Latest revision as of 12:18, 20 September 2018

SynORI framework RNA II - Replication Initiator (Group A)

RNA II acts as a plasmid replication initiator. The transcript folds into a secondary structure which stabilises the interaction between the nascent RNA and the plasmids DNA. This RNA-DNA hybrid is attacked by RNase H, which cleaves the RNA strand, exposing a 3' hydroxyl group. This allows the extension of the leading strand by DNA polymerase I and consequently, the start of plasmid replication. ^[1]

• Caution! RNA II (Group A) indicates that this plasmid only interacts with regulatory RNA I (Group A) part:BBa_K2259024 from SynORI (framework for multiplasmid systems) collection and is stable when placed with other SynORI plasmid groups. RNA II A will not be regulated with RNA I from another group!

See how this part fits into the whole SynORI framework by pressing here!

Sequence and Features

Introduction

Biology

ColE1 plasmid replication overview

Figure 1. Main principles of ColE1 plasmid family replication

ColE1-type plasmid replication begins with the synthesis of plasmid encoded RNA II (also called primer transcript) by RNA polymerase which initiates transcription at a site 555bp upstream of origin of replication. The RNA transcript forms a RNA - DNA hybrid with template DNA near the origin of replication. Hybridized RNA is then cleaved at the replication origin by RNAse H and serves as a primer for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase I (Figure 1. A).^[2]

Initiation of replication can be inhibited by plasmid encoded small RNA, called RNA I . Synthesis of RNA I starts 445 bp upstream of the replication origin and proceeds in the direction opposite to that of RNA II synthesis and terminates near the RNA II transcription initiation site. RNA I binds to RNA II and thereby prevents the formation of a secondary structure of RNA II that is necessary for hybridization of RNA II to the template DNA (Figure 1. B).^[3]

For RNA I to inhibit primer formation, it must bind before the nascent RNA II transcript extends to the replication origin. Consequently, the concentration of RNA I and the rate of binding of RNA I to RNA II is critical for regulation of primer formation and thus for plasmid replication. ^[4]

The interaction between RNA I and RNA II can be amplified by Rop protein, see part:BBa_K2259010.

Usage with SynORI (Framework for multi-plasmid systems)

About SynORI

SynORI is a framework for multi-plasmid systems created by Vilnius-Lithuania 2017 which enables quick and easy workflow with multiple plasmids, while also allowing to freely pick and modulate copy number for every unique plasmid group! Read more about [http://2017.igem.org/Team:Vilnius-Lithuania SynORI here]!

Regulative RNA II molecule in SynORI

RNA II gene is foundational and central biobrick of SynORI system and by far the only one that is mandatory for the framework to run. The two main functions of RNA II is as follows:

1. Initiating plasmid replication
2. Interacting with RNA I of specific plasmid group (See below)

RNA II alone, as only part of SynORI system, produces highest plasmid copy number a specific group can offer. For further modification it can be constructed together with inhibitor of replication - RNA I or global plasmid copy number modulator - ROP protein.

Inactivation of RNA I promoter

It immediately becomes clear that in order to control the copy number of a plasmid one could simply change RNA I promoter. But, as RNA I and RNA II are two antisense molecules, changes made to the sequence will affect both of them. Location of RNA I promoter coincides with the RNA II secondary structures, which are crucial to replication primer formation. ^[5] Even if one could somehow manage to change the RNA I promoter to another one without disabling replication initiation, it would still not be a convenient because picking another promoter would require a large pool of resources every time.

There are two main aspects that needs to be taken in mind and balanced out when inactivating RNA I promoter as they are both interconnected:

1. Changes made to RNA II secondary structure needs to be minimal, otherwise Ori may become inactive or plasmid copy number drop too low
2. Promoter inactivation has to be done while leaving it with minimal activity (or ideally inactivating it completely)

These aspects are combined by compiling a simulative algorithm which compares every possible combination of -10, -35 mutations (promoter region) and then compares them to predicted RNA II secondary structures made by CoFold.

