Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K2505005"
 
(18 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 15: Line 15:
 
  tra box : Mammalian Tra-R inducible element <partinfo>BBa_K553021</partinfo>
 
  tra box : Mammalian Tra-R inducible element <partinfo>BBa_K553021</partinfo>
  
−
<p>These two genes(<i>apipt4</i> and <i>log1</i>) are derived from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and encode enzymes  necessary for synthesizing iP (isopentenyladenine) in mammalian cells.   
+
<p>These two genes(<i>atipt4</i> and <i>log1</i>) are derived from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and encode enzymes  necessary for synthesizing iP (isopentenyladenine) in mammalian cells.   
 
iP is a kind of cytokinins that are signaling molecules (Phytohormones)   
 
iP is a kind of cytokinins that are signaling molecules (Phytohormones)   
 
in plants and play important roles in cell growth and differentiation.   
 
in plants and play important roles in cell growth and differentiation.   
Line 23: Line 23:
 
cytokinin synthase) activity and catalyzes the transfer of an   
 
cytokinin synthase) activity and catalyzes the transfer of an   
 
isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to ATP and ADP,   
 
isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to ATP and ADP,   
−
producing cytokinin nucleotides <sup>[1]</sup>. Note that cytokinin nucleotides are the   
+
producing cytokinin nucleotides(Kakimoto et al.2001).
 +
). Note that cytokinin nucleotides are the   
 
immature form. LOG1 has the phosphoribohydrolase activity and converts   
 
immature form. LOG1 has the phosphoribohydrolase activity and converts   
−
inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms <sup>[2]</sup>.</p>
+
inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms.
−
The expression of these genes are induced by a chemeric transcription factor which consist of eukaryotic activation domain of NF-κB p65 and prokaryotic transcription factor, TraR. The DNA binding domain of TraR binds to <i>tra</i> box in the presence of 3OC8AHL molecules and then CMV minimal promoter will be activated by the activation domain of NF-κB p65 <sup>[3]</sup>.  
+
.</p>
−
<p>The DNA sequences of these genes are optimized for expressing in human cells considering the codon usage.</p>
+
The expression of these genes are induced by a chemeric transcription factor which consist of eukaryotic activation domain of NF-κB p65 and prokaryotic transcription factor, TraR. The DNA binding domain of TraR binds to tra box in the presence of 3OC8AHL molecules and then CMV minimal promoter will be activated by the activation domain of NF-κB p65 (Neddermann et al.
 +
2003).
 +
 
 +
IVS (intervining sequence) is one kind of introns and is important for increasing the mRNA stability in eukaryotic cells. IRES (internal ribosome entry site) is an RNA element that allows translation initiation in a cap-independent mannerThe term “polyA” indicates the polyadenylation signal that  is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA.
 +
<p>The DNA sequences of these genes(<i>atipt4</i> and <i>log1</i>) are optimized for expressing in human cells considering the codon usage.</p>
 
   
 
   
  
Line 34: Line 39:
 
</html>
 
</html>
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
−
 
 
==Characterization==
 
==Characterization==
−
In this assay, we investigated whether human cells (the EA.hy926 cell line) receive AHL, a signaling molecule that is synthesized in and exported from E. coli and induce the transcription of atIPT4 and log1 genes to synthesize iP.
+
In this assay, we investigated whether human cells (the EA.hy926 cell line) receive AHL, a signaling molecule that is synthesized in and exported from E. coli and induce the transcription of <i>atIPT4</i> and <i>log1</i> genes to synthesize iP.
  
 
AHLs, which stand for [N-]acyl-homoserine lactones, are small signaling molecules and are employed in the bacterial “Quorum Sensing”. Among several kinds of AHLs, 3OC8HSL (C8) was chosen in the assay.  
 
AHLs, which stand for [N-]acyl-homoserine lactones, are small signaling molecules and are employed in the bacterial “Quorum Sensing”. Among several kinds of AHLs, 3OC8HSL (C8) was chosen in the assay.  
  
