Latest revision as of 03:38, 30 September 2024

bpul laccase from Bacillus pumilus

bpul (Laccase from Bacillus pumilus)

Usage and Biology

First some trials of shaking flask cultivations were made with different parameters to define the best conditions for production of the His tagged CotA aus [http://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-27.html Bacillus pumilus DSM 27 ( ATCC7061)] named BPUL. Due to inactivity of the enzyme in the cell lysate a purification method was established (using Ni-NTA-Histag resin and Syringe or ÄKTA method). The purified BPUL could be detected by SDS-PAGE (molecular weight of 58.6 kDa) as well as by MALDI-TOF. To improve the purification strategies the length of the linear elution gradient was increased up to 200 mL . The fractionated samples were also tested concerning their activity and revealed high activity. Optimal conditions for activity were identified. After measuring activity of BPUL a successful scale up was made up to 3 L and also up to 6 L that enables an intense screening afterwards. The scale up will be important for a further application.

• • Allergen characterization of BBa_K863001: NOT a potential allergen

The Baltimore Biocrew 2017 team discovered that proteins generated through biobrick parts can be evaluated for allergenicity. This information is important to the people using these parts in the lab, as well as when considering using the protein for mass production, or using in the environment. The allergenicity test permits a comparison between the sequences of the biobrick parts and the identified allergen proteins enlisted in a data base.The higher the similarity between the biobricks and the proteins, the more likely the biobrick is allergenic cross-reactive. In the full-length alignments by FASTA, 30% or more amount of similarity signifies that the biobrick has a Precaution Status meaning there is a potential risk with using the part. A 50% or more amount of identity signifies that the biobrick has a Possible Allergen Status. In the sliding window of 80 amino acid segments, greater than 35% signifies similarity to allergens. The percentage of similarity implies the potential of harm biobricks’ potential negative impact to exposed populations. For more information on how to assess your own biobrick part please see the “Allergenicity Testing Protocol” in the following page http://2017.igem.org/Team:Baltimore_Bio-Crew/Experiments

For the biobrick part, BBa_K863001, there was a 25.0 % of identity match and 50.0% similarity match to the top allergen in the allergen database. This means that the biobrick part is not of potential allergen status. In 80 amino acid alignments by FASTA window, no matches found that are greater than 35% for this biobrick. This also means that there is not of potential allergen status.

Cultivation, Purification and SDS-PAGE

Shaking Flask Cultivation

3 L Fermentation E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000

Figure 1: Fermentation of E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000 (BPUL) in a [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Biostat_B_Bioreactor_.283_L.29_by_Braun Braun Biostat B], scale: 3 L, [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Autoinduction_medium autoinduction medium] + 60 µg/mL chloramphenicol, 37 °C, pH 7, agitation on cascade to hold pO₂ at 50 %, OD₆₀₀ measured every 30 minutes.

After the measurement of BPUL activity we made a scale-up and fermented E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000 in a[http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Biostat_B_Bioreactor_.283_L.29_by_Braun Braun Biostat B] fermenter with a total volume of 3 L. Agitation speed, pO₂ and OD₆₀₀ were determined and illustrated in Figure 1. We got a long lag phase of 2 hours due to a relatively old preculture. The cell growth caused a decrease in pO₂ and after 3 hours the value fell below 50 %, so that the agitation speed increased automatically. After 8.5 hours the deceleration phase started and therefore the agitation speed was decreased. The maximal OD₆₀₀ of 3.53 was reached after 10 hours, which means a decrease in comparison to the fermentation of E. coli KRX under the same conditions (OD_600,max =4.86 after 8.5 hours, time shift due to long lag phase). The cells were harvested after 11 hours.

Purification of BPUL

The harvested cells were resuspended in [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA-equilibrationbuffer], mechanically lysed by [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Production#Mechanical_lysis_of_the_.28bio-reactor.29_cultivation homogenization] and cell debris were removed by centrifugation. The supernatant of the lysed cell paste was loaded on the Ni-NTA-column (15 mL Ni-NTA resin) with a flowrate of 1 mL min^-1 cm^-2. The column was washed with 10 column volumes (CV) Ni-NTA-equilibrationbuffer. The bound proteins were eluted by an increasing Ni-NTA-elutionbuffer gradient from 0 % to 100 % with a total volume of 100 mL and the elution was collected in 10 mL fractions. Due to the high UV-detection signal of the loaded samples and to simplify the illustration of the detected product peak only the UV-detection signal of the wash step and the elution are shown. A typical chromatogram of purified laccases is illustrated here. The chromatogram of the BPUL-elution is shown in Figure 2:

Figure 2: Chromatogram of wash and elution from FLPC Ni-NTA-His tag purification of BPUL produced by 3 L fermentation of E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000. BPUL was eluted between a process volume of 460 mL to 480 mL with a maximal UV-detection signal of 69 mAU

The chromatogram shows a remarkable widespread peak between the process volume of 460 mL to 480 mL with the highest UV-detection signal of 69 mAU, which can be explained by the elution of bound proteins. The corresponding fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE analysis. During the elution, a steady increase of the UV-signal caused by the increasing imidazol concentration during the elution gradient. Between the process volume of 550 and 580 mL there are several peaks (up to a UV-detection-signal of 980 mAU) detectable. These results are caused by an accidental detachment in front of the UV-detector. Just to be on the safe side, the corresponding fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE analysis. The corresponding SDS-PAGE is shown in Figure 3.

