Safety/Listeriolysin and Invasin
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What are Listeriolysin and Invasin?
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a protein from the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, which is a [http://2014.igem.org/Safety/Risk_Group_Guide Risk Group 2] human pathogen. LLO is a virulence factor, because it helps Listeria infect human cells. Specifically, once the Listeria have been taken up into vesicles in the cytoplasm of a human cell, the LLO protein breaks open the vesicle membrane, releasing Listeria into the host cell cytoplasm.
Invasin is a protein from the bacterium Yersinia pestis (Peste or Black Plague), which is a [http://2014.igem.org/Safety/Risk_Group_Guide Risk Group 3] human pathogen. Invasin is also a virulence factor. Invasin helps Y. pestis invade human cells.