User:Scmohr/Antibiotic-res cat page

Introduction to Antibiotic Resistance

The established mechanisms of antibiotic resistance include the following:

1. Enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic [famously (a). beta-lactamases that destroy penicillins and related compounds and (b) enzymes that acetylate chloramphenicol].
2. Proteins that keep antibiotics out of the cell (by blocking the outer-membrane pores).
3. Membrane-embedded channel proteins that actively pump antibiotics out of the cell.
4. Proteins (and RNAs) with altered drug binding sites. (Vancomycin resistance comes from a switch in the chemistry of the cell-wall cross-linking peptide). This category also includes mutations in ribosomal RNA -- ribosomes are one of the main targets of both prokaryote- and eukaryote-directed antibiotics.
5. Proteins that enable substitution of an alternative metabolic pathway (as in the case of sulfonamide resistance).

More details about antibiotic resistance can be found at __________________.

Antibiotic-Resistance Basic Parts by Category

NB Parts listed in boldface are "good" parts ["Available" and (in most cases) "Work"]. Parts in plain type are poorly characterized. Letters in parentheses () refer to the specific antibiotic that relates to the part. See Plasmid/Nomenclature for definitions of the abbreviations.

1. Antibiotic-inactivating Enzymes

BBa_J23012(S)

BBa_J31002(K)

BBa_J31003(K)

BBa_J31004(C)

BBa_J31005(C)

BBa_J42020(S/ST)

BBa_J42021(S/ST)

3. Membrane-embedded Efflux Pumps

BBa_J31006(T)

BBa_J31007(T)

BBa_R0040(T)

4. Altered Target Molecules

BBa_J42010(St)

Antibiotic-Resistance Devices by Category

These are BioBrick composite parts that contain (one or more?) antibiotic resistance components.

3. With Membrane-embedded Efflux Pumps

BBa_J69602

5. Containing Components of Alternative Metabolic Pathways

Note: Antibiotic resistance genes are present in most of the plasmids supplied by the Registry (see Plasmid).

WHAT ABOUT THE VARIOUS CELL LINES OFFERED AS CHASSIS?

Useful Information about Antibiotic Resistance

Links

Aminoglycoside Resistance

This category includes kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin, tobramycin, amikacin...

http://www.antibioresistance.be/aminoglycosides.html

http://openwetware.org/wiki/Kanamycin

Tetracycline Resistance

This category includes three different resistance mechanisms. Related antibiotics are tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin. Note that the TetR gene encodes a very popular repressor that is frequently used in synthetic biology simply as a single control element in cells that do not express tetracycline resistance. [Check this.]

http://www.antibioresistance.be/Tetracycline/Menu_Tet.html

http://openwetware.org/wiki/Tetracycline

http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/4/387

Miscellaneous Information about Antibiotic Resistance in the Registry

1. Items with Antibiotic-inactivating Enzymes

Plasmids

The 98 well-characterized, available plasmids in the Registry, have the following resistance characteristics:

• Ampicillin(A) -- 54
• Chloramphenicol(C) -- 9
• Gentamycin -- 0
• Kanamycin(K)-- 9
• Tetracycline(T)-- 2
• AK -- 18
• AC -- 2
• AT -- 2
• AG -- 1
• AGK -- 1

BBa_K125000

Cells

BBa_V1016

BBa_V1019

3. Items with Membrane-embedded Efflux Pumps

Plasmids

BBa_J69602