Part:BBa_K381001
Nitrate reporter: PyeaR - GFP composite
Nitrate and Nitrite sensitive promoter PyeaR with a GFP coding device and strong RBS to create a nitrate-sensitive system which signals through expression of GFP.
PyeaR is normally repressed by NsrR, a protein native to most 'E. coli' cells. When Nitrate or Nitrite enter the cell it is converted to Nitric Oxide. This binds to NsrR, halting the repression and allowing the production of GFP.
Optimum use appears to be when sensing nitrate within a range of 0 - 20 mM (Calculated from Miller assays)
Activity between 0 - 10mM was investigated using an assay measuring change in GFP expression with increasing levels of Potassium Nitrate, the results of which can be seen below.
Additional characterization. Strain was NEB Turbo.
HFLS_H2Z_hangzhou 2017
Improve the Characterization of BBa_K381001
Team HFLS_H2Z_hanzhou's experience with this part.
In our experience with this part, we found out that Pyear will yield strong transcription rate under the presence of high concentration of Nitrate. However, we found out, under high concentration of nitrite(40mM), the promoter will be repressed, unlike nitrite in low concentration. Furthermore, if nitrate(40mM) is present along with nitrite(40mM), the promoter will be inhibited.
NCKU_Tainan 2017
Improve the Characterization of BBa_K381001
BBa_K381001 was first designed by Katharine Coyte from team BCCS-Bristol in iGEM 2010. It is a nitrate reporter, PyeaR-GFP composite. The team BCCS-Bristol only test the BioBrick’s sensitivity at a higher concentration, but the nitrate level of aquatic water usually won’t reach up to 1 mM. Therefore, we carry out experiment by testing the fluorescence intensity with ppm scale of Potassium Nitrate, which is much more lower than all the teams before. The results are shown below.
It shows that the BioBrick BBa_K381001 have nice sensitivity not only in high nitrate concentration, but low concentration as well. Many teams had done improvements of K381001, but our team bring out the most beautiful data. And we also take X axis logarithm, which can make our data linear. Not only easier to read, but also more meaningful. The data is shown as below.
Improve the Function of BBa_K381001
PyeaR is repressed by NsrR protein under no nitrate or nitric oxide condition, and is activated when nitrate or nitrite is existing.
In theory, the biobrick K381001 can’t emit fluorescence under no nitrate or nitrite. However, the data showed that it can still be activated. In order to improve the biobrick K381001 and decrease the fluorescence basal level, we decided to add an additional nsrR sequence to it so as to reinforce repression and decrease interference. As a result, fluorescence basal level can be decreased, and detection will be enhanced.
To see more details about the construction and result, click the hyperlink below:
>> PyeaR-NsrR binding site-B0030-GFP composite : BBa_K2275011
>> PyeaR-B0030-NsrR binding site-GFP composite : BBa_K2275012
>> PyeaR-NsrR binding site-amplifier-rbs composite constructed by team HFLS_H2Z_hangzhou: [1]
NEU_China_A 2018 Improvement
The promoter PyeaR is sensitive to nitrate and nitrite. When nitrate and nitrite enter E. coli, they are converted to nitric oxide. Nitric oxide binds to the repressor protein NsrR, which inactivates PyeaR to inhibit transcription of downstream genes. Then the promoter PyeaR will be activated.
1. Usage and Biology
We learnt that iGEM 2010 Team BCCS-Bristol had used BBa_K381001 to detect the soil nitrate and nitrite to demonstrate the fertility of soil. Thus, farmers can determine which soils are fertilized by detecting the fluorescence of GFP reporter gene. In this way, farmers only need to apply fertilizer in places where there is no fertility, which can save excess fertilizer. Given the economic costs and the impact of eutrophication on ecosystems, the use of BBa_K381001 has great benefits for both agriculture and the environment. However, due to the influence of outdoor temperature, GFP fluorescence density was fluctuated significantly. This instability is unfavorable for the detection of soil fertility. In addition, the detection of GFP fluorescence signal requires special equipment that is not readily available for farmers. Therefore, we replaced GFP with blue chromoprotein (amilCP encoded protein) for visual detection. On the one hand, amilCP expression is less affected by temperature and is a more stable reporter than GFP. On the other hand, blue chromoprotein can be visualized by human eyes, instead of requiring the special equipment. Therefore, we believe that our improved part BBa_K2817007 is very beneficial to farmers.
2. Characterization
According to the results of the ShanghaiTechChina_B 2016 team, 100μM Sodium Nitroprusside Dihydrate (SNP) aqueous solution can continually release NO, and the NO concentration is stable at about 5.5μM. Since our project also tested for inflammatory signals, we chose this concentration before testing for BBa_K381001 and BBa_K2817007.