SDS-PAGE of purified BPUL

Figure 3: SDS-PAGE of purified E. coli KRX lysate containing BBa_K863000 (fermented in a 3 L Biostat Braun B fermenter). The flow-through, wash and the elution fractions 7 and 8 are shown. The arrow marks the BPUL band with a molecular weight of 58.6 kDa.

Figure 3 shows the purified ECOL including flow-through, wash and the elution fractions 7 and 8. These two fractions were chosen due to a high peak in the chromatogram. BPUL has a molecular weight of 58.6 kDA and was marked with a red arrow. The band appears in both fractions. There are also some other non-specific bands, which could not be identified. To improve the purification the elution gradient length should be longer and slower the next time.

The appearing bands were analyzed by MALDI-TOF and could be identified as CotA (BPUL).

6 L Fermentation of E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000

Figure 4: Fermentation of E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000 (BPUL) in aBioengineering NFL22 fermenter, scale: 6 L, [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Autoinduction_medium autoinduction medium] + 60 µg mL^-1 chloramphenicol, 37 °C, pH 7, agitation increased when pO₂ was below 30 %, OD₆₀₀ measured every hour.

Another scale-up for E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000 was made up to a final working volume of 6 L in a Bioengineering NFL22. Agitation speed, pO₂ and OD₆₀₀ were determined and illustrated in Figure 4. There was no noticeable lag phase. Agitation speed was increased up to 425 rpm after one hour due to problems caused by the control panel. The pO₂ decreased until a cultivation time of 4.75 hours. The increasing pO₂ level indicates the beginning of the deceleration phase. There is no visible break in cell growth caused by an induction of protein expression. A maximal OD₆₀₀ of 3.68 was reached after 8 hours of cultivation, which is similar to the 3 L fermentation (OD₆₀₀ = 3.58 after 10 hours, time shift due to long lag phase). The cells were harvested after 12 hours.

Purification of BPUL

The harvested cells were prepared in [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA-equilibrationbuffer], mechanically lysed by [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Production#Mechanical_lysis_of_the_.28bio-reactor.29_cultivation homogenization] and cell debris were removed by centrifugation. The supernatant of the lysed cell paste was loaded on the Ni-NTA-column (15 mL Ni-NTA resin) with a flow rate of 1 mL min^-1 cm^-2. The column was washed with 5 column volumes (CV) [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA-equilibrationbuffer]. The bound proteins were eluted by an increasing elutionbuffer gradient from 0 % (equates to 20 mM imidazol) to 100 % (equates to 500 mM imidazol) with a length of 200 mL. This strategy was chosen to improve the purification by a slower increase of [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA-elutionbuffer] concentration. The elution was collected in 10 mL fractions. Due to the high UV-detection signal of the loaded samples and to simplify the illustration of the detected product peak only the UV-detection signal of the wash step and the elution are shown. A typical chromatogram of purified laccases is illustrated here. The chromatogram of the BPUL elution is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Chromatogram of wash and elution from FLPC Ni-NTA-Histag Purification of BPUL produced by 6 L fermentation of E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000. BPUL was eluted between a process volume of 832 mL and 900 mL with a maximal UV-detection signal of 115 mAU.

The chromatogram shows a peak at the beginning of the elution. This can be explained by pressure fluctuations upon starting the elution procedure. In between the processing volumes of 832 mL and 900 mL there is remarkable widespread peak with a UV-detection signal of 115 mAU. This peak corresponds to an elution of bound proteins at a [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA elution buffer] concentration between 10 % and 20 % (equates to 50-100 mM imidazol). The corresponding fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The ensuing upwards trend of the UV-signal is caused by the increasing imidazol concentration during the elution gradient. Towards the end of the elution procedure there is a constant UV-detection signal, which shows, that most of the bound proteins was already eluted. Just to be on the safe side, all fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE to detect BPUL. The SDS-PAGE is shown in Figure 6.

SDS-PAGE of purified BPUL

Figure 6: SDS-PAGE of purified E. coli with BBa_K863000 lysate (fermented in a Bioengineering NFL22 fermenter, 6 L). The flow-through, wash and elution fraction 1 to 9 are shown. The arrow marks the BPUL band with a molecular weight of 58.6 kDa.

In Figure 6 the SDS-PAGE of the Ni-NTA purification of the lysed E. coli KRX culture containing BBa_K863000 is illustrated. It shows the flow-through, wash and elution fractions 1 to 9. The His-tagged BPUL has a molecular weight of 58.6 kDA and was marked with a red arrow. The band appears in all fractions from 2 to 9 with varying strength, the strongest ones in fractions 7 to 9. There are also some other non-specific bands, which could not be identified. Therefore the purification method could moreover be improved. In summary, the scale up was successful, improving protein production and purification method once again.

Furthermore the bands were analyzed by MALDI-TOF and identified as CotA (BPUL).