Once RNA I promoter is disabled in the ColE1 origin of replication, it can be moved to another plasmid location and used as a separate unit. Also, RNA I promoter can now be changed without damaging the replication initiation.

The results of RNA I promoter inactivation can be seen here.

RNA II and RNA I in the engineering of unique plasmid groups for multi-plasmid system

As RNA I and RNA II interact mainly with the three stem loops that form kissing complexes, we have decided to use this fact to our advantage in order to engineer different plasmid groups by adding unique, group-specific sequences to RNA I and RNA II stem loops.

For example if there are two plasmid groups in a cell - A and B - RNA II of A group
would only interact with RNA I A, and not RNA I B.

The inactivation and transfer of RNA I gene away from RNA II allow us to use different sequences for RNA I and RNA II molecules that are not necessarily ideal complements of each other.

Since there are three stem loops responsible for RNA I – RNA II interaction for each of the plasmid group we have decided to:

• Use two different unique sequences in the first two stem loops, in order to maximize same group specificity.
• For the third loop, we have decided to keep RNA II unchanged, and add either G/C mutations (GC type RNA I) or make RNA I completely non-complement to RNA II (NC type RNA I).

We did not want to introduce new specific sequences into the third loop of RNA II sequence. That is because according to literature RNA II secondary structure at third loop are very sensitive to any mutations and has a high chance of ruining the replication initiation. ^[6] Just because we chose not to interfere with the third loop of RNA II, we could not leave RNA I gene unchanged. If every group would have the fully compatible third loop, the background cross-group inhibition would be too large.

So now we have 5 different RNA II genes corresponding to groups A B C D and E.

Also, we have 10 different RNA I alternatives: A, B, C, D, E with each having a version of either G/C or NC mutations.

So for example, if we have a part named RNA I (B-NC), it means: This RNA will only selectively regulate RNA II molecule by having specific B group sequences in first two stem loops. Also, in the third stem loop every nucleotide is not complementary to RNA II third loop.

These different plasmid groups (A-E) can then be co-maintained in a cell with a specific, pre-selected copy number. Copy number control principle is the same for every group, but each group is only specific to its own group.

Figure 2. RNA I AND II group interaction example

Origin of RNA II biobrick

Figure 3. Changes introduced in RNA I promoter sequence also changes RNA II secondary structure

If RNA II and RNA I are naturally an antisense system, why are there two separate constructs in SynORI system?

In order to flexibly control the synthesis of RNA I, the RNA I gene first needed to be inactivated in the ColE1 origin of replication. That, however, was not a trivial task, because by changing RNA I promoter sequence, one also changes the RNA II secondary structure, which is crucial for plasmid replication initiation (Find how this problem was solved at [http://2017.igem.org/Team:Vilnius-Lithuania team Vilnius-Lithuania wiki]). This is the main reason why, in the SynORI framework, the wildtype ColE1 ORI is split into two different parts - RNR I and RNA II .

Characterization of RNA II (Vilnius-Lithuania 2017)

RNA I inactivation in wild type replicon

Challenges of inactivating RNA I in wild type origin of replication were discussed earlier

After the construction of selected ColE1 mutants with inactivated RNA I promoter we have tested whether it was successful. It is difficult to distinguish when the promoter is fully disabled because first, there is no literature data describing replicons that are not negatively regulated at least to some extent, and second - plasmid systems hardly reach the equilibrium without negative control therefore every copy number calculation varies greatly. This is why we decided not to check for the highest copy number mutant, but rather to insert a wild type RNA I with its wild type promoter. By doing that we could see which replicons were most precisely mutated.