−
In order to achieve C8-dependent transcription in human cells, a chimeric transcription factor named RelA/NLS/TraR was constructed. This protein is comprised of the transcription activating domain of RelA (a kind of human NF-kB family), nuclear localization signal (NLS), and full-length TraR. This protein can bind to an appropriate enhancer sequence to activate transcription only in the presence of C8 (see below for details).
+
In order to achieve C8-dependent transcription in human cells, a chimeric transcription factor named RelA/NLS/<i>traR</i> was constructed. This protein is comprised of the transcription activating domain of RelA (a kind of human NF-kB family), nuclear localization signal (NLS), and full-length <i>traR</i>. This protein can bind to an appropriate enhancer sequence to activate transcription only in the presence of C8 (see below for details).
  
−
Isopentenyladenine (iP) is kind of a cytokinin, and we use it as a signal molecule from human to E. coli cells and for the inter-kingdom communication. Cytokinins are the signaling molecules (or Phytohormones) that plants produce and play important roles in cell growth and differentiation. In the case of Arabidopsis thaliana, extracellular iP is received by a transmembrane receptor, AHK4.  
+
Isopentenyladenine (iP) is kind of a cytokinin, and we use it as a signal molecule from human to E. coli cells and for the inter-kingdom communication. Cytokinins are the signaling molecules (or Phytohormones) that plants produce and play important roles in cell growth and differentiation. In the case of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, extracellular iP is received by a transmembrane receptor, AHK4.  
  
 
AHK4 has a histidine kinase activity, and binding of iP to AHK4 triggers auto-phosphorylation of AHK4 and the following histidine-to-aspartate phosphorelay. As a consequence, transcription from target genes is induced and/or repressed so that physiological states of plants are changed.  
 
AHK4 has a histidine kinase activity, and binding of iP to AHK4 triggers auto-phosphorylation of AHK4 and the following histidine-to-aspartate phosphorelay. As a consequence, transcription from target genes is induced and/or repressed so that physiological states of plants are changed.  
 
Surprisingly, the histidine kinase activity of AHK4 has shown to be activated depending on iP even in E. coli cells (Suzuki et al. 2001, Lukáš Spíchal et al. 2004). This fact encouraged us to use iP as a signaling molecule in our project (See the AHK4 assay page).
 
Surprisingly, the histidine kinase activity of AHK4 has shown to be activated depending on iP even in E. coli cells (Suzuki et al. 2001, Lukáš Spíchal et al. 2004). This fact encouraged us to use iP as a signaling molecule in our project (See the AHK4 assay page).
−
<br style="clear: both" />
 
−
==Result==
 
−
The transformed cells were treated or not treated with different concentrations of C8. Then, the mRNA level of atIPT4 and log1 was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1, the CMV minimal promoter was activated following the addition of C8.
 
−
[[File:Tokyo_Tech_hummancell_assay.png|thumb|left|600px| '''Figure 1:''' '''Result of the quantitative RT-PCR''' - The term“Cont”means the control cells that are not electroporated, while “EP” means the electroporated cells. the concentrations of C8 used are indicated blow the bars. ]]<br>
 
  
 +
==Result==
 +
The transformed cells were treated or not treated with different concentrations of C8. Then, the mRNA level of <i>atIPT4</i> and <i>log1</i> was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1, the CMV minimal promoter was activated following the addition of C8.
 +
[[File:Tokyo_Tech_humancell result.png|thumb|left|600px| '''Figure 1:''' '''Result of the quantitative RT-PCR''' <br style="clear: both" />The term“Cont”means the control cells that are not electroporated, while “EP” means the electroporated cells. the concentrations of C8 used are indicated blow the bars. ]]<br>
 +
<br style="clear: both" />
 
==Discussion==
 
==Discussion==
−
We confirmed that the transcription of atIPT4 and log1 genes were induced by C8 addition and the degree of induction depends on C8 concentration.
+
We confirmed that the transcription of <i>atIPT4</i> and <i>log1</i>) genes were induced by C8 addition and the degree of induction depends on C8 concentration.
  