12 L Fermentation E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000

Figure 7: Fermentation of E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000 (BPUL) in an Bioengineering NFL 22, scale: 12 L, [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#HSG_Autoinduction_medium HSG autoinduction medium] + 60 µg/mL chloramphenicol, 37 °C, pH 7, agitation on cascade to hold pO₂ at 50 %, OD₆₀₀ measured every hour.

Finally another scale-up was made and E. coli KRX with BBa_K863000 was fermented in a Bioengineering NLF 22 fermenter with a total volume of 12 L to produce a high amount of the enzyme for further characterizations. This time [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#HSG_Autoinduction_medium HSG autoinduction medium] was used to get a higher biomass. Agitation speed, pO₂ and OD₆₀₀ were determined and the glycerin concentration of the samples analyzed. The data are illustrated in Figure 7. At the beginning of the cultivation, the cells were in lag phase, in which they adapt to the medium. During their growth the cells consumed glycerin as well as O₂, which leads to an increase of agitation speed to hold a minimal pO₂ of 50 %. After 11 hours, the glycerin was completely consumed and the pO₂ increased up to 100 %, which indicates that the cells entered the stationary phase. The maximal OD₆₀₀ of 12.6 was reached after 12 hours of cultivation. The cells were harvested after 19 hours of cultivation.

Since Regionals: Purification of BPUL

The harvested cells were resuspended in [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA- equilibration buffer], mechanically disrupted by [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Production#Mechanical_lysis_of_the_.28bio-reactor.29_cultivation homogenization] and cell debris were removed by centrifugation, microfiltration as well as diafiltration to concentrate the protein concentration in the cell lysate solution. This solution of the cell lysate was loaded on the Ni-NTA column (15 mL Ni-NTA resin) with a flow rate of 1 mL min^-1 cm^-2. Then the column was washed with 10 column volumes (CV) [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA equilibration buffer]. The bound proteins were eluted by an increasing [http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Materials#Buffers_for_His-Tag_affinity_chromatography Ni-NTA elution buffer] step elution from 5 % (equates to 25 mM imidazol) with a length of 50 mL, to 50 % (equates to 250 mM imidazol) with a length of 70 mL, to 80 % (equates to 400 mM imidazol) and finally to 100 % (equates to 500 mM imidazol) with a length of 100 mL. This strategy was chosen to improve the purification caused by a step by step increasing Ni-NTA-elution buffer concentration. The elution was collected in 10 mL fractions. A typical chromatogram of purified laccases is illustrated here. Unfortunately, the data of this procedure are not available due to a computer crash after the purification step. All Fractions were analysed to detect BPUL.

SDS-PAGE of protein purification

Figure 8: SDS-PAGE of purification from the 12 L fermentations from 10/11 (BBa_K863000). Purification of the supernatant via microfiltration, diafiltration and Ni-NTA column (step gradient with 5 %, 50 % and 100 % elution buffer).

In Figure 8 the SDS-PAGE of the Ni-NTA purification of the lysed E.coli KRX culture containing BBa_K863000 is illustrated. It shows the permeate and retentate of microfiltration and diafiltration respectively, several fractions of flow-through, wash and the elutions with different buffer concentrations respectively. The selected samples were taken where peaks were seen in the chromatogram. The His-tagged BPUL has a molecular weight of 58.6 kDa. BPUL could not be attributed exactly to any band. There are some other non-specific bands, wich could not be identified because the MALDI was broken-down for the last two weeks.

MALDI-TOF Analysis of BPUL

The E. coli laccase was identified using the following software

• FlexControl
• Flexanalysis and
• Biotools

from Brunker Daltronics. The peptid mass fingerprints were compared with the measured fingerprint gotten from the Maldi. With a sequence coverage of 21,9% BPUL was identified. In Figure 9 and 10 the chromatogram of the peptide mass fingerprint and the single masses is shown.

Figure 9: MALDI-TOF spectrum

Figure 10: MALDI-TOF spectrum results of the analysis

Activity analysis of BPUL

Since Regionals: Initial activity tests of purified fractions

After the Regional Jamboree in Amsterdam further BPUL was produced. The most comprising fractions of the purification were analyzed for [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Amsterdam/Labjournal#Tuesday_October_16th/ protein content] (10/16), re-buffered into deionized H₂O and incubated in 0.4 mM CuCl₂. Again, the [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Amsterdam/Labjournal#Wednesday_October_17th/ protein content] (10/17) of each fraction was determined because of the loss of proteins through re-buffering. Initial activity tests were done in Britton-Robinson buffer with 0.1 mM ABTS. The protein content of each fraction was adjusted for comparison of the resulting activity (see Fig. 11).

Figure 11: Activity assay of each purified fraction of recent produced BPUL. Samples were re-buffered into H₂O and the protein amount in each fraction was adjusted. The measurement was done using the [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Protocols/Analytics#General_setup_of_enzyme_activity_measurements/ standard activity assay protocol] over night. The first number indicates the percentage of used elution buffer, whereas the second number stands for the fraction number of this elution.

Fraction 50% 2 showed the highest activity. The first number indicates the percentage of used elution buffer, whereas the second number stands for the fraction number of this elution. The saturation was reached at ~1 h. For comparison it was stated that this fraction contains 90 % laccase and therefore the BPUL concentration is 25,1 µg mL^-1.