The construction of BBa_K381001 can be seen from Figure 1A. We transformed the plasmid containing BBa_K381001 into DH5α competent E. coli strain and cultured at 37 ℃ overnight to dilute to OD600 = 0.4. Then we took half of bacteria as control and the rest was added SNP aqueous solution, and induced at 37 ℃ for 6 h. Then the fluorescence intensity of cells was observed under microplate reader (Figure 1B) and fluorescence inverted microscope (Figure 1C). The histogram of GFP fluorescent density and microscope images indicated that PyeaR could effectively activated by NO and there was almost no leakage expression.
Figure 1. The test of BBa_K381001. A, the construction of BBa_K381001. B, Histogram of GFP fluorescence: LB control, without SNP, with 100μM SNP. C, GFP fluorescence image from top to bottom: without SNP, with 100μM SNP.
The construction of BBa_K2817007 can be seen from Figure 2A. We transformed the plasmid containing BBa_K2817007 into DH5α, and cultured at 37 ℃ overnight to dilute to OD = 0.4. Then we took half as control and the other half added SNP aqueous solution and induced at 37 ℃ for 6 h. We also set up negative control group which doesn’t contain amilCP. After 6 h at 37 ℃, 1 mL of the bacterial solution was centrifuged at 8,000 r.p.m for 1 min (Figure 2B). We could directly observe the result of PyeaR being activated by NO without special equipment.
Figure 2. The test of BBa_K2817007. A, the construction of BBa_K2817007. B, Pellets of bacteria transformed with plasmid containing BBa_K2817007 after induction of 6h. From left to right: negative control group, without SNP group, with 100μM SNP group.
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, we confirmed our improvement through an experimental comparison between the two parts. In the real world, our improved part BBa_K2817007 has better usability. In the future, we will further confirm the situation of different concentrations of NO and different temperature conditions.
NEU_China 2019
The improvement of BBa_K381001
This year, we chose BBa_K2967017 (PyeaR-Luc) https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K2967017
as an alternative to our inflammatory sensor, due to its sensitivity to nitrate and nitrite. When nitrate and nitrite enter E. coli, they will be converted to nitric oxide. Then nitric oxide will bind to the repressor protein NsrR that inactivates PyeaR to inhibit transcription of downstream genes.[1]
However, we noticed detectable basal expression (leakage) from the characterization of the most sensitive NO sensor (PyeaR-Luc) (Fig. 2A). To reduce sensor basal background, we integrated two different approaches. For the first approach, we inserted an extra NsrR binding sequence (NsrRBS) downstream of PyeaR to create a ‘roadblocking’ effect [2] (Fig. 1). Compare to the unmodified Pyear-luc system (Fig.2B), the histogram of luminescence data demonstrated that the relative lower luciferase signal in Pyear-NsrRBS system in the absence of NO.
Figure 1. Diagram for NO sensor system in pCDFDuet-1 plasmid. PyeaR, a promoter which is sensitive to NO. Native NsrRBS, the native NsrR binding sequence. Extra NsrRBS, the extra NsrR binding sequence. Luciferase, reporter gene. 
Figure 2. The response to NO sensors. A. The response to NO of Pyear-luc in ECN. Histogram of Luminescence(RLU): pcdfduet-1 blank, Pyear-luc without SNP, pcdfduet-1 blank, Pyear-luc with 100μM SNP. B. Comparison genetic leakage expression of Pyear-luc and Pyear-NsrRBS-luc systems with or without NO induction. Blue bars indicate the luciferase expression percent under the NO induction, while Red bars show the percentage of genetic leakage without NO induction.
The second approach uses protease-based post-translational degradation regulation[2]. First a protein degradation tag (AAV) is added to the reporter protein to reduce the output basal expression. To reduce the background expression without sacrificing the high output, we next incorporated the sensor into a TEV protease-based reporter protein degradation control system (Fig. 3). This hybrid regulation system is sufficient to reduce the sensor’s basal background while also being able to maintain both the sensor’s output amplitude and sensitivity, leading to expanded output dynamic range. However, due to the time limitation, the result is not shown here.
Fig. 3 Tuning the sensor background and output dynamic range via reporter degradation regulation. Schematic showing protease-mediated regulation of the background and output dynamic range for an NO sensor. ‘A’ represents the AAV degradation tag. Off state: when there is no NO induction. On state: when there is NO induction.
reference
[1] Lin, H. Y., Bledsoe, P. J., & Stewart, V. (2007). Activation of yeaR-yoaG operon transcription by the nitrate-responsive regulator NarL is independent of oxygen-responsive regulator Fnr in Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of bacteriology, 189(21), 7539-7548.
TAU_Israel 2019
The Characterization of BBa_K381001
We have decided to characterize the Nitrate reporter: PyeaR - GFP composite (BBa_k381001). This part was originally created by BCCS-Bristol in iGEM 2010 and was further improved and characterized later, However this characterization does not qualify for the current measurement standard as it does not integrate the Fluorescein protein, Particles and MEFL/Particles units. We will further characterize this part by measuring it's expression levels in DH10β by using the fluorescein Protein/Beads from the measurement kit
Sequence and Features
- 10COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
- 12COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
- 21COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
- 23COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
- 25COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
- 1000INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]Illegal BsaI.rc site found at 773
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