Part:BBa_K5088505
Measurement construct - pgm promoter+5'UTR from T. kok-saghyz
This composite part serves as the measurement construct for the basic part BBa_K5088005 (pgm).
Contents
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Background
Motivation
Figure 1: Graphical abstract - from dandelion to natural rubber.
With our project Tarakate, we aim to explore the potential of the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz) as a sustainable source of natural rubber. This plant, native to Kazakhstan, is unique for its ability to produce significant amounts of high-quality latex in its roots—a trait found in only a few species worldwide (1). Natural rubber is vital due to the global demand of roughly 15 million tons annually (2) and its application in more than 50,000 products (3), ranging from tires to medical supplies. As demand continues to rise, the limitations of traditional rubber sources, such as the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), have become increasingly apparent. The production of rubber from H. brasiliensis has led to significant environmental and economic challenges, including deforestation of approximately four million hectares of rainforest, labor exploitation, and vulnerability to diseases like South American leaf blight (4, 5, 6). These issues, coupled with the geographic constraints of rubber tree cultivation—primarily restricted to tropical regions—underscore the urgent need for alternative rubber sources that can be cultivated in diverse climates and offer greater sustainability.
To harness the potential of T. kok-saghyz as a sustainable source of natural rubber, engineering priorities include optimizing biomass production and morphological traits, such as root architecture and seed size, to maximize yield, improve harvesting efficiency, and enhance overall agricultural practices for easier handling and processing. Besides targeting natural rubber production, there is also a focus on increasing the production of other valuable products like inulin (7), which can be used for the production of biofuel, and various bioactive compounds with potential applications in multiple industries (8). By developing alternative rubber sources like T. kok-saghyz, we aim to mitigate the environmental and economic impacts associated with traditional rubber production and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Identification
Based on the transcriptomics and functional genomics analysis we identified a selection of suitable genes for inclusion in our toolbox. These genes exhibited large dynamic range, low variance across different tissues, and were associated with essential cellular functions, confirming their suitability as sources of constitutive regulatory elements. One such gene that stood out was later identified as pgm.
Figure 2: Gene expression profile of all identified gene transcripts across 12 samples (with 3 biological replicates each), representing different tissue types and developmental stages. The y-axis displays the variance between samples, calculated using Variance Stabilizing Transformation (VST), while the x-axis shows the mean transcript expression in a regularized log scale. Dashed lines indicate the quantile filtering thresholds applied for both variance and mean expression. The purple-shaded region highlights the area of interest, containing 764 genes that were selected for further analysis. The gene pgm, corresponding to this regulatory part, is highlighted within this region.
To better understand the potential regulatory utility of pgm, we focused on its specific expression pattern across various tissues and developmental stages. Although pgm is not among the highest-expressing genes, it exhibits remarkably low variance, which is a crucial feature for Plant SynBio, where predictable and stable gene expression is often more valuable than sheer expression strength.
Figure 3: Normalized counts of pgm across various tissue types and developmental stages using DESeq2’s median of ratios normalization method. Each bar shows the mean normalized count for pgm across the samples, with error bars indicating the standard deviation. The dots represent individual biological replicates for each sample.
To quantify $nicknames expression stability more precisely, we summarized key statistical measures derived from both the VST and regularized log transformations.
Genetic Context and Gene Structure
Figure 4: Genomic map showing the distribution of selected genes across nine chromosomes (Chr 1 to Chr 9). The scale on the left represents chromosome lengths in megabases (Mb). The positions of the genes are indicated along the chromosomes, with the gene pgm emphasized in bold.
Understanding the genomic context of genes provides insights into their potential regulatory mechanisms and interactions with neighboring genes, which can be critical for their function. The genomic map in Figure X illustrates the distribution of our selected genes across the nine chromosomes of T. kok-saghyz.
Corresponding Protein and Function
Figure 5: Hierarchical overview of Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with the pgm protein, as predicted by eggNOG during the annotation process. The GO terms are organized into categories representing Molecular Function, Biological Process, and Cellular Component, showing the relationships and hierarchies between them. This visualization was generated using the EBI"s QuickGO tool and provides a detailed breakdown of the functional annotations associated with the pgm gene.