BPUL CuCl₂ concentration

Another test of BPUL was done to survey the best CuCl₂ concentration for the activity of the purified BPUL laccase. 0.03 mg mL^-1 of protein were incubated with different CuCl₂ concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.7 mM CuCl₂. Activity tests were performed with the incubated samples, 0.1 mM ABTS and 100 mM sodium actetate buffer (pH 5) to a final volume of 200 µL. The reactivity was measured at 420 nm, 25°C and over a time period of 5 hours. As expected the saturation takes place after 3 hours (see Figure 12). The differences in the activity of BPUL laccases incubated in different CuCl₂ differ minimal. The highest activity of BPUL laccase is observed after incubation with 0.6 mM CuCl₂ (52% of added ABTS). With a higher concentration of 0.7 mM CuCl₂ the activity seems to be reduced (only 48% ABTS got oxidized). This leads to the assumption that CuCl₂ supports the BPUL laccase reactivity but concentrations exceeding this value of CuCl₂ may have a negative impact on the ability of oxidizing ABTS. This fits the expectations as laccases are copper reliant enzymes and gain their activity through the incorporation of copper. Additionally negative controls were done using the tested concentrations of CuCl₂ without applying laccase to detect the oxidization of ABTS through copper (see Figure 13). The more CuCl₂ was present, the more ABTS was oxidzied after 5 hours. Still the maximal change accounts only for ~6% oxidized ABTS after 5 hours.

Figure 12: Activity measurement using 0.1 mM ABTS of BPUL incubated in different CuCl₂ concentrations. Without CuCl₂ incubation the BPUL laccase shows half of the activit as after CuCl₂ incubation. Incubation with 0.1 mM CuCl₂ or higher concentrations leas to an increase in ABTS_ox.

Figure 13: Negative control for CuCl₂ activity Tests using different concentrations of CuCl₂ H₂O instead of Laccase to determine the potential of ABTS getting oxidized through CuCl₂.

In relation to apply the laccase in waste water treatment plants it is beneficial knowing, that small amounts of CuCl₂ are enough to activate the enzyme. Still it is expensive to be reliant on CuCl₂ and a potential risk using heavy metals for waste water purifcation.

BPUL activity depending on different ABTS concentrations

Figure 14: Analysis of ABTS oxidation by BPUL laccases incubated in 0.4 CuCl₂ tested with different amounts of ABTS. The higher the amount of ABTS the more oxidized ABTS can be detected.

Furthermore, BPUL laccase were tested using different amounts of ABTS to calculate K_M and K_cat values. The same measurement setup as described above was used only with different amounts of ABTS. As anticipated, the amount of oxidized ABTS increased in dependence of the amount of ABTS used (Figure 14). Especially using 16 µL showed an increase in the activity until 1 hour (reaching 50 µM ABTS_ox), but the amount of oxidized ABTS decreased afterward.

Impact of MeOH and acteonitrile on BPUL

For substrate analytic tests the influence of MeOH and acetonitrile on BPUL laccases had to be determined, because substrates have to be dissolved in these reagents. The experiment setup included 0.03 mg mL^-1 BPUL laccase, different amounts of MeOH (Figure 15) or acteonitrile (Figure 16), 0.1 mM ABTS and 100 mM sodium actetate buffer to a final volume of 200 µL. The observed reactivity of BPUL in regard of oxidizing ABTS did not reveal a huge decrease. The less MeOH or acetonitrile was used, the higher was the amount of oxidized ABTS after 3 hours. An application of 16 µL MeOH or acetonitrile led to a decrease of maximal 10% oxidized ABTS compared to 2 µL MeOH or acetonitrile. Negative controls are shown in [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Results/coli#Impact_of_MeOH_and_acetonitrile_on_ECOL Figure 20 and 21] of the ECOL laccase. MeOH and acetonitril are able to oxidize ABTS. After 5 hours at 25°C ~15 µM ABTS get oxidized through MeOH or acetonitrile, but samples with BPUL laccase show a distinct higher activity of 50 µM ABTS_ox.

Figure 15: Standard BPUL activity test applying different amounts of MeOH. No considerable impact on the activity can be detected.

Figure 16: Standard BPUL activity test applying different amounts of acetonitrile. No considerable impact on the activity can be detected.

Since Regionals: Searching for substrate saturation ofBPUL

In order to find the substrate saturation, laccase activity was measured with ABTS concentrations ranging from 0.1 mM to 8 mM. 616 ng BPUL were used for measurements with ABTS concentrations of 0.1 mM to 5 mM, 308 ng BPUL were used for measurements with ABTS concentrations of 5 mM to 8 mM. Measurements were done in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5) at 25 °C for 30 minutes taking the OD₄₂₀ every 5 minutes. Comparing the graphs in Figure 17 and Figure 18, both show a comprising substrate saturation with 5 mM ABTS. Higher concentrations of ABTS than 5 mM did not show any other effects on the activity of BPUL. For all following BPUL activity measurements after the Regional Jamborees in Amsterdam a concentration of 5 mM ABTS was applied.

