Part:BBa_K5124014
Cas12a ethA_c spacer
Usage and Biology
The Exeter iGEM 2024 team are designing a rapid detection system for Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) using CRISPR-Cas detection systems. The literature suggests that bTB infection in cattle can be detected by nucleic acid biomarkers in both blood [1] and tissue samples [2]. Therefore, there was potential to develop tests looking for both DNA and RNA biomarkers in infected cattle.
Ethionamide (ETH) is used to treat patients infected with multidrug-resistant TB. One of the enzymes thought to be involved in the activation of the drug in-vivo is the monooxygenase EthA [3]. However, mutations are already being found in TB subspecies, including bTB [4], associated with ethionamide resistant infections. Therefore, this may prove a useful region of the bTB genome to target, in tests designed to look for drug resistant strains.
This basic part codes for a spacer sequence; a 20-nucleotide RNA sequence that is complementary to the target bTB DNA. When transcribed with the repeat sequence from the CRISPR-Cas12a loci (Cas12a_crRNA), the 21-nucleotide repeat sequence folds into a single hairpin loop, which is recognised and bound by LbCas12a, leaving the 20-nucleotide spacer sequence free to bind to the target DNA (Figure 1). In addition, the T7 promoter adds three G nucleotides to the 5’ end of the transcript.
Design and Characterisation
We used the Mycobacterium bovis AF2122/97 genome sequence (Accession number LT70834) [5] as a starting point to design our spacer sequences.
The DNA sequence coding for EthA was downloaded and inputted into a Python script that screened for potential spacer sequences. The Cas12a-CRISPR system requires that the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), the four nucleotides 3’ to the end of the target site, must be TTTV. Therefore, the Python script (see GitHub) looked for sequences 24-nucleotides long where final four nucleotides were either TTTA, TTTC or TTTG. The resulting 20-nulceotide spacer sequences that included either a CCCC or GGGG repeats were filtered out, as the presence of these would cause misfolding with the crRNA hairpin loop. In addition, sequences with more than one uracil base were filtered out, as uracil bases easily bind to other RNA nucleotides. The Cas12a crRNA sequence was appended to the 5’ end of each spacer sequence which were then analysed for secondary structure using the on-line software IPknot++ [6]. Final spacer sequences were chosen by the highest minimum free energy, denoting least intra-sequence binding within the spacer region, and minimum inter-sequence binding between the spacer and crRNA sequences.
Due to the minimum synthesis length of 125 base pairs for IDT gBlocks, this basic part was synthesised as part of a composite part containing: a 5’ crRNA sequence (BBa_K5124011), 5’ T7 promoter (BBa_K5124041) and Type IIs compatible prefix and suffixes. The gBlock was cloned into a high copy plasmid (origin of replication from pUC18 [7]) carrying an ampicillin selection marker.
Please see composite part BBa_K5124031 for further usage and results.
References
1. McLoughlin KE, Correia CN, Browne JA, Magee DA, Nalpas NC, Rue-Albrecht K, et al. RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis of Peripheral Blood From Cattle Infected With Mycobacterium bovis Across an Experimental Time Course. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021; 8:662002.
2. Taylor GM, Worth DR, Palmer S, Jahans K, Hewinson RG. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in cattle lymph nodes with visible lesions using PCR. BMC Vet Res. 2007 Jun 13; 3:12.
3. Ang ML, Zainul Rahim SZ, Shui G, Dianiskova P, Madacki J, Lin W, et al. An ethA-ethR-deficient Mycobacterium bovis BCG mutant displays increased adherence to mammalian cells and greater persistence in vivo, which correlate with altered mycolic acid composition. Infect Immun. 2014 May; 82(5):1850-9.
4. Borham M, Oreiby A, El-Gedawy A, Hegazy Y, Hemedan A, Al-Gaabary M. Abattoir survey of bovine tuberculosis in tanta, centre of the Nile delta, with in silico analysis of gene mutations and protein-protein interactions of the involved mycobacteria. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Mar; 69(2):434-50.
5. Garnier T, Eiglmeier K, Camus JC, Medina N, Mansoor H, Pryor M, et al. The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium bovis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 24; 100(13):7877-82.
6. Sato K, Kato Y. Prediction of RNA secondary structure including pseudoknots for long sequences. Brief Bioinform. 2022 Jan 17; 23(1).
7. Vieira J, Messing J. The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene. 1982 Oct; 19(3):259-68.
Sequence and Features
- 10COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
- 12COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
- 21COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
- 23COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
- 25COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
- 1000COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]
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