If the plasmid copy number (PCN) did not differ from wild type after the insertion of an RNA I gene next to the mutated replicon, it proved a complete disabling of the replicon. Contrary, if the copy number decreased, we could suspect that the replicon did not have a completely disabled RNA I and the sum of inhibition from both RNA I genes reduced the copy number to even lower values than in the wild type replicon.

First, we planned to calculate the copy number of our mutants that supposedly had their RNA I gene promoter disabled (mutants ORI1, ORI2, ORI3, ORI4, ORI5). After that, we aimed to calculate the copy number of the corresponding mutated replicons, but with RNA I gene containing its wild type promoter cloned next to them. After transformation, cells with ORI5 plasmids did not grow successfully, which suggested a conclusion that this mutant had either severely damaged RNA II gene or increased expression of RNA I to the level of complete replication inhibition.

Since 4 other mutants had grown after the transformation, we incubated the cells overnight, purified the plasmids and cloned wild type RNA I with its wild type promoter next to each of the mutants. We then calculated the copy number of 8 samples: 4 ORI mutants and 4 ORI mutants with RNA I placed next to them.

Figure 4. Copy number calculations of the RNA I promoter elimination mutants. Two biological replicates were performed, with 2 technical qPCR replicates each time.

Firstly, ORI 1 mutant had a moderate increase in copy number (Figure 4). Yet, with RNA I next to the replicon, the copy number did not seem to fall back to wild type levels. We hypothesize that the reason for this was the damage done to the RNA II gene. The damage resulted in mutant formed secondary structures no longer sufficiently interacting with inhibitory RNA I molecules.

ORI 3 did not seem to increase much in copy number. We did not consider it to be a good candidate, because we wanted our core synthetic ORI to possess a range of copy numbers to choose from.

The third candidate, ORI 4, seemed to be a decent candidate because with cloned RNA I its copy number fell to near wild type levels, but it also did not prove to be good enough, because its maximum number of copies was too low.

ORI 2 mutant seemed like a perfect candidate. Its copy number increased from wild type 37 copies to 1128 ± 315 copies in ORI2. In addition, when RNA I gene was placed next to it, the copy number of the constructed plasmid fell to wild type levels. After these results we have decided to use this ORI 2 mutant as a core for our framework. We simply called it RNA II (part:BBa_K2259000)

Interaction between RNA I and RNA II groups

Constitutive promoter

Once the RNA I promoter was disabled in the ColE1 origin of replication, it could be moved to a different plasmid location and used as a separate unit. We have discovered the sequence of wild type RNA I promoter by using PromoterHunter and removed it, thus creating a wild type RNA I gene part:BBa_K2259005. First, series of Anderson promoters were cloned next to the RNA I gene (part:BBa_K2259021 (0.15 Anderson), part:BBa_K2259023 (0.36 Anderson), part:BBa_K2259027 (0.86 Anderson), part:BBa_K2259028 (1.0 Anderson)) and then placed next to RNA II (part:BBa_K2259067 (0.15 Anderson), part:BBa_K2259068 (0.36 Anderson), part:BBa_K2259069 (0.86 Anderson), part:BBa_K22590671 (1.0 Anderson)).

Figure 5. RNA I and RNA II constructs, with RNA I constructs under different-strength Anderson promoters.

In theory (see “Modelling” at [http://2017.igem.org/Team:Vilnius-Lithuania team Vilnius-Lithuania wiki]), lower-strength Anderson promoters should yield lower concentrations of RNA I, hence higher copy numbers of plasmids per cell. Our constitutive copy number device experiment results prove it to be true in practice as well. The stronger Anderson promoter is used, the less copy number per cell we get. With the strongest Anderson we get only 21+-6.84 plasmids per cell.

Worth to mention is that the closest to wild type ColE1 replicon is the 0.86 strength Anderson promoter (Part:BBa_J23102), measured by copy number alone.

We can state with certainty that we are now able to control the plasmid copy number in a constitutive manner, and we simply call it the SynORI constitutive copy number device.

