Revision as of 11:07, 4 October 2019

Introduction

pT7-CBDcipA-pCons-AsPink

Figure 1. Mechanism of action for Novosite. The CBDcipA-fusion is attached to a polysaccaride material. By adding thrombin from any source the fusion protein will be cleaved and the C-terminal fusion protein will be released into the solution. By changing the fusion protein to an antimicrobial peptide/enzyme, and using the material as a bandage, the peptide/enzyme can be released into a wound by native human thrombin.

This part consists of a carbohydrate binding domain (CBD) from Clostridium thermocellum (C. thermocellum) cellulose scaffolding protein (CipA). This binding domain is a central part Clostridium thermocellum's cellusome and has a strong affinity for cellulose. The CBD was fused to another protein using a flexible GS-linker (-GGGGSGGGGS-), to attach this complex to a polysaccaride material. A thrombin cleavage site (-LVPRGS-) was added to the end of the linker and its breakage will leave a glycine and serine attached to the N-terminal of the fusion protein.

Protease site and use

The thrombin site was added to enable the ability to release the fusion protein down into skin wounds. Because of our integrated human practice we learned that infection span much deeper into wounds that we thought. Simply attaching the CBD-fusion protein to a carbohydrate material wouldn't make the fusion protein reach far into the wound. The thrombin site was also chosen because of thrombins endogenous occurrence in humans.

Assembly compabilities

An internal BamHI recognition sequence (RS) has been added to enable changeable fusion proteins to the CBD. BamHI was chosen because its RS codes for glycine and serine, fitting it to the end of the thrombin site. It is also a cost-effective enzyme and is unaffected by methylated DNA. BamHI is also a part of the RFC21 standard.

CBDcipA crystal structure

Figure 1. Crystal structure of CBDcipA with a resolution of 1.75 Å which were solved by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC452321 Tormo et al. 1989]. PDB code 1NBC. In red from the left, W118, R112, D56, H57 and Y67, thought to be the surface which interacts strongly with polysaccarides.

Important molecular faces

CBDcipA is composed of a nine-stranded beta sandwich with a jelly roll topology and binds a calcium ion. It further contains conserved residues exposed on the surface which map into two clear surfaces on each side of the molecule. One of faces mainly contains planar strips of aromatic and polar residues which may be the carbohydrate binding part. Further aspect are unknown and unique with this CBD such as the other conserved residues which are contained in a groove.

Carbohydrate binding domain specificity

Since the CBD is from the cellusome of C. thermocellum some researches call it a cellulose binding domain. However, iGEM19 Linköping noticed that this domain could also bind to different sources of polysaccaride materials. This serves as a domain for iGEM19 Linköpings modular bandage, where the polysaccaride material can be changed for anything and not exclusively cellulose.

The choice of carbohydrate binding domain

iGEM Linköping 2019 choose CBDcipA due to many other iGEM teams exploring the possibilities of this domain. Our basic design was influenced by [http://2014.igem.org/Team:Imperial iGEM14 Imperial], [http://2015.igem.org/Team:edinburgh iGEM15 Edinburgh] and [http://2018.igem.org/Team:ecuador iGEM18 Ecuador]. Purification and where to place the fusion protein (N- or C-terminal) was determined by studying the former projects. CBDcipA also originates from a thermophilic bacteria which further increases the domains applications.

Expression system

The part has a strong expression with a T7-RNA-polymerase promotor (BBa_I719005) as well as a 5'-UTR (BBa_K1758100) region which has been shown to further increase expression in E. coli (BBa_K1758106), ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2676996 Olins et al. 1989]), ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23927491 Takahashi et al. 2013]).

Figure B. Benchling screenshot of the expression system. The T7-RNA-polymerase promotor is followed by a T7 g10 leader sequence which enhances the binding to the 16S ribosomal RNA. After the leader sequence a poly A spacer is found, which has been shown to increase translation in vitro. Before the start codon a strong RBS, g10-L, followed by an AT-rich spacer can be seen, which will slightly increase translation of the following gene.

Theoretical usage of this part

This part utilizes a pCons-AsPink dropout enabling colour-screening for positive colonies. Using BamHI and PstI or SpeI on both this part assembled in pSB1C3 (or vector of choice) and the insert of choice will yield a fusion protein between CBDcipA and the insert. The fusion protein can later be cleaved with thrombin to yield two separate proteins. The C-terminal fusion will have one glycine and one serine added to the N-terminal of the protein.

Figure 1. The first plasmid (left) contains pCons-AsPink which results in pink colonies. When BamHI is used together with either SpeI or PstI pCons-AsPink is cut out (middle plasmid) and replaced with a compatible biobrick such as an antimicrobial agent (right plasmid). The colonies will then be white due to pCons-AsPink being cleaved from the plasmid. This results in a "pink-white screening".

Examples of biobricks assembled with this method

This method was used to assemble: BBa_K3182103, BBa_K3182104, BBa_K3182105, BBa_K3182106, BBa_K3182107, BBa_K3182108 and all these parts were assembled in a modified version of pUC19 as well, using this method.

Usage and Biology

Design any gene which you want to be fused to the CBDcipA with a BamHI recognition sequence in the 5'-end. The biobrick suffix can be used in the 3'-end. Cut the vector and insert with BamHI and PstI (SpeI also works), remove enzymes and mix, no need for gel purification. Using very high molar ratios might not yield any pink colonies at all, a molar ratio insert to vector of 7-20:1 will yield some pink colonies. Transform the host (BL21 (DE3) for quickest results) and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius overnight, if the color is weak or can't be seen, incubate in 24-37 degrees for an additional 16-24 hours.

Figure 2. E. coli (BL21) cells used for pink-white screening, the cells were incubated for 16 hours in 37 degrees Celsius. BBa_K3182100 was cut with BamHI and PstI to remove pCons-AsPink and BBa_K3182006 (magainin 2) and BBa_K3182104 (CHAP) was ligated into the plasmid. The white colonies indicate a successful ligation. All the colonies that were later colony screened with PCR amplification of the insert and the ampified strand was run on an agarose gel. The gel implied that all screened colonies was successful, i.e. contained BBa_K3182100 with magainin 2 / CHAP instead of pCons-AsPink.

INSERT AGAROSE GEL HERE