Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K404166"

Latest revision as of 18:03, 29 October 2010

pCMV_VP1up_NLS_His-Tag_[AAV2]-VP23 (ViralBrick-587KO-Empty)

CMV

CMV promoter is derived from human Cytomegalovirus, which belongs to Herpesvirus group. All family members share the ability to remain in latent stage in the human body. CMV is located upstream of immediate-early gene. However, CMV promoter is an example of widely used promoters and is present in mammalian expression vectors. The advantage of CMV is the high-level constitutive expression in mostly all human tissues [Fitzsimons et al., 2002].

Capsid

(BBa_K404006)
The AAV capsid consists of 60 capsid protein subunits composed of the three cap proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3, which are encoded in an overlapping reading frame. Arranged in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1:10, they form an icosahedral symmetry. The mRNA encoding for the cap proteins is transcribed from p40 and alternative spliced to minor and major products. Alternative splicing and translation initiation of VP2 at a nonconventional ACG initiation codon promote the expression of the VP proteins. VP1, VP2 and VP3 share a common C terminus and stop codon, but begin with a different start codon. The N termini of VP1 and VP2 play important roles in infection and contain motifs that are highly homologous to a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) domain and nuclear localization signals (NLSs). These elements are conserved in almost all parvoviruses. (Johnson et al., 2010a).

Whereas VP1 is translated from the minor spliced mRNA, while VP2 and VP3 are translated from the major spliced mRNA. The minor spliced product is approximately 10-fold less abundant than the major spliced mRNA. Thus, there is much less VP1 than VP2 and VP3 resulting in a capsid stoichiometric ratio of 1:1:10. The N terminus of VP1 has an extension of 65 amino acids including an additional extension of 138 N-terminal amino acids forming the unique portion of VP1. It contains a motif of about 70 amino acids that is highly homologous to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) domain. Furthermore, there are nuclear localization sequences (BR)(+), which are supposed to be necessary for endosomal escape and nuclear entry. (Bleker, Pawlita, & Kleinschmidt, 2006), (DiPrimio, Asokan, Govindasamy, Agbandje-McKenna, & Samulski, 2008), (Johnson et al., 2010a)

VP1up

VP1up protein is derived from the unique N-terminal region of VP1 protein. It contains a Phospholipase A2 motif which is essential for successful infection [Canaan et al., 2004; Zadori et al., 2001; Girod et al., 2002]

The Freiburg iGEM Team 2010 created this part in order integrate motifs, which are desired to be surface exposed, into the VP1 open reading frame. For this purpose VP1up needs to be fused to the N-terminus of the motif of interest, followed by coupling the resulting construct to VP2/3 (BBa_K404150, [AAV2]-VP23). For better infectivity a nuclear localization signal can additionaly be inserted into VP1 (Part:BBa_K404153, [AAV2]-NLS) (Grieger et al., 2007).

Cloning scheme for insertion of motifs into VP1

NLS

(BBa_K404153)
NLS are located in basic regions on the N terminus of VP2 (35 aa) and VP1 (172 aa) and mediate genome delivery into the nucleus and transduction [Hoque et al.,1999; Grieger et al., 2006]. Nuclear localisation sequence is hydrophilic and contains ß-turn and coil regions [Kalderon, et al, 1984]. It was also described in CPV and MVM viruses. Compared to CPV, MVM virus contains several NLS within the capsid, which are activated at different infection stages [Lombardo et al., 2000; Lombardo et al., 2002]

His-tag

Protein tagging via Histidine Tags is a widely used method for protein purification: Multiple histidine residues (most commonly: Six) are being fused tot he end of the targeting protein. The high binding affinity of Histidine towards metal is being exploited for the purification of proteins via the so called „Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography“ (IMAC): Multiple histidine residues (most commonly: Six) are being fused to the end of the targeting protein. A cell extract containing the recombinant protein ist then applied to a collumn containing immobilized Ni2+-Ions. The His-tags covalently bind the Ni-Ions while other cellular proteins can be washed oft he collumn. The purified proteins can then be eluted with Imidazol, which displaces the histidine residues.(Smith et al. 1988), (Hoffmann & Roeder 1991) Since the aim behind engineering therapeutic AAV vectors is a safe administration to human patients, it is important to consider a convenient way of purifying the virus particles. Contamination by cellular proteins could cause toxic side effects or a strong immune response. Koerber et al. have first inserted a His-tag into a surface-exposed loop at amino acid position 587 in the Cap protein and successfully purified recombinant virsuses using IMAC (Koerber et al. 2007). For our Virus Construction Kit, we provide the His-tag motif in the ViralBrick standard, allowing for an easy insertion into the 453 and/or 587 loop. If the modified capsid bearing a His-tag is being cotransfected with a wild type capsid for the production of mosaic viruses, IMAC helps to not only purify the produced viral particles but also to enrich particles which actually contain the modified proteins.

