Part:BBa_K196003
HfsH protein from Caulobacter crescentus
Caulobacter crescentus is an aquatic, Gram-negative bacterium that divides asymmetrically. Besides the bacterium is able to synthesize a strong glue. This glue is mainly composed of polysaccharide. Different proteins are required in the holdfast synthesis, export and attachment in C.crescentus (for more details, please refer to the "introduction" section). In our project, we wanted to implement the glue production in Escherichia coli. As E. coli possesses homolog proteins, we decid to insert the hfsG and hfsH genes in a plasmid. HfsG [1] is a glycosyltransferase and HfsH is a carbohydrate esterase. Here is the BB for the hfsH gene.
Sequence and Features
- 10COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
- 12COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
- 21INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]Illegal BglII site found at 531
- 23COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
- 25COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
- 1000COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]
Contribution by Vilnius-Lithuania iGEM 2024
During the project, a native gene variant was used, amplified via PCR directly from the genome of C. crescentus CB2 and CB2A strains. The amino acid sequence is identical to the BBa_K196003 part, with a his tag added in the C terminus.
Introduction
Vilnius-Lithuania iGEM 2024 project Synhesion aspires to create biodegradable and environmentally friendly adhesives. We were inspired by bacteria, which naturally produce adhesives made from polysaccharides. Two bacteria from aquatic environments - C. crescentus and H. Baltica - harness 12 protein synthesis pathways to produce sugars anchoring them to the surfaces. We aimed to transfer the polysaccharide synthesis pathway to industrially used E. coli bacteria to produce adhesives. Our team concomitantly focused on creating a novel E. coli strain for more efficient production of adhesives.
This protein is part of the Tetrad assembly system BBa_K5246043 and operon responsible for addition of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and deacetylation of the said molecule BBa_K5246042.
Part was used in Vilnius-Lithuania iGEM 2024 project "Synhesion" https://2024.igem.wiki/vilnius-lithuania/.
This part also has a non 6xhis-tagged variant BBa_K5246008.
Biology and usage
Biology
Caulobacter crescentus is a common freshwater gram-negative oligotrophic bacterium of the clade Caulobacterales. Its distinguishing feature is its dual lifestyle. Initially, C. crescentus daughter cells are in a “swarmer” cell phase, which has a flagellum, enabling them to perform chemotaxis. After the motile phase, they differentiate into “stalked” cells. This phase features a tubular stalk with an adhesive structure called holdfast, allowing them to adhere to surfaces and perform cell division.[1][2]
Caulobacterales synthesize a polysaccharide-based adhesin known as holdfast at one of their cell poles, enabling tight attachment to external surfaces. It is established that holdfast consists of repeating identical units composed of multiple monomers. Current literature agrees that in Caulobacter crescentus, these units form tetrads composed of glucose, an unidentified monosaccharide (either N-mannosamine uronic acid or xylose), N-acetylglucosamine, and N-glucosamine. These units are polymerized and exported to the outer membrane of the cell, where they function as anchors, securing the bacterium to a surface[3][4].
The C. crescentus holdfast is produced via a polysaccharide synthesis and export pathway similar to the group I capsular polysaccharide synthesis Wzy/Wzx-dependent pathway in Escherichia coli.
The holdfast synthesis (hfs) genes include those encoding predicted glycosyltransferases, carbohydrate modification factors, and components of a wzy-type polysaccharide assembly pathway[4][5][6].
HfsH, in particular, is responsible for deacetylation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine molecule.
HfsH
HfsH encodes a cytoplasmic deacetylase of 257 amino acids long. Deacetylase belongs to carbohydrate esterase family 4 and catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-linked acetyl groups from GlcNAc residues. C.Crescentus HfsH mutants were completely devoid of holdfast material Another C. crescentus CB15 mutant, ΔhfsH (YB2198), was used to study the role of deacetylation in adhesion efficiency. Indeed, this mutant lacks the gene hfsH, encoding a deacetylase that affects both the cohesive and adhesive properties of the holdfast.30 C. crescentus ΔhfsH produces smaller holdfasts compared to the wild-type and the ΔhfaB strains. These fully acetylated holdfasts are not anchored properly to the cell envelope and are shed in the medium. [2] The main strain used in this study was Caulobacter crescentus CB15 ΔhfaB (YB4251),29 a mutant strain from C. crescentus CB15 wild-type (YB135). This mutant has a clean deletion of the hfaB gene and, therefore, does not synthesize HfaB, one of the holdfast anchor proteins. This strain still produces a holdfast but cannot anchor it to the cell envelope. Consequently, the newly synthesized holdfast is shed in the culture medium and on surfaces. [3]
Usage
Proteins of the holdfast synthesis system assemble a short chain of sugar monomers in a specific sequence on a lipid carrier - a glycolipid.
