Part:BBa_K1583000

CsgA

This basic part contains the csgA gene. It is used in the biobrick BBa_K1583100 in combination with the rhamnose inducible promoter (BBa_K914003).

CsgA is a protein monomer which can aggregate to form amyloid nanowires in natural biofilms of E.coli. This protein is transported as an unfolded protein out of the cell. Outside the cell CsgA proteins self-assemble into nanowires after nucleation on the membrane protein CsgB. CsgC prevents CsgA proteins from self-assembling inside the cell and the transport is ensured by the proteins CsgEFG.

This part was improved by Team SHSBNU_China as BBa_K2684006. By fusing a peptide domain SpyTag, different artificial function can be introduced to biofilm through SpyTag-SpyCatcher Chemistry.

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

• 10
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
• 12
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
• 21
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
• 23
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
• 25
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
• 1000
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

Characterization

This basic part is used in the biobrick (BBa_K1583100). BBa_K1583100 was characterized in three different experiments:

• Fluorescence assay
• Crystal Violet assay
• Transmission electron microscopy

Fluorescence assay

To be able to ensure that CsgA is expressed, we added a gene encoding for GFPmut3 (BBa_I13504) under induction of the same rhamnose promoter (BBa_K1583112) to check that the promoter works. In this experiment, the fluorescence signal of our csgA construct and csgA-GFP (I13504) constructs was recorded in time after induction with no, 0.2% (w/v) or 0.5% (w/v) rhamnose. Besides the fluorescence, the OD600 was measured in order to normalize the fluorescence signal per cell.All conditions were carried out in triplicates to be able to do a statistical analysis on the data. The different experiments were induced in a 96 well plate. The OD600 and fluorescence signal was recorded in a plate reader during a 18 hour period of induction at 30°C.

In figure 1, the fluorescent signal was normalized by the number of cells and plotted as a function of time. The red bars denote the error within each ID.

Figure 1: Fluorescence signal normalized by the number of cells for 0% (w/v), 0.2% (w/v) and 0.5% (w/v) rhamnose with the csgA and csgA-GFPmut3 construct. The error bars are included for all experiments.

As can be seen from figure 1, only the experiments with 0.2% (w/v) and 0.5% (w/v) rhamnose induction with the csgA-GFPmut3 construct gave a clear increase in fluorescence signal in time. All other experiments, gave similar levels of fluorescence, slightly increasing in time. Furthermore, it can be seen that a higher induction level of rhamnose leads to an increase in GFPmut3 and thus fluorescence. Finally, as the fluorescence signal is normalized by the cell density, one can make statements about the activity of the rhamnose promoter. The promoter seems to not be active right after induction, but more after 3 or 4 hours. This is in accordance with data from literature (Wegerer et. al), in which a low amount of fluorescence with a rhamnose promoter was observed after 2 hours of induction.

With this kinetic experiment, we have proven that the rhamnose promoter does indeed induce the expression of the csgA gene.

Crystal violet assay

The assay above showed that the bacteria that we engineered for the project is capable of producing the CsgA proteins after induction with L-rhamnose. However, this did not yet prove that curli are formed. In order to assess whether our CsgA-producing bacteria can produce these nanowires, our team adapted the protocol from Zhou et al. (2013) that employs crystal violet (methyl violet 10B) for dying the biofilm-making bacteria that attaches to the surface. In the experiment, our CsgA-producing strain of E. coli is induced at a high (0.5% w/v), low (0.2% w/v) and no (0% w/v) concentration of L-rhamnose. Furthermore, csgA deficient bacteria transformed with an empty plasmid (pSB1C3) are used as control (figure 2).

Figure 2: 96-well plate used to test the curli formation capability of our designed constructs. The first two rows (A-B) contained cultures with 0% w/v of rhamnose. The columns D-E and G-H were inducted with L-rhamnose to a final concentration of 0.2% (w/v) and 0.5% (w/v) respectively. The green boxes show the strains carrying BBa_K1583100, and the red ones the control strain with pSB1C3.

In the end, the wells were diluted with ethanol so all the content can dissolve in the liquid phase. We measured the absorbance at 590 nm of wavelength for all the samples, obtaining the following results (figure 3).

Figure 3: Microtiter Plate Assay results for testing curli formation. CTRL0, CTRL2 and CTRL5 are E. coli K-12 MG1655 PRO ΔcsgA ompR234 cells with pSB1C3, used as a control. CSGA0, CSGA2 and CSGA5 are E. coli K-12 MG1655 PRO ΔcsgA ompR234 cells with BBa_K1583000. The termination 0, 2 and 5 denote the induction with no rhamnose (0), 0.2% w/v (2) and 0.5% w/v (5).

The cells induced with l-rhamnose showed an increased absorbance at 590 (the peak of the dye) when compared to the empty-plasmid controls, and also with the non-induced sample. That results clearly demonstrate how our engineered cells with BBa_K1583100 successfully make biofilms, regarding that the empty plasmid controls and the analysed samples have significantly (Table 1.) higher crystal violet retention. On the other hand, a higher concentration of rhamnose is not leading to a higher expression. The cells induced with a 0.2% w/v of rhamnose seem to create better a biofilm structure. However, this could be a consequence of different growth patterns; the cultures induced with 0.5% w/v of rhamnose could have stopped duplicating earlier, so the cell concentration could have decreased. So, the dyed area could be consequently smaller.

Sample	p-value	Significant difference (10%)
CTRL2 & CSGA2	0.0426	Yes
CTRL5 & CSGA5	0.0646	Yes
CTRL0 & CTRL2	0.5034	No
CTRL0 & CTRL5	0.9113	No

With the experiments described previously we achieved nanowire formation with strains containing the BBa_K1583100 biobrick.

Transmission electron microscopy

In order to determine the persistence lenght of the nanowires, we wanted to visualize the nanowires produced by our engineered bacteria (Figure 4). To be able to do so we used TEM to image the cells.

Figure 4: TEM images (magnification 7300 x). The left picture shows uninduced cells (0% Rhamnose).The picture on the right shows cells incubated with 1% (w/v) rhamnose.

We did not observe formation of curli nanowires in the uninduced cultures of our strain. However, cells from induced cells clearly produced them, as supported by the TEM images.

Reference

Wegerer, A., Sun, T. and Altenbuchner and J., 2008. "Optimization of an E. coli L-rhamnose-inducible expression vector: test of various genetic module combinations”, BMC Biotechnology, 8:2

Zhou, Kang, Kangjian Qiao, Steven Edgar, and Gregory Stephanopoulos. 2015. “Distributing a Metabolic Pathway among a Microbial Consortium Enhances Production of Natural Products.” Nature Biotechnology 33(4): 377–83.