Part:BBa_K786031

T7promoter-RSR-T7teminator

It is a repeat-spacer-repeat region designed according to E.coli's CRISPR/Cas system. It also includes a T7 promoter and T7 terminator. THe spacer is designed to target on a segment of non-coding-sequence in E.coli's genome. This biobrick can be transformed into E.coli cells to hopefully construct a suicide system with E.coli's CRISPR/Cas system.

Introduction: New Safety Approach

Multidrug resistance on microorganism has already changed from nightmare to reality. Horizontal gene transfer is one of the ways for bacteria to obtain exogenous genetic material. The previous proposal on biosafety of synthetic biology by other iGEM teams have led to achievements on different approach, such as incorporating active inhibition of horizontal gene transfer (Imperial 2011), using antibiotic-free selection to reduce potential multidrug resistance on antibiotic, and labeling spec sheet information on engineered bacteria for identity (CUHK 2010).

It is well-known that DNA molecule can be long lasting for thousands years. Therefore, even the engineered bacteria was killed after experiments, the artificial genetic material such as synthetic DNA can still present in the environment. Other bacteria can uptake these genetic information and possibly incorporate into their genome. The active uptake mechanism of DNA from the environment to bacteria can be known as “natural genetic transformation”. Thus, this intelligent design can bypass the previous proposed biosafety measures.

Herein, our proposed system allows a selective cleavage of the target gene, such as antibiotic gene and biobrick gene, by activating an exonuclease to recognize the specific region and undergo digestion. This approach allows regulation of the engineered microorganism down from DNA level.

I. Background & mechanism: CRISPR/Cas systems

CRISPR/Cas systems are the adaptive immunity systems that are present in many archaea and bacteria to protect themselves from invading genetic materials such as viral DNA. There are three types of CRISPR/Cas system. Here we only exploit type I-E from Escherichia coli (E. coli) to focus on expression and interference stage. This system presents potential in developing into a novel tool in order to reach higher safety standard of using engineered microorganism machine.

Foreign double strand DNA (dsDNA) will be targeted by the spacers from repeat-spacer region (RSR) and destroyed by one of the CRISPR/Cas components, Cas3. Through engineering the spacer sequence, theoretically we can target any dsDNA of sequence complementary to the spacer(s) [1].

By re-designing the targeting sequence, we can cleave the transformed plasmid in certain bacteria to reduce environmental hazard, or even manage to create a controlled suicide system to reduce leakage of genetic information from the bacteria. Thus our system provides an alternative to control safety level of engineered microorganism machine.

II.Biobrick design

For more details, you can refer to: BBa_K786031,Part design

(a) ‘Repeat’ design

A palindrome can be observed by studying some samples of repeat sequences of CRISPR system of E. coli. The secondary structure of pre-crRNA shows that the base pairing helps to form a loop, which may contribute to the Cas3 and Cascade in expression and interference stages of type-I CRISPR system.

(b) Spacer Design

The designed length of spacer in our CRISPR system should be 32bp. The spacer is specially desigened to target on the genomic DNA of a typical strain of E. coli, K12 MG1655. It is a non-coding DNA sequence since it is important to confirm that the factor causing the death of E. coli is due to the cleavage of its genomic DNA but not the malfunction of the gene being targeted, so a non-coding DNA sequence is preferred than a coding DNA sequence. The selection of the non-coding DNA sequence of E. coli K12 MG1655 is random, and the 32 bp is taken from 121595-121626 (GenBank: U00096.2 )

III.Experience & future applications

For more deails, you can refere to: BBa_K786031,Experience

References:

[1] Makarova KS, Haft DH, Barrangou R, et al. (2011). Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol. 9: 467-477.

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

• 10
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
• 12
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
• 21
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
• 23
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
• 25
  INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]

  Illegal NgoMIV site found at 816
  
• 1000
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]