Glycolipids are predominantly located on the extracellular surface of eukaryotic cell membranes and are responsible for various functions such as receptors for viruses and other pathogens, allowing them to enter a specific host cell that has unique glycolipid markers. This feature can let us use said glycolipids as labels for a precise and targeted liposome distribution throughout the body, delivering anything from cancer drugs to gene editing systems directly to the target cells.
To create a liposome labeling system, we had to select specific proteins that could be utilized for this purpose. Following bioinformatics analysis using the Conserved Domain Database, Protein BLAST, DeepTMHMM, and AlphaFold 3, we identified five proteins of interest from each strain: HfsG, HfsH, HfsJ, HfsK, and HfsL.
To utilize these enzymes, it was essential to develop a suitable purification strategy. For efficient cloning, we chose Golden Gate assembly. For efficient purification, we selected immobilized ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) as our purification method, based on recommendations from one of the few available papers where C. crescentus proteins were expressed and purified from E. coli. We opted for conventional 6x histidine tags (his-tag) to facilitate straightforward purification. It was crucial to determine the appropriate terminus for 6xHis-tag insertion to avoid disrupting the protein conformation and lessening purification efficiency.
Experimental characterization
Bioinformatic analysis
CDD and protein BLAST analysis suggest that HfsG is a glucosyltransferase family 2 protein. Proteins of this family are involved in cell wall biosynthesis. HfsG is similar to the WecA protein in E.Coli that catalyzes the transfer of the GlcNAc-1-phosphate moiety from UDP-GlcNAc onto the carrier lipid undecaprenyl phosphate. In the case of HfsG, it catalyzes the transfer of UDP-GlcNAc to the sugar acceptor made earlier in the holdfast synthesis pathway.
Protein topology analysis using DeepTMHMM suggests that HfsG is a globular protein located in the cytoplasm. AlphaFold 3 structures further confirm it. A pTM score above 0.5 suggests that the predicted overall structure may closely resemble the true protein fold, while ipTM indicates the accuracy of the subunit positioning within the complex. Values higher than 0.8 represent confident, high-quality predictions.
HfsG is family 2 glycosyltransferase similar to WecA of E.Coli. This globular protein transfers UDP-GlcNAc to the acceptor molecule, our conclusions are in agreement with existing research. [1][2][3]
Protein expression
CB2 strain
We chose the BL21(DE3) strain for adjustable and efficient expression of target proteins since the system's proteins were best expressed in this strain. Given the lack of time, we went with conditions optimized beforehand in earlier experiments for the whole pathway expression: temperature of 37°C, induction with 0.5 mM IPTG concentration, and expression for 3 hours.
After SDS-PAGE gel analysis, we concluded that we successfully expressed all HfsG, HfsH, HfsJ, HfsK, and HfsL proteins from C. crescentus CB2 and CB2A strains. We noticed that HfsJ and HfsL glycosyltransferases were visible in lower quantities compared to the other proteins. Both of these protein expression conditions need to be further investigated and optimized.
HfsH is visible on the left side of the gel (Fig. 2).
Table 1. C. crescentus protein sizes in kDa
| Protein Name | Size (kDa) |
|---|---|
| HfsG | 34 |
| HfsH | 27.9 |
| HfsJ | 34.7 |
| HfsK | 43.3 |
| HfsL | 33.3 |
CB2A strain
We chose the BL21(DE3) strain for adjustable and efficient expression of target proteins since the system's proteins were best expressed in this strain. Given the lack of time, we went with conditions optimized beforehand in earlier experiments for the whole pathway expression: temperature of 37°C, induction with 0.5 mM IPTG concentration, and expression for 3 hours.