Figure 17: Activity assay to determine the substrate saturation with ABTS as a substrate. Measurements were done with 616 ng BPUL in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5) at 25 °C. ABTS concentrations ranged from 0.1 mM to 5 mM.

Figure 18: Activity assay to determine the substrate saturation with ABTS as a substrate. Measurements were done with 308 ng BPUL in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5) at 25 °C. ABTS concentrations ranged from 5 mM to 8 mM. An ABTS concentration of 5 mM was determined as substrate saturation.

Since Regionals: BPUL pH optimum

Figure 19: Microtiter plate of the measurements for pH optimum determination. The more intensive the blue color the more ABTS got oxidized. At pH 5 and pH 4 the darkest colour has been reached.

The pH of the medium containing the enzyme is of high importance for its activity. The pH optima of BPUL are pH 4 and pH 5. This is the result of activity measurements using Britton-Robinson buffer with differently adjusted pHs. BPUL was re-buffered into H₂O and incubated with 0.4 mM CuCl₂. The range from pH 4 to pH 9 was tested under substrate saturation at 25 °C for 30 minutes. At pH 4 and pH 5 ABTS got oxidized the fastest (see Fig. 19 and Fig. 20). At higher pHs than pH 5, the activity of BPUL was decreased considerably. The resulting Units mg^-1 support the observed data (see Fig. 21). At pH 4 and pH 5 BPUL showed a specific enzyme activity of ~37 U mg^-1. The higher the pH, the less U mg^-1 could be calculated for BPUL. At pH 7 1/3 of the activity decreased, but still BPUL was active at this pH allowing an application of this laccase in a waste water treatment plant where the average pH is a pH of 6.9.

Figure 20: Oxidized ABTS by BPUL at different pH adjustments. The experimental setup included CuCl₂ incubated BPUL laccase (308 ng), Britton Robinson buffer adjusted to the tested pHs and 5 mM ABTS. Measurements were done at 25 °C for 30 minutes. The highest amount of oxidized ABTS was detected at pH 4 and pH 5.

Figure 21: Calculated specific enzyme activity of BPUL at different pH conditions. The highest specific enzyme activity for ABTS was under pH 4 and pH 5 conditions. The higher the pH, the less ABTS got oxidized. One unit is defined as the amount of laccase that oxidizes 1 μmol of ABTS substrate per minute.

Since Regionals: BPUL activity at different temperatures

Figure 22: Standard activity test for BPUL measured at 10 °C and 25 °C resulting in a comparable activity at the tested temperatures. As a negative control the impact of 0.4 mM CuCl₂ in oxidizing ABTS at 10 °C and 25 °C was analyzed.

Figure 23: Deriving from the obtained values of oxidized ABTS in time at 10 °C and 25 °C the specific enzyme activity was calculated. For the temperatures only a difference of 1 U mg^-1 could be detected. One unit is defined as the amount of laccase that oxidizes 1 μmol of ABTS substrate per minute.

To investigate the activity of BPUL at temperatures that will apply at a waste water treatment plant throughout the year, activity tests were performed at 10 °C and 25 °C as described above. The obtained results reveal a comparable activity of BPUL at high and low temperatures (see Fig. 22). The measurements were conducted for 30 minutes until saturation initiated. Both samples reached saturation after 15-20 minutes. The obtained results were used to calculate the specific enzyme activity which was in both cases at about 37 U mg^-1 (see Fig. 23). The negative control without BPUL laccase but 0.4 mM CuCl₂ at 10 °C and 25 °C show a negligible oxidation of ABTS. The observed activity at both conditions was good news for the possible application in waste water treatment plants where the temperature differs from 8.1 °C to 20.8 °C.

Substrate Analysis

The measurements were made to test if the produced laccases were able to degrade different hormones. Therefore the produced laccases were inserted in the same concentrations (3 µg mL^-1) to the different measurement approaches. To work with the correct pH value (which were measured by the Team Activity Test) Britton Robinson buffer at pH 5 was used for all measurements. The initial substrate concentration was 5 µg mL^-1. The results of the reactions without ABTS are shown in Figure 24. On the Y-axis the percentages of degraded estradiol (blue) and ethinyl estradiol (red) are indicated. The X-axis displays the different tested laccases. The degradation was measured at t₀ and after five hours of incubation at 30 °C. The negative control was the substrate in Britton Robinson buffer and showed no degradation of the substrates. The bought laccase TVEL0 which is used as positive control is able to degrade 94.7 % estradiol and 92.7 % ethinyl estradiol. The laccase BPUL (from Bacillus pumilus) degraded 35.9 % of used estradiol after five hours. ECOL was able to degrade 16.8 % estradiol. BHAL degraded 30.2 % estradiol. The best results were determined with TTHL (laccase from Thermus thermophilus). Here the percentage of degradation amounted 55.4 %.

The results of the reactions of the laccases with addition of ABTS are shown in Figure 25. The experimental set ups were the same as the reaction approach without ABTS described above. The X-axis displays the different tested laccases. On the Y-axis the percentages of degraded estradiol (blue) and ethinyl estradiol (red) are shown. The degradation was measured at t₀ and after five hours of incubation at 20 °C. The negative control showed no degradation of estradiol. 6.8 % of ethinyl estradiol was decayed. The positive control TVEL0 is able to degrade 100 % estradiol and ethinyl estradiol. The laccase BPUL (from Bacillus pumilus) degraded 46.9 % of used estradiol after ten minutes incubation. ECOL was able to degrade 6.7 % estradiol. BHAL degraded 46.9 % estradiol. With TTHL (laccase from Thermus thermophilus)a degradation 29.5 % were determined.