 
==Material and Method==
 
==Material and Method==
 
===Plasmids===
 
===Plasmids===
 
* Sample
 
* Sample
−
<span style="margin-left: 20px;">Ptet – rbs – <i>ahk4</i> (pSB1C3)
+
<span style="margin-left: 20px;">pCAG-<i>relA</i>/NLS/<i>traR</i>-polyA (pMC1neo-polyA)
  
−
* Negative control
+
<span style="margin-left: 20px;">(trabox)7-CMVmin-<i>atIPT4</i>-IVS-IRES-<i>log1</i>-polyA(pIRESneo3)
−
<span style="margin-left: 20px;">pSB1C3
+
  
 
===Construction===
 
===Construction===
−
*Strain
+
*Cell line
 +
<span style="margin-left: 20px;">All the plasmids were prepared in <i>Homo sapiens</i> EA.hy926 cell line.
  
−
<span style="margin-left: 20px;">All the plasmids were prepared in <i>E. coli</i> KMI002 strain.
+
===Medium===
 +
*DMEM 10% FBS
 +
*DMEM 10% FBS G418 (400 μg/mL)
  
−
===Qualitative experiment===
+
===The primers for quantitative RT-PCR===
−
1.- LB agar plates containing chloramphenicol (34 µg/mL) were prepared.
+
*<i>atIPT4</i>
 +
Forward: 5’- gtgcaacgacaaaatggtgg-3’
 +
Reverse: 3’-cctgaagatcacgaccaatcg-5’
  
−
2.- 50 µl of X-Gal (50 mg/ml), 10 µl of 100 mM iP or DMSO as a control, and 40 µl of LB medium was mixed in microtubes. Then the solutions were applied to the agar plates.
+
*<i>log1</i>
 +
Forward: 5’-ggactgatctctcaggctgtg-3’
 +
Reverse: 3’-cggtagcagatatgcatcagc-5’
  
−
3.- Samples were inoculated and incubated at room temperature.
 
  
−
4.- Photographs were taken after sufficient blue color was developed.
+
===Protocol===
 +
1. The EA.hy 926 cells were cultured to about 1.0 * 10<sup>7</sup> cells/dish (the dish size is 10 cm in diameter) and used for electroporation.
  
−
===Quantitative experiment===
+
2. C8 was added to the dish at final concentration of 0, 20, or 40 μM and incubated further for 24 hours.
−
1.- Overnight culture of samples were prepared in 2 ml of LB medium containing chloramphenicol (34 µg/mL) at 25℃.
+
  
−
2.- Samples were diluted for 2000-fold in 1ml of fresh LB medium containing chloramphenicol (34 µg/mL) and various concentration of IP (10 nM-100 µM). Cells were also inoculated into medium containing DMSO instead of iP.
+
3. After harvesting the cells, total RNAs were purified according to the ordinary AGPC (Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform) method, and cDNAs were obtained by reverse transcription(Table. 1).
  
−
3.- Samples were cultured overnight at 900 rpm at 25℃.
+
4. qPCR was performed using the above cDNA(Table. 2).
  
−
4.- Cells were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 10min.
+
[[File:Tokyo_Tech_transcription.png|thumb|left|250px| '''Table 1''': '''Mixture components of Reverse transcription''' <br style="clear: both" />After mixing, samples were heated at 42° C. for 20 min, 99 ° C. for 5 min, 4 ° C. for 5 min, then stored at -20 ° C. ]]<br>
 +
[[File:Tokyo_Tech_qPCR.png|thumb|righit|250px| '''Table 2''': '''Mixture components of qPCR''' <br style="clear: both" />※SYBR：KAPA SYBR FAST qPCR kit ]]<br>
 +
<br style="clear: both" />
  
−
5.- All of supernatant was discarded and then cells were resuspended in 500 µL of PBS buffer containing 1 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Also 500 µL of the same buffer in was prepared as a control for spontaneously splitting of ONPG.
+
===AGPC methods===
 +
①Vortex the collected cells in the tube for 10 to 15 sec.
  
−
6.- 20 µL of each suspension was added into 180µL of the buffer used above and Abs600 was measured and recorded by a microplate reader.
+
②Add 1/10 volume of Na acetate.
  
−
7.- 10µL of 0.1% SDS and 10 µL of chloroform was added into each tube including the control and vortexed for 15sec.
+
③Add 1.4-times volume of Phenol/Chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol.
  
−
8.- Tubes were heated at 28℃ for 5min.
+
④Vortex every 10 minutes.
  
−
9.- 100 µL of ONPG (4 mg/mL) was added to each tube and incubated at 37℃ for 30min. ONPG was dissolved in the buffer used above.
+
⑤Centrifuge at 15000 rpm, 10 min, 4 ° C.
  