ViralBrick 587-KO empty

(BBa_K4004210)
The primary receptor of AAV-2 is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptor (Perabo et al. 2006). Its binding motif consists of five amino-acids located on the capsid surface: R484/R487, K532, R585/587. (Trepel et al. 2009). The positively charged arginine residues interact with the HSPGs' negatively charged acid residues. Opie et al. have shown that two point mutations (R585A and R588A) are sufficient to eliminate the heparin binding affinity in AAV2. (Opie et al. 2003). This ViralBrick has been created to introduce this knockout into other constructs. The biobricks with containing this knockout are annotated with „HSPG-ko“.

Sequence and Features

References

Bleker, S., Pawlita, M., & Kleinschmidt, J., 2006. IImpact of capsid conformation and Rep-capsid interactions on adeno-associated virus type 2 genome packaging. Journal of virology, 80(2), 810-820. doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.2.810.
DiPrimio, N., Asokan, A., Govindasamy, L., Agbandje-McKenna, M., & Samulski, R. J. , 2008. Surface loop dynamics in adeno-associated virus capsid assembly. Journal of virology, 82(11), 5178-89. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02721-07.
Hoque, 1999. Nuclear transport of the major capsid protein is essential for adeno-associated virus capsid formation. Journal of Virology, 73(9), pp.7912-7915.
Kalderon, D, 1984. Sequence requirements for nuclear location of simian virus 40 large-T antigen. Nature, 311(5981), pp.33-38
Johnson, J.S., 2010. Mutagenesis of adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid protein VP1 uncovers new roles for basic amino acids in trafficking and cell-specific transduction. Journal of virology, 84(17), 8888-902. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00687-10.
Lombardo, E, 2000. A beta-stranded motif drives capsid protein oligomers of the parvovirus minute virus of mice into the nucleus for viral assembly. Journal of Virology, 74(8), pp.3804-3814
Lombardo, E , 2002. Complementary roles of multiple nuclear targeting signals in the capsid proteins of the parvovirus minute virus of mice during assembly and onset of infection. Journal of Virology, 76(14), pp.7049-7059
Bleker, S., Pawlita, M., & Kleinschmidt, J., 2006. IImpact of capsid conformation and Rep-capsid interactions on adeno-associated virus type 2 genome packaging. Journal of virology, 80(2), 810-820. doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.2.810.
Canaan, 2004. Interfacial enzymology of parvovirus phospholipases A2. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(15), pp.14502-14508.
DiPrimio, N., Asokan, A., Govindasamy, L., Agbandje-McKenna, M., & Samulski, R. J. , 2008. Surface loop dynamics in adeno-associated virus capsid assembly. Journal of virology, 82(11), 5178-89. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02721-07.
Girod, A., 2002. The VP1 capsid protein of adeno-associated virus type 2 is carrying a phospholipase A2 domain required for virus infectivity. The Journal of general virology, 83(Pt 5), pp.973-978. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961250.
Johnson, J.S., 2010. Mutagenesis of adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid protein VP1 uncovers new roles for basic amino acids in trafficking and cell-specific transduction. Journal of virology, 84(17), 8888-902. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00687-10.
Zadori, Z , 2001. A viral phospholipase A2 is required for parvovirus infectivity. Developmental Cell, 1(2), pp.291-302. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11702787.
Grieger et al., (2007). Surface-exposed adeno-associated virus Vp1-NLS capsid fusion protein rescues infectivity of noninfectious wild-type Vp2/Vp3 and Vp3-only capsids but not that of fivefold pore mutant virions. J Virol. 2007 Aug;81(15):7833-43. Epub 2007 May 16.