Figure 24: Degradation of estradiol (dark green) and ethinyl estradiol (light green) with the different laccases after 5 hours without ABTS. In the graph it is shown that the bought laccase TVEL0 which was used as positive control is able to degrade more than 90 percent of the used substrates. None of the bacterial laccases are able to degrade ethinyl estradiol without ABTS but estradiol is degraded in a range from 16 %(ECOL) to 55 % (TTHL). The original concentrations of substrates were 2 µg per approach. (n = 4)

Figure 25: Degradation of estradiol (blue) and ethinyl estradiol (red) with the different laccases after 10 minutes hours with ABTS added. The commercial laccase TVEL0 which was used as positive control is able to degrade all of the used substrates. The bacterial laccase BPUL degraded 100 % of ethinyl estradiol and estradiol. ECOL the laccase from E. coli degraded 6.7 % estradiol and none of the used ethinyl estradiol. BHAL degraded 46.9 % of estradiol but no ethinyl estradiol. The laccase TTHL from Thermus thermophilus degraded 29.5 % of estradiol and 9.8 % ethinyl estradiol. The original concentrations of substrates were 2 µg per approach. (n = 4)

Immobilization

Figure 26: The percentage of laccases immobilized to CPC-Beads. 99 % of ECOL, 97 % of BPUL and 79 % of BHAL and TTHL laccases were bound to the beads.

Figure 27: Enzymatic activity of BPUL supernatant compared to the activity of nontreated laccases, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 12hours. The results show a dramatic decrease of BPUL in the Supernatant.

Figure 28: Illustration of ABTS oxidation by BPUL with time compared to the negative control. The increase in ABTS oxidized proves laccase activity.

Figure 28 shows the illustration of ABTS oxidation by BPUL with time compared to the negative control. The increase in ABTS oxidized proves laccase activity even if a direct comparison with the original and not immobilized laccase solution was not possible due to the very high activity of BPUL, which could not be measured properly.

Allergen characterization of BBa_K863001

The Baltimore Biocrew 2017 team discovered that proteins generated through biobrick parts can be evaluated for allergenicity. This information is important to the people using these parts in the lab, as well as when considering using the protein for mass production, or using in the environment. The allergenicity test permits a comparison between the sequences of the biobrick parts and the identified allergen proteins enlisted in a data base.The higher the similarity between the biobricks and the proteins, the more likely the biobrick is allergenic cross-reactive. In the full-length alignments by FASTA, 30% or more amount of similarity signifies that the biobrick has a Precaution Status meaning there is a potential risk with using the part. A 50% or more amount of identity signifies that the biobrick has a Possible Allergen Status. In the sliding window of 80 amino acid segments, greater than 35% signifies similarity to allergens. The percentage of similarity implies the potential of harm biobricks’ potential negative impact to exposed populations. For more information on how to assess your own biobrick part please see the “Allergenicity Testing Protocol” in the following page http://2017.igem.org/Team:Baltimore_Bio-Crew/Experiments

For the biobrick part, BBa_K863001, there was a 25.0 % of identity match and 50.0% similarity match to the top allergen in the allergen database. This means that the biobrick part is not of potential allergen status. In 80 amino acid alignments by FASTA window, no matches found that are greater than 35% for this biobrick. This also means that there is not of potential allergen status.

Xiamen_City 2019's characterization

BBa_K863001 bpul laccase from Bacillus pumilus

(1) Transformation of Plasmid DNA

Material: Plasmid (pSB1C3-J23100-B0034-bpul-ter)

1. Take out E. coli competent cell (MG1655, DH10B, BL21(DE3)) from the refrigerator

2. Put the plasmid on ice and put it in a constant temperature water bath (42 Celsius) for 90 s

3. Use the needle tip to take a small amount of plasmid, add it to the tube with 300 μL medium, and put it onto the plate with solid media.

4. Pick the colonies in LB media and put it in shaker at 37℃

(2) Protein Electrophoresis

Material: MG1655 bpul, DH10B bpul, BL21(DE3) bpul, loading solution (6 μL), deionized water (1000 μL), marker solution, Coomassie brilliant blue dye.

1. Add 24 μL MG1655 DH10B bpul, BL21(DE3) bpul to 1.5mL tube respectively, and then add 6 μL loading.

2. Add 500 μL deionized water and centrifuge the tubes respectively.

3. Add another 500 μL deionized water, blow and suspend the solution.

4. Put the tubes 99℃ water for 15 minutes.

5. After heating, centrifuge the tubes for 5min.

6. Take and install the gel, add the electrophoresis buffer to the sample hole, and check if there is any leakage. Add marker, to the first and last sample holes, add MG1655 bpul, DH10B bpul, BL21(DE3) bpul to the other sample holes, respectively.

