Part:BBa_K2571001

Bifunctional gamma-glutamate-cysteine ligase/Glutathione synthetase

Bifunctional gamma-glutamate-cysteine ligase/glutathione synthetase/GSH

Usage and Biology

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant that is a sulfur compound; a tripeptide composed of three amino acids (cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid) and a non-protein thiol (Pizzorno, 2014; Lu, 2013). Similar to cysteine, glutathione contains the crucial thiol (-SH) group which benefits to its efficiency as an antioxidant (“Glutathione”, 2005). As a substrate for glutathione S-transferase, which reacts with a number of harmful chemical species, such as halides, epoxides, and free radicals to form harmless products (“Glutathione”, 2005). GSH is generally found in the thiol-reduced from which is crucial for detoxification of ROS and free radicals which cause oxidative stress. (Lu, 2013; Burton & Jauniaux, 2011).

During bioethanol production, furfural, HMF and reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur which are converted to less toxic alcohols by oxidoreductases (Ask et al, 2013). Reactive Oxygen Species are dangerous substances that distort protein based matters by taking electrons (Lu, 2013). The chemical structure of the protein-based substances are altered and become dysfunctional because of ROS (Lu, 2013; Burton & Jauniaux, 2011). Furthermore, one of the most significant protein-based substance, DNA get attacked by OH radicals (Burton & Jauniaux, 2011). These attacks cause severe damages to the DNA such as cross-linkages, chromatin folding and strand breakages (Burton & Jauniaux, 2011). However, the reduced form GSH can protect the chemical structure of the proteins by giving extra electrons to the ROS and free radicals (Lu, 2013). This is accomplished by GSH peroxidase-catalyzed reactions (Lu, 2013). When GSH give away its electron, it oxidizes to GSSG (disulfide-oxidized Glutathione ). Then, GSSG is reduced to GSH at the expense of NADPH by Glutathione reductase.

However, the detoxification of ROS and conversion of furfural and HMF result in a more oxidized intracellular environment that deteriorates the antioxidant defense system of the cell (Ask et al., 2013).

<img> src = 'https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjgramrucbcAhVL46QKHZ9ZCDQQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FRole-of-cofactor-metabolism-in-mediating-furfural-inhibition-of-growth-During-xylose_fig1_51230639&psig=AOvVaw2bDwDsD0zHr7KPWy7jILAl&ust=1533027157333662 ' alt= 'furfural resim' </img>

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

• 10
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
• 12
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
• 21
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
• 23
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
• 25
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
• 1000
  INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

  Illegal BsaI.rc site found at 2008
  

References

Patrick, L. (2003). Mercury Toxicity and Antioxidants: Part I: Role of Glutathione and alpha-Lipoic Acid in the Treatment of Mercury Toxicity. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic.(7). 456-471. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10980025_Mercury_Toxicity_and_Antioxidants_Part_I_Role_of_Glutathione_and_alpha-Lipoic_Acid_in_the_Treatment_of_Mercury_Toxicity

Ask, M., Mapelli, V., Höck, H., Olsson, L., Bettiga, M. (2013) Engineering glutathione biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases robustness to inhibitors in pretreated lignocellulosic materials. Microbial Cell Factories. 12:87 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3817835/

Lu, S. C. (2013). GLUTATHIONE SYNTHESIS. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1830(5), 3143–3153. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008

National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=124886, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886 (accessed July 18, 2018). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886#section=Top

Pizzorno, J. (2014). Glutathione! Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal, 13(1), 8–12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684116/

Burton, G. J., & Jauniaux, E. (2011). Oxidative stress. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 25(3), 287–299. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.016