Part:BBa_K2918003

Φ29 Double Stranded Binding Protein (DSB/p6)

Double Stranded Binding protein of the Φ29 bacteriophage

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

10
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
12
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
21
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
23
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
25
INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
Illegal AgeI site found at 168
1000
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

The part has been confirmed by sequencing and there are no mutations.

Usage and Biology

The Φ29 replication mechanism involves replication of a protein-primed based replication linear DNA. Protein primed replication, unlike the conventional DNA or RNA primed mechanism, does not depend on specific sequences of DNA/RNA which simplifies the design of replication systems. The Φ29 replication can be established by using four simple proteins: Φ29 DNA polymerase (DNAP/p2), terminal protein (TP/p3), single stranded binding protein (SSB/p5) and double stranded binding protein (DSB/p6). The replication process begins by binding of the Φ29 DNA polymerase and terminal protein complex at the origins of replication (OriL and OriR), which flank the protein-primed linear plasmid (Salas et al., 1994). The double stranded DNA binding proteins aid in the process of replication and bind more intensely at the origins of replication (OriL and OriR), destabilizing the region and facilitating strand displacement. Single stranded binding proteins bind to the displaced DNA strand preventing strand switching of the DNA polymerase and protecting the linear plasmid from host nucleases (Salas et al., 1994). The replication mechanism is depicted in Figure 1. If you want to read more about this mechanism, you can take a look at our Design page!

Figure 1: Overview of phi29 replication mechanism

The Φ29 replication system is promising in many ways:

The Φ29 DNA polymerase has the highest processivity of all known single subunit DNA polymerases (Blanco et al., 1989), and can be used for whole genome amplification.
The Φ29 machinery along with cell-free expression systems can be used to establish the three dogmas of biology in vitro, setting the basis for artificial cell development.
The existing DNA-protein covalent bonds offer many possibilities to engineer the terminal proteins with functional peptide sequences.
We envision that the unique configuration of the double-stranded, protein-capped linear replicon will be a basis for many new engineered protein-DNA complexes.
Orthogonal replication enables not only replication independent from the host, but also the ability to engineer the orthogonal DNA polymerase’s fidelity without introducing mutations in the cell’s genome which makes in vivo directed evolution a possibility.

Characterization

For expressing our constructs we used PUREfrex 2.0. This is an E. coli based cell-free protein synthesis system and it contains all the elements to make in vitro translation-transcription possible. A 10 μL reaction consists of 5 μL feeding buffer, 0.5 μL enzyme solution, 1 μL ribosome solution, 5 nM DNA and RNAse-free milliQ for filling up the volume. For fluorescent labeling, 0.5 μL of BODIPY-Lys-tRNA_Lys (FluoroTectTM GreenLys, Promega) was added, this binds to the translation products at the lysine residues sites.The proteins were identified by an 18% SDS-PAGE gel and mass spectrometry. From the 10-μL reaction, 8 μL was loaded on the SDS-PAGE while the other 2 μL was analysed by the mass spectrometer.

SDS-PAGE
After expressing the DSB protein for 3 hours, the sample was treated with RNAse (RNaseA Solution, Promega) for 30 minutes. To denature the protein, the sample is also treated with 2x SDS loading buffer with 10 mM dithiotreitol (DTT) for 10 minutes at 90°C. Samples were loaded on a 18% SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gel. Visualization was performed on a fluorescence gel imager (Typhoon, Amersham Biosciences) using a 488-nm laser and a band pass emission filter of 520 nm.

Figure 2:SDS-PAGE gels of p6 (DSB) after cell-free expression. Translation products were analysed by fluorescence imaging at 488 nm of an 18% gel. The bands depicted with an upper red asterisk correspond to the protein of interest with the expected molecular weight. In the control lane where no DNA was added (most right) no specific band was observed.

An SDS-PAGE was carried out for the DSB protein with 3 different promoter strengths: Wild-Type, medium and weak. For the control, PURE solution without any DNA was used. As can be concluded from figure 2, in the sample containing the p6 protein a band indicated by the asterix can be found at the expected molecular weight (12kDa). The band is also absent in the control, indicating that the p6 protein was successfully produced in the PURE system using this construct. The other band that can also be seen in the control was due to contamination of the milliQ or the master mix containing the Purefrex solutions.

