Part:BBa_K1639007

DAMP-Pexiganan

Synthetic 22-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide(AMP) pexiganan, which is a magainin AMP analog isolated from the skin of the African clawed frog.

Usage and Biology

Pexiganan, a 22-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide, is an analog of the antibiotic magainin peptides isolated from the skin of the African clawed frog has been shown to exhibit broad-spectrum microbicidal activity and acts with a bactericidal mechanism against which the likelihood of the development of resistance may be low. Furthermore Pexiganan molecules’ dose for destroying erythrocytes is 250 μg/ml, the other dose for destroying H.pylori is 16 μg/ml.(Figure 1)

Figure 1: MICs of pexiganan and all-D-amino-acid pexiganan (MSI-214) for ATCC reference strain

Figure 2: Structure of DAMP4-Pexiganan

A significant challenge in production of this antimicrobial peptide(AMP) in E.coli is it's intrinsic antimicrobial activity and proteolytic degradation of peptide during expression. To overcome this AMP is fused to carrier protein. DAMP4 is a protein formed by connecting, at the DNA level, four surface-active AM1 peptides. DAMP4 expresses at high levels of solubility in recombinant bacteria, and forms a four helix bundle structure that is thermostable to 90 C and remains soluble at relatively high salt conditions(Figure 2)

Research conducted by Zhang, X. L. et al (2015) proves bactericidal activity of Pexiganan against H.pylori.(Figure 3) In the same research In vitro development of resistance studies were conducted.(Figure 4) In the 15th generation of H. pylori that had developed resistance to antibiotics, the H. pylori were still susceptible to pexiganan. The results showed that the pexiganan could be used to treat H. pylori infection that is resistant to some antibiotics.

Figure 3: Bactericidal kinetics study. The bactericidal activity of pexiganan against H. pylori were monitored for the first 1 h. After 0, 10, 20, and 60 min of exposure time at 37 °C, aliquots were diluted (serial 10-fold dilutions) and plated for CFU counts after 72 h incubation at 37 °C

Figure 4:In vitro development-of-resistance studies Evolution of MICs after successive exposures of H. pylori to subinhibitory concentrations of the Pexiganan. After 15 serial passages, the relative MIC was the normalized ratio of the MIC obtained for a given subculture to the MIC that obtained for first-time exposure.

In our project we aim produce enough pexiganan molecules to eradicate all of the H.pylori population in the stomach. We inserted TEV protease cleavage site between DAMP4-Pexiganan to control releasing of Pexiganan. Due to the presence of H. pylori in the environment, extremely high concentrations of NH3 and Al2 molecules induce AND GATE the system (BBa_K1639000). As a result of this activation, TEV protease molecules will be produced. The produced TEV Protease break the large amount of connections accumulated between DAMP and Pexiganan in the cells and releases pexiganan molecules (Figure 5)

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of AND gate system

Cloning and Expression

We cloned our genes into pet45-b expression vectors(Figure 6) Expected bands must be at 699bp and 1041bp for DAMP4-PEX and TEV protease respectively. After succesfull cloning into expression vector Western blotting was conducted. (Figure 7-8)

Figure 6: Colony PCR and Cut check

Figure 7: Western blotting for DAMP4-PEX

Figure 8: Western blotting for TEV protease

To achieve cleavage of DAMP4-PEX complex by TEV protease both of them have to be expressed in the same bacterium but plasmids with same type of origin are not compatible. To overcome we cloned DAMP4-PEX into vector carrying ColA1 origin and TEV protease into pET45-b with ColE origin of replication.(Figure 9-10)

Figure 9: Schematic drawing of DAMP4-PEX cloning into ColA1

Figure 10: Schematic drawing of TEV protease cloning into pET45-b

After cotransformation process we put bacterias at 37C for 16 hours incubation. End of 16 hours as a result we did not see any bacteria colony over agar plate. We retried several times this cotransformation process but with these tryings we havent seen any bacteria colony on our agar plates Different Strategy After the negative results obtained from cotransformation experiements we designed a new experimental apparatus to demonstrate TEV Protease's activity we expressed proteins separately on pET45-b vectors then isolated protein from totally 16 hours incubated broth culture. Prepared a suitable buffer to create the conditions necessary to show the TEV Protease’s enzymatic activity. Then we prepare our DAMP-Pex, and TEV protease isolated proteins by mixing in the buffer, we put the resulting mixture overnight incubation at 20° C. After incubation, to observe the fate of DAMP-pexigan proteins we did Western Blot. But in western blotting, we could not get any significant rational result.

References

[1]Zhang, X.-L.; Jiang, A.-M.; Ma, Z.-Y.; Li, X.-B.; Xiong, Y.-Y.; Dou, J.-F.; Wang, J.-F. The Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide Pexiganan and Its Nanoparticles (PNPs) Exhibit the Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity in Vitro and in Vivo. Molecules 2015, 20, 3972-3985.
[2]Zhao C. X., Dwyer M. D., Yu A. L., Wu Y., Fang S. ve Middelberg A. P. 2015. "A simple and low-cost platform technology for producing pexiganan antimicrobial peptide in E. coli". Biotechnol Bioeng, 112(5), 957-964.
[3]Ge Y., MacDonald D. L., Holroyd K. J., Thornsberry C., Wexler H. ve Zasloff M. 1999. "In vitro antibacterial properties of pexiganan, an analog of magainin". Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43(4), 782-788.