−
10.- After 30min incubation, tubes were heated at 65℃ for 10min to inactivate β-galactosidase.
+
⑥Recover the aqueous layer and mix with 400 uL isopropanol.
  
−
11.- All samples were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10min.
+
⑦Leave at -20 ° C for 1 hour.
  
−
12.- Abs420 of supernatant was measured and recorded by a microplate reader. The control was used as a blank.
+
⑧Centrifuge at 15000 rpm, 10 min, 4 ° C and remove supernatant.
  
−
13.- Relative β-galactosidase activity was calculated by following formula:
+
⑨Add 400 uL of 75% ethanol, centrifuge at 15000 rpm, 10 min, 4 ° C and remove supernatant.
 +
 
 +
⑩Dry the pellet and dissolve with 10 uL of pH = 7.4 TE buffer
  
−
<span style="margin-left: 25px;"> '''Relative β-galactosidase activity = Abs420 [-] / (Abs600 [-]×10×30 [min])'''
 
  
 
==Reference==
 
==Reference==
−
Suzuki, T., Miwa, K., Ishikawa, K., Yamada, H., Aiba, H. and Mizuno, T. (2001) The Arabidopsis Sensor His-kinase, AHK4, Can Respond to Cytokinins. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 107-113.  
+
Kakimoto, T. (2001) Identification of plant cytokinin biosynthetic enzymes as dimethylallyl diphosphate:ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferases. Plant Cell Physiol. 42:677-85.
  
−
Yamada, H., Suzuki, T., Terada, K., Takei, K., Ishikawa, K., Miwa, K., Yamashino, T. and Mizuno, T. (2001) The Arabidopsis AHK4 Histidine Kinases is a Cytokinin-Binding Receptor that Transduces Cytokinin Signals Across the Membrane. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1017-1023.
+
Kurakawa, T., Ueda, N., Maekawa, M., Kobayashi, K., Kojima, M., Nagato, Y., ... Kyozuka, J. (2007). Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme. Nature, 445(7128), 652-655. DOI:
  
−
Spíchal, L., Rakova, N.Y., Riefler, M., Mizuno, T., Romanov, G.A.,Strnad, M. and Schmülling, T. (2004) Two Cytokinin Receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana, CRE1/AHK4 and AHK3, Differ in their Ligand Specifity in a Bacterial Assay. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1299-1305.
+
Suzuki, T., Miwa, K., Ishikawa, K., Yamada, H., Aiba, H. and Mizuno, T. (2001) The Arabidopsis Sensor His-kinase, AHK4, Can Respond to Cytokinins. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 107-113.  
−
 
+
−
Klimeš, P., Turek, D., Mazura, P., Gallová, L., Spíchal, L. and Brzobohatý, B. (2017) High Throughput Screening Method for Identifying Potential Agonists and Antagonists of Arabidopsis thaliana Cytokinin Receptor CRE1/AHK4. Frontiers in Plant Science.
+
−
 
+
−
Mizuno, T. and Yamashino, T. (2010) BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PLANT HORMONE CYTOKININ-RECEPTOR HISTIDINE KINASES USING MICROORGANISMS. Methods in Enzymology: 335-344.
+
−
 
+
−
Nakashima, N., Akita, H. and Hoshino, T. (2014) Establishment of a novel gene expression method, BICES (biomass-inducible chromosome-based expression system), and its application to the production of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin. Metab Eng. 25 :204-214.
+
−
===Materials & Methods===
+
−
===Reference===
+
−
[1] Identification of plant cytokinin biosynthetic enzymes as dimethylallyl diphosphate:ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferases, 2001. Kakimoto T.
+
  
−
[2] Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme, 2007. Kurakawa T. <i>et. al</i>
+
Spíchal, L., Rakova, N.Y., Riefler, M., Mizuno, T., Romanov, G.A.,Strnad, M. and Schmülling, T. (2004) Two Cytokinin Receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana, CRE1/AHK4 and AHK3, Differ in their Ligand Specifity in a Bacterial Assay. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1299-1305.
  