The hierarchical GO view included more detail than needed, making it difficult to digest. Inspired by the GO ribbon on UniProt, which offers a simplified summary of gene functions, we sought a similar visualization for our gene. However, no tools were available to create such visualizations for non-model organisms.
To address this, we developed our own tool to map the GO terms to the "plant slimset", a condensed version of GO terms specifically tailored to highlight key functional categories in plants. This approach enabled us to create a ribbon diagram summarizing the gene"s GO annotations across Biological Process, Molecular Function, and Cellular Component.
Figure 6: Ribbon diagram summarizing GO annotations for pgm. The diagram is divided into three sections—Biological Process, Molecular Function, and Cellular Component—each representing high-level GO terms. The color gradient from white to green indicates the number of corresponding annotations, with deeper shades representing higher values.
Testing & Measurement
Dual Fluorescence Reporter Assay
Experiments in plant biology are often susceptible to high variability, with factors like transformation efficiency, cell viability, and environmental conditions contributing to noisy results.
To mitigate these issues, we employed a dual fluorescence reporter assay. In this setup, both the target and reference proteins are expressed from the same plasmid, allowing for precise and reliable characterization.
Using a second, constant fluorescence reporter as an internal reference allows us to normalize the readout, ensuring that observed fluorescence accurately reflect the activity of the regulatory elements under study, independent of external factors.
Figure 13: SBOL scheme of our Tarakate - consensus measurement construct [BBa_K5088677].
Choice of Reporter Genes
For our initial round of testing, we evaluated a construct design using the plant GFP from the iGEM distribution kit as a reporter system.
In our initial experiments, we were unable to detect any fluorescence in dandelion leaf infiltrations or protoplast transformations. To troubleshoot, we tested the construct in tobacco leaf infiltrations. This process required several rounds of protocol optimization before we finally achieved positive GFP expression in tobacco leaves. After further adjustments, we also obtained very low GFP signals in dandelion protoplasts.
Despite these optimizations, the signal strength remained weak, registering only about three times above background levels. This indicated that the system was still not sensitive enough for effective promoter characterization. The avGFP from the iGEM distribution kit, an older and less bright variant, likely contributed to the low signal observed.
To address this, we switched to a more advanced GFP variant, eGFP, known for its higher brightness. Moreover we did extensive literature research and found out that Agrobacterium is able to use some plant promoters, leading to fluorescence that would be indistinguishable from the plant tissue"s expression.
Therefore we decided to introduce the potato ST-LS1 intron into the eGFP coding sequence to prevent Agrobacterium from expressing GFP, as this has been described as a suitable strategy for that problem.
A further challenge we encountered was the variability in transformation efficiency during Agrobacterium-mediated leaf infiltration and protoplast transformation. This variability made it difficult to perform quantitative measurements of the individual regulatory parts across biological replicates. To overcome this issue, we adopted the previously reported ratiometric approach by incorporating a second reporter gene in each construct. This reference reporter is located on the same plasmid as the GFP to minimize noise and provide a reliable normalization standard for more accurate quantitative analysis. To read more about the optimization of our reporter construct visit our engineering page
Transient Transformation
The characterization of genetic parts is crucial for understanding their functionality and behavior within a host organism. However, this process presents significant challenges, particularly when working with plants, due to the time-intensive nature of stable transformation. Stable transformation involves the integration of foreign DNA into the host genome, ensuring that the genetic modifications are inherited by subsequent generations. While this approach is crucial for characterizing the parts in their intended context, it also comes with certain drawbacks.
The process of developing stable transgenic lines is time-consuming and resource-intensive due to the need for multiple homozygous lines to ensure consistent and detectable transgene expression, which is also influenced by local genetic context. This can be especially challenging for iGEM projects. To address these challenges, transient transformation offers a faster and more efficient alternative for the rapid characterization of genetic parts.
Transient transformation enables temporary expression of a reporter construct without the need for stable integration into the host genome, significantly reducing the time required to obtain results and allowing for faster iteration and optimization of genetic constructs. Techniques such as leaf infiltration and protoplast assays are already standard in plant biology when working with model organisms like Nicotiana benthamiana. We opted to use these methods in Taraxacum and optimize these methods in order to test genetic constructs in an easier fashion.