7. Connect the electrophoresis device to the power supply. Connect the positive electrode to the tank and the negative electrode to the slot for electrophoresis. The voltage is adjusted to 160V.

8. Turn off the power supply and disconnect the electrode until the bromophenol blue reaches the bottom of the release adhesive. Remove the glass sheet from the electrophoresis device and then remove the gel.

9. Soak the gel in Coomassie brilliant blue dye and dye it in a horizontal shaking bed for 15 min.

Observe the protein bands

(3) HPLC

Two colonies (DH10B bpul) were picked and added with 5000 um of m-phenylenediamine, and the left side in the figure was a spectrum with nothing added. The middle was added with m-phenylenediamine for one day, and the right was after adding m-phenylenediamine for three days, the content of S-1 and T-5 was found to decrease when the content was detected.

The figure shows the peak area of m-phenylenediamine that detected for m-phenylenediamine

Contribution From GEC-Beijing

Description

We modified the existing part accase gene BBa_K863001 using surface display technology, resulting in a new part INP-Bpul (BBa_K5458001). Considering the unsafe and time-consuming process of jeans bleaching technology currently used in the market, we designed to use laccase to degrade the indigo dye in jeans to achieve more precise control of the degree of jeans bleaching and reduce damage to the fabric. We chose the laccase gene Bpul from Bacillus pumilus. Laccase has many functions, such as decolorizing textiles, removing harmful substances from wastewater, and degrading many industrial pollutants.

Usage and Biology

We first selected and codon-optimized the laccase gene Bpul (BBa_K863001) from Bacillus pumilus to ensure efficient expression in E. coli. To improve expression efficiency, we optimized the gene sequence and sent it to a biotechnology company for synthesis. Next, the synthesized Bpul gene was inserted into the pET23b expression vector via EcoRI and XhoI double digestion. The Bpul gene was precisely positioned at the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the vector, ensuring efficient expression . After constructing the recombinant plasmid, it was transformed into E. coli BL21, and positive clones were confirmed through antibiotic selection. Ultimately, we successfully obtained the engineered strain BL21/pET23b-Bpul, which expresses the laccase.

Figure 1. The gene circuit of Bpul.

Characterization

Laccase activity assay

Figure 2. Gel image of the Bgls and Bupl. The Bgls gene is related to cellulase and will be studied in later experiments.

The experimental procedure was as follows: 100 mL of overnight culture of the engineered strain was collected, and its OD600 was measured. After centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 1 min, the bacterial cells were resuspended in 20 mL of Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer and then sonicated to disrupt the cells. The supernatant was collected after centrifuging at 10,000 rpm for 20 min at 4℃, yielding the crude enzyme solution. 100 μL of the crude enzyme solution was taken, and the total protein concentration was determined using the Bradford assay, adjusting the concentration to 100 μg/mL. To assess laccase activity, 1 mM ABTS was used as the substrate, and the reaction was incubated at 37℃. The oxidation of ABTS, indicated by an increase in absorbance at 420 nm, was measured using a microplate reader. The results demonstrate that the Bpul gene from Bacillus pumilus was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 and exhibited strong laccase activity. Compared to the control groups, the engineered strain expressing laccase significantly accelerated the degradation of ABTS, confirming its potential for degrading indigo dye in denim applications.

Figure 3. Absorbance at 420nm for different strains. As shown in the Figure 3, the absorbance values at 420 nm for the wild-type BL21, the BL21/pET23b empty vector, and the BL21/p23b-Bpul strains were compared. Both the wild-type BL21 and the BL21/pET23b strains showed negligible laccase activity, with absorbance values close to zero. In contrast, the BL21/p23b-Bpul strain exhibited a significant increase in absorbance, reaching 2.17, indicating that the expressed laccase effectively catalyzed the oxidation of ABTS.

Laccase catalytic time assay

First, 100 μL of crude enzyme solution was collected, and the total protein concentration was measured using the Bradford protein assay. The protein concentration was adjusted to 100 μg/mL using BR buffer. Then, 1 mM ABTS was added to 200 μL of the enzyme solution. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37℃ in a sealed environment, and the absorbance at 420 nm was measured at different time points: 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, and 30 min, using a microplate reader.The optimal catalytic time forlaccase is 15 min. This finding is valuable for applications in denim treatment, as it helps optimize the enzyme’s use in degrading indigo dye efficiently within a controlled timeframe.

Figure 4. Absorbance at 420 nm for ABTS degradation by laccase over time. As shown in Figure 4, the absorbance values at 420 nm, reflecting the degradation of ABTS by laccase, varied across the different time intervals. The control group (wild-type E. coli BL21) exhibited absorbance values close to zero throughout the experiment. In contrast, the E. coli BL21-Bpul strain expressing laccase showed a rapid increase in absorbance during the early stages of the reaction. The absorbance reached its peak at approximately 2.05 at 15 min. After 15 min, the absorbance remained stable.

Influence of temperature on laccase activity

100 μL of previously prepared crude enzyme solution was used. The protein concentration was measured using the Bradford protein assay and adjusted to 100 μg/mL. A 100 mM ABTS solution was prepared with distilled water, and 1 mM ABTS was added to 200 μL of the enzyme solution. Laccase activity was tested at different temperatures (25℃, 37℃, 45℃, 55℃, 70℃) using a thermostat water bath. The absorbance at 420 nm was measured over a 30-min period to assess ABTS degradation.The results showed that the optimal temperature for laccase activity is 55℃, where the enzymatic reaction efficiency is highest.