Inducible promoter

We wanted to move one step further and try to build an inducible copy number system. We first had to make sure that at least part of our construct is well characterized and to do so we chose the Rhamnose promoter from the biobrick registry (Part:BBa_K914003)

For this experiment we have built a Rhamnose promoter and RNA I construct part:BBa_K2259065 and then cloned this construct next to RNA II part:BBa_K2259091. We have used different concentration of Rhamnose in our media in order to see if this approach was possible and if so, to figure out the dependency between the plasmid copy number and rhamnose concentration.

Figure 6. RNA I and RNA II constructs, with RNA I gene being under the Rhamnose promoter, inducided by different rhamnose concentrations.

The first thing we noticed was that Rhamnose promoter was very strong in terms of plasmid copy number reduction. It was also considerably leaky (promoter can be enabled even without any inducer). At zero induction there were approximately only 9 plasmids per cell and at 1 percent induction the number dropped to approximately 1 plasmid per cell.

RNA I rhamnose-induced promoter seemed to be working well, with higher concentrations of inductor giving lower plasmid copy number.

We called it the SynORI copy number induction device.

So now when we can flexibly control the copy number of a plasmids, the only question is - what will come next?

Proof of concept / Interaction between RNA II and RNA I of different groups

When different groups of SynORI system were created, the abilty of corresponding RNA I to inhibit the replication of RNA II were measured by calculating the plasmid copy number with and without RNA I in the system

Figure 7. Different RNA II group copy number with and without RNA I of the same group

As can be seen in Figure 7, RNA I introduction into the system has a significant effect on the plasmid copy number of the specific group, thus we can conclude that RNA I works on corresponding RNA II.

To prove that RNA I works only on the specific RNA II, different groups of SynORI devices were placed in a cell by co-transformation and plasmid copy numbers were calculated. SynORI global copy number control devices (part:BBa_K2259072 (0 Anderson), part:BBa_K2259073 (0.15 Anderson), part:K2259074 (0.24 Anderson)) were co-transformed together with B-GC SynORI device (BBa_K2259078) and (part:BBa_K2259072 (0 Anderson), part:BBa_K2259073 (0.15 Anderson), part:K2259074 (0.24 Anderson)) with D-GC SynORI device (BBa_K2259079).

Figure 8.SynORI A device with Rop under different Anderson promoters together with SynORI B-GC device.

Figure 9.SynORI A device with Rop under different Anderson promoters together with SynORI D-GC device.

As can be seen in Figure 8 and Figure 9 RNA II A, RNA II B and RNA II D act as different ORIs and their corresponding RNA I inhibits the replication of SynORI groups specifically.

It can also be concluded that Rop protein placed in a single plasmid lowered the plasmid copy number of both plasmid groups, this proves that Rop works by binding to a kissing-loop complex and is able to bypass the individual control of different groups.

References

1. ↑ Tomizawa, J. (1984). Control of cole 1 plasmid replication: The process of binding of RNA I to the primer transcript. Cell, 38(3), pp.861-870.
2. ↑ Itoh, T. and Tomizawa, J. (1980). Formation of an RNA primer for initiation of replication of ColE1 DNA by ribonuclease H. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 77(5), pp.2450-2454.
3. ↑ Tomizawa, J. (1984). Control of cole 1 plasmid replication: The process of binding of RNA I to the primer transcript. Cell, 38(3), pp.861-870.
4. ↑ Tomizawa, J. (1984). Control of cole 1 plasmid replication: The process of binding of RNA I to the primer transcript. Cell, 38(3), pp.861-870.
5. ↑ Camps, M. (2010). Modulation of ColE1-Like Plasmid Replication for Recombinant Gene Expression. Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences, 4(1), pp.58-73.
6. ↑ Masukata, H. and Tomizawa, J. (1986). Control of primer formation for ColE1 plasmid replication: Conformational change of the primer transcript. Cell, 44(1), pp.125-136.