Leaf Infiltration
Leaf infiltration is a technique used to introduce foreign DNA, proteins, or molecules into plant tissues, enabling transient gene expression without stable transformation and commonly used in Nicotiana benthamiana. It involves infiltrating a solution to the leaf surface, allowing for rapid, non-permanent expression of target genes. This method offers several benefits, including fast results, cost-effectiveness by bypassing the need for transgenic plants, and versatility in testing gene constructs or protein interactions.
We utilized the method outlined in “Genetic transformation technologies for the common dandelion, Taraxacum officinale.”
Figure 14: Workflow illustration for leaf infiltration in Taraxacum species.
Experiments were conducted using Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 and the RNA silencing suppressor P19 in Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101. Both strains were cultured to an optical density (OD600) of 0.6–0.8, harvested by centrifugation, and washed twice with infiltration buffer to remove proteins from Agrobacterium that stress the plants and hinder the transformation process. The infiltration solution was adjusted to an OD600 of 0.1 in infiltration buffer, supplemented with 10 µM acetosyringone, and incubated in the dark for 3 hours.
Three- to four-week-old Taraxacum plants were infiltrated by injecting the solution into the abaxial surface of the leaves using a 1 mL syringe without a needle. Four days post-infiltration, the plants were screened for gene expression to assess transformation efficiency (Figure 2). Read more detailed protocol here: Leaf infiltration protocol.
Additionally, we modified the protocol by heavily watering the plants and covering it with a hood for 3 hours prior to infiltration to facilitate the opening of leaf stomata, thus enhancing the ease of infiltration.
Protoplast Transformation
Protoplast transformation introduces foreign DNA into plant cells without cell walls, enabling rapid gene expression and precise genetic modification. It offers high efficiency and allows researchers to study cellular processes in a controlled environment, making it a key tool in functional genomics. Furthermore, it is possible to regenerate whole transgenic plants from transformed protoplasts by culturing them in a suitable regeneration medium supplemented with specific hormones that promote cell division, callus formation, and shoot regeneration.
As a starting point, we received guidance from Prof Dr Dirk Prüfer, who provided a method for efficient protoplast isolation. For protoplast transfection, we employed techniques described in the publications “Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis” and “Genetic transformation technologies for the common dandelion, Taraxacum officinale.” We further refined these methods through multiple cycles of optimization to adapt them for our system.
Figure 15: Illustration of Taraxacum protoplast transformation >
Our experiment utilized four-week-old Taraxacum plants, where the third to fifth leaves were gently scratched on the abaxial side to remove the outer cell layer. The leaves were then submerged in 10 mL of enzyme solution (1% cellulase R-10 and 0,5% macerozyme R-10) and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 4 hours, with gentle swirling indicating protoplast release. The mixture was filtered through a 100 µm cell strainer and centrifuged, resulting in floating protoplasts, enzyme solution, and cell debris. The debris and enzyme solution were removed, and the protoplasts were washed and counted using a hemacytometer.
For transfection, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used with 20 µg of plasmid DNA and 20,000 protoplasts. After a 15-minute dark incubation, the mixture was transferred to a protoplast-optimized solution. Gene expression in the transformed protoplasts was observed between 15 and 24 hours post-transfection (Figure 4).
Read more detailed protocol here here: Protoplast transformation protocol.
We determined that the number of protoplasts increased with extended incubation times of Taraxacum leaves in the enzyme solution. However, a 4-hour incubation was optimal, as longer durations led to reduced protoplast viability. To minimize damage from protoplast proteases, we maintained the protoplasts on ice during all washing steps. Additionally, we observed higher transformation efficiency when the protoplasts were incubated in the dark during the transfection process, likely due to reduced stress and activation of defense mechanisms in the protoplasts.
Measurement Setup
Leaf Disk Measurement
Figure 16: Schematic representation of the ratiometric measurement system used for the characterization of regulatory parts in T. kok-saghyz. The process begins with (1) the preparation of the infiltration solution, followed by (2) leaf infiltration using a syringe. After (3) a 4-day incubation period, leaf disks are (4) punched out and placed in a 96-well plate. (5) The samples are measured using a plate reader, and (6) ratiometric analysis is conducted, comparing eGFP and mCherry signals for quantitative characterization of the regulatory parts.