−
[3] A novel,inducible,eukaryotic gene expression system based on the quorum-sensing transcription factor TraR, 2003. Neddermann P. <i>et. al</i>
+
Petra Neddermann, Cesare Gargioli, Ester Muraglia, Sania Sambuncini, Fabio Bonelli, Raffaele De Francesco, Riccardo cortese (2003) A novel, inducible, eukaryotic gene expression system based on the quorum-sensing transcription facter TraR. EMBO reports VOL 4: 159-165.

Latest revision as of 18:27, 1 November 2017

(tra box)7-CMVmin-atipt4-IVS-IRES-log1-polyA

Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
  • 10
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
  • 12
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
    Illegal NheI site found at 1442
  • 21
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
    Illegal BglII site found at 26
    Illegal BglII site found at 72
    Illegal BglII site found at 118
    Illegal BglII site found at 164
    Illegal BglII site found at 210
    Illegal BglII site found at 256
    Illegal BglII site found at 302
    Illegal BamHI site found at 476
    Illegal XhoI site found at 2728
    Illegal XhoI site found at 2740
  • 23
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
  • 25
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
    Illegal NgoMIV site found at 1220
  • 1000
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]
    Illegal BsaI site found at 1362


tra box : Mammalian Tra-R inducible element BBa_K553021

These two genes(atipt4 and log1) are derived from Arabidopsis thaliana and encode enzymes necessary for synthesizing iP (isopentenyladenine) in mammalian cells. iP is a kind of cytokinins that are signaling molecules (Phytohormones) in plants and play important roles in cell growth and differentiation. When these genes are introduced to human cells, EA.hy926, the cells produce iP heterologously. AtIPT4 has the adenylate dimethylallyltransferase ([http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?ec:2.5.1.112 [EC:2.5.1.112] ]: cytokinin synthase) activity and catalyzes the transfer of an isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to ATP and ADP, producing cytokinin nucleotides(Kakimoto et al.2001). ). Note that cytokinin nucleotides are the immature form. LOG1 has the phosphoribohydrolase activity and converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms. .

The expression of these genes are induced by a chemeric transcription factor which consist of eukaryotic activation domain of NF-κB p65 and prokaryotic transcription factor, TraR. The DNA binding domain of TraR binds to tra box in the presence of 3OC8AHL molecules and then CMV minimal promoter will be activated by the activation domain of NF-κB p65 (Neddermann et al. 2003).

IVS (intervining sequence) is one kind of introns and is important for increasing the mRNA stability in eukaryotic cells. IRES (internal ribosome entry site) is an RNA element that allows translation initiation in a cap-independent mannerThe term “polyA” indicates the polyadenylation signal that is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA.

The DNA sequences of these genes(atipt4 and log1) are optimized for expressing in human cells considering the codon usage.


Characterization

In this assay, we investigated whether human cells (the EA.hy926 cell line) receive AHL, a signaling molecule that is synthesized in and exported from E. coli and induce the transcription of atIPT4 and log1 genes to synthesize iP.

AHLs, which stand for [N-]acyl-homoserine lactones, are small signaling molecules and are employed in the bacterial “Quorum Sensing”. Among several kinds of AHLs, 3OC8HSL (C8) was chosen in the assay.

In order to achieve C8-dependent transcription in human cells, a chimeric transcription factor named RelA/NLS/traR was constructed. This protein is comprised of the transcription activating domain of RelA (a kind of human NF-kB family), nuclear localization signal (NLS), and full-length traR. This protein can bind to an appropriate enhancer sequence to activate transcription only in the presence of C8 (see below for details).

Isopentenyladenine (iP) is kind of a cytokinin, and we use it as a signal molecule from human to E. coli cells and for the inter-kingdom communication. Cytokinins are the signaling molecules (or Phytohormones) that plants produce and play important roles in cell growth and differentiation. In the case of Arabidopsis thaliana, extracellular iP is received by a transmembrane receptor, AHK4.

AHK4 has a histidine kinase activity, and binding of iP to AHK4 triggers auto-phosphorylation of AHK4 and the following histidine-to-aspartate phosphorelay. As a consequence, transcription from target genes is induced and/or repressed so that physiological states of plants are changed. Surprisingly, the histidine kinase activity of AHK4 has shown to be activated depending on iP even in E. coli cells (Suzuki et al. 2001, Lukáš Spíchal et al. 2004). This fact encouraged us to use iP as a signaling molecule in our project (See the AHK4 assay page).