Figure 5. Laccase activity at different temperatures. The results showed that laccase activity increased with rising temperature and reached its peak at 55℃, with an absorbance of 2.93. Beyond 55℃, the activity dropped sharply, with absorbance falling to 1.65 at 70℃.

Influence of pH on laccase activity

The engineered bacteria were resuspended in BR buffer with varying pH values from 4 to 9. After disrupting the cells, the supernatant containing the crude enzyme was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 20 min at 4℃. Then, 1 mM ABTS was added to the enzyme solution, and the reactions were incubated at 37℃ for 30 min in a sealed environment. Absorbance at 420 nm was measured using a microplate reader to assess laccase activity.The experimental results indicate that the optimal pH for laccase activity is pH=5, where the enzyme exhibits the highest catalytic efficiency.

Figure 6. Laccase activity at different pH. As shown in Figure 6, the activity of laccase varied across the pH range tested. The enzyme's activity increased as the pH rose from 4 to 5, reaching its peak at pH=5, with absorbance value of approximately 2.65. Beyond pH=5, the activity decreased rapidly, indicating that the enzyme becomes less efficient as the pH increases toward neutral and alkaline conditions.

Influence of copper irons on laccase activity

This experiment aims to study the effect of copper ions on laccase activity, as copper ions serve as the active center of laccase. By determining the optimal copper ion concentration, we can assess whether adding copper chloride to the final product can enhance the enzyme's catalytic efficiency. A 100 mM CuCl2 solution was prepared, and different concentrations of CuCl2 (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM) were added to the ABTS catalytic reaction system to evaluate the effect of copper ions on laccase activity. The reactions were incubated at 37℃, pH=5, for 30 min, and the absorbance at 420 nm was measured to assess enzyme activity.The results indicate that 0.5 mM is the optimal copper ion concentration to enhance laccase activity. Based on this finding, we can add an appropriate concentration of copper ions to our laccase products to improve enzymatic activity.

Figure 7. Effect of different concentrations of copper ions on laccase activity.The experimental results showed that laccase activity increased as the copper ion concentration increased from 0 mM to 0.5 mM, with the highest activity observed at 0.5 mM. However, when the concentration increased to 1 mM, laccase activity decreased.

Testing the degradation of indigo by laccase

Previous experiments demonstrated laccase activity but did not confirm the enzyme's ability to degrade indigo. Therefore, this experiment aims to test laccase's effectiveness in degrading indigo dye. To improve the solubility of indigo, 10 mM indigo (SM4168, Beyotime) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A 1 mM indigo solution was added to 200 μL of crude enzyme samples (BR buffer, pH=5). A standard curve was established using different concentrations of indigo (0 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 1.5 mM, and 3 mM). The experiment was performed in a 96-well plate, sealed, and incubated at 37℃ for 2 hours. Each group was done in triplicate, and the optical density was measured at 620 nm, with indigo concentrations calculated based on the standard curve.The experimental results demonstrate that the BL21/Bpul strain, which expresses the laccase gene, significantly degrades indigo more effectively than the BL21 control strain. This confirms that laccase has strong catalytic activity in indigo degradation.

Figure 8. Effect of laccase on indigo degradation. As shown in Figure 8, after 2 hours of incubation, the indigo concentration in the BL21 strain averaged 0.95 mM, while in the BL21/Bpul strain it averaged 0.51 mM. The indigo concentration in the BL21 strain was significantly higher than that in the BL21/Bpul strain, indicating that the BL21/Bpul strain has a stronger ability to degrade indigo.

Potential Application Directions

This experiment demonstrated that the Bpul gene from Bacillus pumilus exhibits the highest laccase activity under the following conditions: temperature of 55°C, pH=5, copper ion concentration of 0.5 mM, and substrate ABTS concentration of 0.5 mM, with an optimal reaction time of 15 minutes. It effectively degrades indigo dye. In the future, the crude enzyme solution containing laccase could be processed into dry powder for industrial production, addressing the drawbacks of current jeans whitening technologies, such as safety concerns, environmental harm, immaturity of methods, and high costs.

This new product would eliminate the need for harmful chemical bleaching agents, offering an eco-friendly and gentle treatment method. Additionally, Bpul laccase dry powder is easy to transport and store, poses no threat to the environment or human health, and could provide consumers with greater freedom to DIY their own jeans. It allows for more precise control over the bleaching process, reduces fabric damage, and improves both the sustainability and quality of jeans production, making it a promising development for the future.

References

Mo Y, Lao H I, Au S W, et al. Expression, secretion and functional characterization of three laccases in E. coli[J]. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology, 2022, 7(1): 474-480.

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

• 10
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
• 12
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
• 21
  INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]

  Illegal BglII site found at 123
  
• 23
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
• 25
  INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]

  Illegal NgoMIV site found at 490
  Illegal NgoMIV site found at 958
  Illegal AgeI site found at 246
  Illegal AgeI site found at 1123
  
• 1000
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]