had to prepare the vector, this was done in a two-step digestion reaction. First to open the cassette 42 µL purified vector was mixed with 2.5 µL AsiSI, 10 µL 10x Tango Buffer, and 45.5 µL Nuclease-free water. The mixture was then incubated for 3 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. Then we ran 5 µL of the linearised vector for 20 min at 100 V on a 1 % Agarose gel to check for proper linearization. As shown on Figure 2 the vector goes from a smaller band, typical for circular (supercoiled) pieces of DNA, while the digested vector has a band consistent with the full 6kbp of the vector.

Figure 2: Linearisation of modified pET102 vector carrying the Cell-Penetrating USER Cassette biobrick. Lane 1: undigested vector, Lane 2: AsiSI digested vector. Vector has a size of 6kbp.

Following digestion the vector was subjected to column-purified using [http://omegabiotek.com/store/product/e-z-n-a-gel-extraction-kit/ E.Z.N.A.® Gel Extraction Kit] and [http://omegabiotek.com/store/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/D2500.D2501-Gel-Extraction-Kit-Combo-Online.pdf standard protocol] for gel-extraction with 150 µL binding buffer being added in the first step.

Finally the vector was nicked by mixing the complete 50 µL elute from the column-purification with 1 µL Nb.BsmI, 6 µL 10x NEBuffer 3.1, and 3 µL Nuclease-free water. The mixture was incubated for 3 hours at 65 degrees Celcius.

Gene Amplification

In order to facilitate the insertion of the SYFP2 and mTag BFP biobricks into the USER Cassette, the two genes were amplified using the following sets of primers in order to add the appropriate overhangs:

SYFP2:

Forward primer: CGTGCGAUCA-ATGGTTAGCAAGGGCGAAG

Reverse primer: CACGCGAUGA-TTTATACAGCTCATCCATACCCAGGG

mTag BFP:

Forward primer: CGTGCGAUCA-ATGAGCGAACTGATCAAAGAG

Reverse primer: CACGCGAUGA-ATTCAGTTTATGACCCAGC

And gel-extracted using [http://omegabiotek.com/store/product/e-z-n-a-gel-extraction-kit/ E.Z.N.A.® Gel Extraction Kit] and [http://omegabiotek.com/store/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/D2500.D2501-Gel-Extraction-Kit-Combo-Online.pdf standard protocol].

Insertion of BFP and YFP

To insert the gel-extracted PCR products 1 µL of the PCR product was mixed with 2 µL linearised vector, 0.5 µL CutSmart® Buffer, 0.5 µL USER® Enzyme, and 1 µL MQ H₂O. The mixture was incubated in a PCR machine for 25 min at 37 degrees Celcius, 20 min at 25 degrees Celcius, 10 min at 20 degrees Celcius, and 10 min at 15 degrees Celcius.

The insertions were validated through PCR amplification of the inserts followed by sequencing.

Purification and SDS-PAGE

Following the validated insertion of the SYFP2 and mTag BFP biobricks into the Cell-Penetrating USER Cassette, the cassette with insertions were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 under control of the T7 promoter.

Figure 3: Purification of fluorescent proteins. Expressed proteins were purified using an Imidazole gradient; E1: 250 mM, E2: 500 mM, E3: 1.0 M, E4: 2.0 M

Purification

Cells were harvested, re-suspended in lysis buffer (25 mM Imidazole, 0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.9), and 1.0 mM PMSF), and lysed by sonication. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at low speed, and the supernatant was transferred to a new falcon tube and mixed with 100 µL Ni-NTA Agarose. The mixture was incubated for one hour at 4 degrees Celcius on a turning table, where after the beads were spun down and the supernatant removed. A series of elution buffers (0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl; pH 7.9) with increasing Imidazole concentration were used to elute the bound proteins. The elution buffers were added consecutively 100 µl each time followed by centrifuging the sample at low speed, and removing 100 µL eluate.

NOTE: Samples were kept on ice at all times and centrifugation took place at 4 degrees Celsius.

SDS-PAGE

The purity of the samples were analysed by subjecting them to an SDS-PAGE using a [http://www.bio-rad.com/en-cn/product/criterion-precast-gels/criterion-tgx-stain-free-precast-gels pre-cast stain free gel]. In addition to the CPP tagged version of SYFP2 and mTag BFP two versions without the CPP tag was also purified, along side an empty vector and a vector with an empty Cell-Penetrating USER Cassette. The Imidazole concentration of the purification ranged from 250 mM to 2.0 M, as can be seen on Figure 3 proteins of the expected size are eluted at Imidazole concentrations of 250 mM for all constructs (BFP & YFP 28kDa, CPP-BFP & CPP-YFP 30kDa).

Imaging

All fluorescent imaging was done at 100x magnification using the following setup:

Yellow fluorescence:

- Excitation time: 250 ms

- Excitation: 460 - 490 nm

- Dichroic Mirror: 505 nm

- Barrier Filter: 510 - 555 nm

Blue fluorescence:

- Excitation time: 100 ms

- Excitation: 330 - 385 nm

- Dichroic Mirror: 400 nm

- Barrier Filter: >420 nm

Fluorescent Imaging of Expressing Cells

BL21 E. coli expressing either SYFP2, mTag BFP, CPP-SYFP2, and CPP-mTag BFP were analysed on a fluorescent microscope at 100x magnification in order to see if the fusion proteins were capable of emitting fluorescent light as their parental counterparts. As can be see on Figure 4 the intensity of the individual cells were as bright with the CPP tag as without.

Figure 4: BL21 E. coli cells expressing either fluorescent proteins. A-F) As expected no fluorescence is seen in cells carrying either an empty vector or a vector with an empty Cell-Penetrating USER Cassette. G+I) Fluorescence of at least equal intensity is seen in cells expressing CPP-mTag BFP as to those expressing mTag BFP. H+J) Equal fluorescence is seen for cells expressing SYFP2 and CPP-SYFP2

Cell-Penetrating Capabilities of Purified Proteins

In order to investigate the capabilities of the expressed proteins to enter E. coli cells, 10 µL of E. coli MG1655 overnight culture was mixed with 25 µL purified protein from either Control (empty vector), SYFP2, mTag BFP, CPP, CPP-SYFP2, or CPP-mTag BFP and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. Subsequently the cells were pelleted and the supernatant was removed, followed by 2 x wash in 500 mL MQ H₂O. Finally the cells were re-suspended in 10 µL MQ H₂O before being imaged on the fluorescent microscope. As can be seen on Figure 5, while neither SYFP2 or mTag BFP alone were capable of staining the cells, both CPP-SYFP2 and CPP-mTag BFP were able too, thus indicating an ability of the Cell-Penetrating USER Cassette to facilitate internalization of their protein cargo.

Figure 5: Fluorescence of E. coli cells treated with fluorescent protein. Cells were treated with either mTag BFP (A-B), CPP-mTag BFP (C-D), SYFP2 (E-F), or CPP-SYFP2 (G-H). Cells treated with CPP-tagged protein emitted noticeably more fluorescence.

In addition to E. coli, both Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis were similarly treated with SYFP2, mTag BFP, CPP-SYFP2, or CPP-mTag BFP following the same protocol as for E. coli (see above). While B. subtilis showed no signs of protein uptake (data not shown), P. putida showed similar signs to protein uptake as did E. coli (see Fig. 6).

Figure 6: Fluorescence of P. putida cells treated with fluorescent protein. Cells were treated with either mTag BFP (A-B), CPP-mTag BFP (C-D), SYFP2 (E-F), or CPP-SYFP2 (G-H). Cells treated with CPP-tagged protein emitted noticeably more fluorescence.