After SDS-PAGE gel analysis, we concluded that we successfully expressed all HfsG, HfsH, HfsJ, HfsK, and HfsL proteins from C. crescentus CB2 and CB2A strains. We noticed that HfsJ and HfsL glycosyltransferases were visible in lower quantities compared to the other proteins. Both of these protein expression conditions need to be further investigated and optimized.
HfsJ is visible in the center of the gel (Fig. 2).
Table 2. C. crescentus protein sizes in kDa
| Protein Name | Size (kDa) |
|---|---|
| HfsG | 34 |
| HfsH | 27.9 |
| HfsJ | 34.7 |
| HfsK | 43.3 |
| HfsL | 33.3 |
Protein purification
CB2 strain
After successful expression, we proceeded to work on the purification of his-tagged proteins. We went with immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). Adapting protocols from the little research that was available, we used HisPur Ni-NTA Spin Columns (Thermo Scientific). Equilibration, wash, and elution buffers contained 10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, and 10 mM, 75 mM, and 500 mM imidazole, respectively.
HfsH HfsH was purified and clearly seen in the elution fraction of the gel. HfsH surprisingly migrates higher than the expected size of 28kDa because the higher the positive charge density (more charges per molecule mass), the slowe a protein will migrate. At the same time, the frictional force of the gel matrix creates a sieving effect, regulating the movement of proteins according to their size and three-dimensional shape. HfsH has a considerable amount of positively charges amino acids, causing it to migrate slower than its' size .
CB2A strain
After successful expression, we proceeded to work on the purification of his-tagged proteins. We went with immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). Adapting protocols from the little research that was available, we used HisPur Ni-NTA Spin Columns (Thermo Scientific). Equilibration, wash, and elution buffers contained 10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, and 10 mM, 75 mM, and 500 mM imidazole, respectively.
HfsH HfsH was purified and clearly seen in the elution fraction of the gel. HfsH surprisingly migrates higher than the expected size of 28kDa because the higher the positive charge density (more charges per molecule mass), the slowe a protein will migrate. At the same time, the frictional force of the gel matrix creates a sieving effect, regulating the movement of proteins according to their size and three-dimensional shape. HfsH has a considerable amount of positively charges amino acids, causing it to migrate slower than its' size .
References
1. Hendrickson, H., & Lawrence, J. G. (2000). Mutational bias suggests that replication termination occurs near the dif site, not at Ter sites. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 24(2), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00539.x
2. Andrews, S. C., Robinson, A. K., & Rodríguez-Quiñones, F. (2004). Bacterial iron homeostasis. Journal of Bacteriology, 186(5), 1438–1447. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.5.1438-1447.2004
3.Rabah, A., & Hanchi, S. (2023). Experimental and modeling study of the rheological and thermophysical properties of molybdenum disulfide-based nanofluids. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 384, 123335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.123335
4. Boutte, C. C., & Crosson, S. (2009). Bacterial lifestyle shapes stringent response activation. Journal of Bacteriology, 191(9), 2904-2912. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.01003-08
5. Mackie, J., Liu, Y. C., & DiBartolo, G. (2019). The C-terminal region of the Caulobacter crescentus CtrA protein inhibits stalk synthesis during the G1-to-S transition. mBio, 10(2), e02273-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02273-18
6.Thanbichler, M., & Shapiro, L. (2003). MipZ, a spatial regulator coordinating chromosome segregation with cell division in Caulobacter. Journal of Bacteriology, 185(4), 1432-1442. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.4.1432-1442.2003
7. Toh, E., Kurtz, Harry D. and Brun, Y.V. (2008) ‘Characterization of the Caulobacter crescentus holdfast polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway reveals significant redundancy in the initiating glycosyltransferase and polymerase steps’, Journal of Bacteriology, 190(21), pp. 7219–7231. doi:10.1128/jb.01003-08.
8. Chepkwony, N.K., Berne, C. and Brun, Y.V. (2019b) ‘Comparative analysis of ionic strength tolerance between freshwater and marine Caulobacterales adhesins’, Journal of Bacteriology, 201(18). doi:10.1128/jb.00061-19.
| None |