Result

The transformed cells were treated or not treated with different concentrations of C8. Then, the mRNA level of atIPT4 and log1 was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1, the CMV minimal promoter was activated following the addition of C8.

Figure 1: Result of the quantitative RT-PCR
The term“Cont”means the control cells that are not electroporated, while “EP” means the electroporated cells. the concentrations of C8 used are indicated blow the bars.


Discussion

We confirmed that the transcription of atIPT4 and log1) genes were induced by C8 addition and the degree of induction depends on C8 concentration.

Material and Method

Plasmids

  • Sample

pCAG-relA/NLS/traR-polyA (pMC1neo-polyA)

(trabox)7-CMVmin-atIPT4-IVS-IRES-log1-polyA(pIRESneo3)

Construction

  • Cell line

All the plasmids were prepared in Homo sapiens EA.hy926 cell line.

Medium

  • DMEM 10% FBS
  • DMEM 10% FBS G418 (400 μg/mL)

The primers for quantitative RT-PCR

  • atIPT4
Forward: 5’- gtgcaacgacaaaatggtgg-3’
Reverse: 3’-cctgaagatcacgaccaatcg-5’
  • log1
Forward: 5’-ggactgatctctcaggctgtg-3’
Reverse: 3’-cggtagcagatatgcatcagc-5’


Protocol

1. The EA.hy 926 cells were cultured to about 1.0 * 107 cells/dish (the dish size is 10 cm in diameter) and used for electroporation.

2. C8 was added to the dish at final concentration of 0, 20, or 40 μM and incubated further for 24 hours.

3. After harvesting the cells, total RNAs were purified according to the ordinary AGPC (Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform) method, and cDNAs were obtained by reverse transcription(Table. 1).

4. qPCR was performed using the above cDNA(Table. 2).

Table 1: Mixture components of Reverse transcription
After mixing, samples were heated at 42° C. for 20 min, 99 ° C. for 5 min, 4 ° C. for 5 min, then stored at -20 ° C.

Table 2: Mixture components of qPCR
※SYBR：KAPA SYBR FAST qPCR kit


AGPC methods

①Vortex the collected cells in the tube for 10 to 15 sec.

②Add 1/10 volume of Na acetate.

③Add 1.4-times volume of Phenol/Chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol.

④Vortex every 10 minutes.

⑤Centrifuge at 15000 rpm, 10 min, 4 ° C.

⑥Recover the aqueous layer and mix with 400 uL isopropanol.

⑦Leave at -20 ° C for 1 hour.

⑧Centrifuge at 15000 rpm, 10 min, 4 ° C and remove supernatant.

⑨Add 400 uL of 75% ethanol, centrifuge at 15000 rpm, 10 min, 4 ° C and remove supernatant.

⑩Dry the pellet and dissolve with 10 uL of pH = 7.4 TE buffer


Reference

Kakimoto, T. (2001) Identification of plant cytokinin biosynthetic enzymes as dimethylallyl diphosphate:ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferases. Plant Cell Physiol. 42:677-85.

Kurakawa, T., Ueda, N., Maekawa, M., Kobayashi, K., Kojima, M., Nagato, Y., ... Kyozuka, J. (2007). Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme. Nature, 445(7128), 652-655. DOI:

Suzuki, T., Miwa, K., Ishikawa, K., Yamada, H., Aiba, H. and Mizuno, T. (2001) The Arabidopsis Sensor His-kinase, AHK4, Can Respond to Cytokinins. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 107-113.

Spíchal, L., Rakova, N.Y., Riefler, M., Mizuno, T., Romanov, G.A.,Strnad, M. and Schmülling, T. (2004) Two Cytokinin Receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana, CRE1/AHK4 and AHK3, Differ in their Ligand Specifity in a Bacterial Assay. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1299-1305.

Petra Neddermann, Cesare Gargioli, Ester Muraglia, Sania Sambuncini, Fabio Bonelli, Raffaele De Francesco, Riccardo cortese (2003) A novel, inducible, eukaryotic gene expression system based on the quorum-sensing transcription facter TraR. EMBO reports VOL 4: 159-165.