Protoplast Measurement
Figure 17: Schematic illustration of protoplast assay platereader measurement.
Results
Protoplast Assay
Figure: Protoplast assay using Taraxacum kok-sagyhz. Shown are (A) eGFP expression, (B) mCherry expression and (C) ratiometric between those two.
Leaf Infilitration Assay
Figure: Leaf infiltration assay using Nicotiana benthamiana. Shown are (A) eGFP expression, (B) mCherry expression and (C) ratiometric between those two.
The Dandelion Toolbox
Our project aimed to advance the genetic engineering of dandelions by developing a robust set of constitutive regulatory parts. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified 40 endogenous elements. To ensure precise and reliable testing, we constructed a ratiometric measurement system, enabling effective and quantitative characterization of these parts.
We employed three distinct plant transformation methods to test and validate the functionality of the regulatory elements. Through rigorous testing, we successfully characterized 23 out of the initial 40 elements, resulting in a comprehensive collection of standardized dandelion parts. This well-characterized suite of parts is designed to streamline future complex genetic engineering projects.
By providing these standardized tools, our project significantly lowers the barriers for researchers and iGEM teams, making Taraxacum kok-saghyz a more accessible and versatile chassis for plant synthetic biology. Ultimately, our work contributes to enhancing dandelion as a model organism and supporting sustainable natural rubber production.
Overview
| Part Identifier | Part Type | Nickname | Part Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| BBa_K5088001 | Promoter + 5'UTR | P_RPL28 | Large subunit ribosomal protein L28e - Promoter+5'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088006 | Promoter + 5'UTR | P_FKBP4_5 | FK506-binding protein 4/5 - Promoter+5'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088007 | Promoter + 5'UTR | P_CLTC | Clathrin - Promoter+5'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088008 | Promoter + 5'UTR | P_RPL31 | Large subunit ribosomal protein L31e - Promoter+5'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088012 | Promoter + 5'UTR | P_Tubulin | Tubulin - Promoter+5'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088013 | Promoter + 5'UTR | P_EIF5A | Translation initiation factor 5A - Promoter+5'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088102 | 3'UTR | T_PTI1 | Protein tyrosine kinase - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088103 | 3'UTR | T_RPL28 | Large subunit ribosomal protein L28e - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088104 | 3'UTR | T_EPS15 | Epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15 - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088105 | 3'UTR | T_GSK3B | Glycogen synthase kinase 3 - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088106 | 3'UTR | T_MGRN1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088107 | 3'UTR | T_RPL35A | Large subunit ribosomal protein L35Ae - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088108 | 3'UTR | T_betB | Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088109 | 3'UTR | T_pgm | Phosphoglucomutase - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088110 | 3'UTR | T_ATP-synt | ATPase subunit gamma - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088111 | 3'UTR | T_EIF3B | Translation initiation factor 3 subunit B - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088112 | 3'UTR | T_RPL31 | Large subunit ribosomal protein L31e - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088113 | 3'UTR | T_TM9SF2_4 | Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 2/4 - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088114 | 3'UTR | T_CUL1 | Cullin - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088115 | 3'UTR | T_PSMB6 | 20S proteasome subunit beta 1 - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088116 | 3'UTR | T_RPSA | Small subunit ribosomal protein SAe - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088117 | 3'UTR | T_VPS4 | Vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 4 - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
| BBa_K5088118 | 3'UTR | T_EIF2S3 | Translation initiation factor 2 subunit 3 - 3'UTR from T. kok-saghyz |
Dandelion Handbook
By creating a suite of genetic tools and transformation methods, and sharing them through our Dandelion Handbook, we believe that dandelions can serve as an excellent chassis for numerous applications. We aim to inspire future iGEM teams to harness the unique properties of dandelions for a variety of promising projects.
Dandelions have demonstrated their versatility, being used as a coffee alternative and in various food applications such as salads, wine, and honey. Additionally, their ability to naturally hyperaccumulate environmental pollutants, including heavy metals, highlights their potential for bioremediation applications.
By equipping future iGEM teams with these resources, we aspire to unlock the full potential of dandelions, paving the way for sustainable and diverse synthetic biology applications.
Click here to look at our Dandelion Handbook
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