Mass Spectrometry
Next to the SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identity of the proteins. The mass spectrometer looks for the mass of unique peptide sequences, and their elution time. For p6 these unique peptide sequences are: GEPVQVVSVEPNTEVYELPVEK and FLEVATVR. Data was normalized to the presence of the elongation factor EF-TU, which can be found in the same concentration in all PURE system reactions. The raw data and the optimized parameters for the mass spectrometry method can be found here and here.

Figure 3A: Identification in mass spectrometry of one peptide (FLEVATVR)
Figure 3B: Identification in mass spectrometry of one peptide (GEPVQVVSVEPNTEVYELPVEK)

The intensity of the mass spectrographs shown in Figure 3 only reflect the occurrence of a given sequence in the sample. These peptide sequences were only present in the samples that were expected. The difference in height can be attributed to the strength of the promoters, less peptides were measured with decreasing strength. For the first peptide GEPVQVVSVEPNTEVYELPVEK, the intensity of DSB with Medium promoter and the Weak promoter were 57% and 35% of the intensity of the WT promoter respectively. For the second peptide FLEVATVR it is 82% and 35% respectively. In conclusion, the results were positive and the identity of the proteins could be further confirmed by mass spectrometry.

Toxicity

Our Sci-Phi 29 tool is based on four components of the Φ29 bacteriophage: DNAP, TP, p5 and p6. However, overexpression of these proteins are toxic for the cell. In order to determine the optimal expression levels of the proteins in live cells, we carried out viability assays in E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS. The results are shown in the graphs below.

Figure 3A: The growth curve of phi29 p6 under different promoter strengths (weak, medium, Wild-Type) with no IPTG induction
Figure 3B: The growth curve of phi29 p6 under different promoter strengths (weak, medium, Wild-Type) with 1 mM IPTG induction
Figure 3C: The growth curve of phi29 p6 under different promoter strengths (weak, medium, Wild-Type) with 10 mM IPTG induction

Strain Construction

The DNA sequence of the part was synthesized by IDT with flanking BpiI sites and respective MoClo compatible coding sequence overhangs. The part was then cloned in a level 0 MoClo backbone pICH41308 and the sequence was confirmed by sequencing. The cloning protocol can be found in the MoClo section below.

Modular Cloning

Modular Cloning (MoClo) is a system which allows for efficient one pot assembly of multiple DNA fragments (Weber et al, 2011). The MoClo system consists of Type IIS restriction enzymes that cleave DNA 4 to 8 base pairs away from the recognition sites. Cleavage outside of the recognition site allows for customization of the overhangs generated. The MoClo system is hierarchical. First, basic parts (promoters, UTRs, CDS and terminators) are assembled in level 0 plasmids in the kit. In a single reaction, the individual parts can be assembled into vectors containing transcriptional units (level 1). Furthermore, MoClo allows for directional assembly of multiple transcriptional units. Successful assembly of constructs using MoClo can be confirmed by visual readouts (blue/white or red/white screening). For the protocol, you can find it here.

Note: The basic parts sequences of the Sci-Phi 29 collection in the registry contain only the part sequence and therefore contain no overhangs or restriction sites. For synthesizing MoClo compatible parts, refer to table 2.

Table 1: Overview of different level in MoClo

Level	Basic/Composite	Type	Enzyme
Level 0	Basic	Promoters, 5’ UTR, CDS and terminators	BpiI
Level 1	Composite	Transcriptional units	BsaI
Level 2/M/P	Composite	Multiple transcriptional units	BpiI

For synthesizing basic parts, the part of interest should be flanked by a BpiI site and its specific type overhang. These parts can then be cloned into the respective level 0 MoClo parts. For level 1, where individual transcriptional units are cloned, the overhangs come from the backbone you choose. The restriction sites for level 1 are BsaI. However, any type IIS restriction enzyme could be used.

Table 2: Type specific overhangs and backbones for MoClo. Green indicates the restriction enzyme recognition site. Blue indicates the specific overhangs for the basic parts

Basic Part	Sequence 5' End	Sequence 3' End	Level 0 backbone
Promoter	NNNN GAAGAC NN GGAG	TACT NN GTCTTC NNNN	pICH41233
5’ UTR	NNNN GAAGAC NN TACT	AATG NN GTCTTC NNNN	pICH41246
CDS	NNNN GAAGAC NN AATG	GCTT NN GTCTTC NNNN	pICH41308
Terminator	NNNN GAAGAC NN GCTT	CGCT NN GTCTTC NNNN	pICH41276