Part:BBa_K525710

DNA ligase from Escherichia coli (LigA) with PT7, RBS and His-tag

Usage and Biology

Bacterial DNA ligases are important enzymes for DNA repair and replication. They use NAD⁺ as a cofactor to bind hydrolysed AMP to the active site lysine under release of NMN. AMP is used to catalyse the formation of a phosphodiester bond in nicked DNA by transferring AMP to the 5'-phosphate group. This results in an attack of the nick 3'-OH on the 5'-phosphoanhydride linkage and release of free AMP:

During the reaction mechanism the DNA ligases functional domains undergo conformational changes promoting intra- and intermolecular interactions. The domains are highly conserved throughout the bacterial kingdom and categorized in the following way:

• Domain 1: Ia, Ib (NTase)
  
• Domain 2: Oligomer-binding (OB) beta-barrel
  
• Domain 3: Zinc (Zn)-finger, helix-hairpin-helix motif (HhH)
  
• Domain 4: BRCT domain
  

The NAD⁺-dependent DNA ligase from E. coli (LigA) can be applied to biochemical studies ranging from cloning procedures and enzymatic assays to biomedical investigations. For instance, the purified enzyme can contribute to in vitro experiments dealing with antibiotic drug design because bacterial DNA ligases are essential for fundamental life-sustaining processes and differentiate from eukaryotic DNA ligases due to their specifity for NAD⁺ as a cofactor.

Important parameters

Experiment	Characteristic	Result
Expression
	Compatibility	E. coli KRX
	Promoter	PT7
	Induction of expression	L-rhamnose for induction of T7 polymerase
	Optimal temperature	37 °C
Purification
	Number of amino acids	678
	Molecular weight	74.59 kDa
	Theoretical pI	5.59
	Extinction coefficient at 280 nm measured in water [M-1 cm-1]	37400 (assuming all pairs of Cys residues form cystines) 36900 (assuming all Cys residues are reduced)
	Tag	C-terminal 6xHis
NAD+ detection
	Limit of detection	2 nM

Sequence and Features

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

• 10
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
• 12
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
• 21
  INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]

  Illegal BglII site found at 1449
  
• 23
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
• 25
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
• 1000
  INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

  Illegal SapI.rc site found at 1663
  

Purification of LigA

Expression of LigA in E. coli is an appropriate opportunity to produce the recombinant protein LigA in a large scale. The protein was overexpressed in E. coli KRX after induction of T7 polymerase by supplementation of 0,1 % rhamnose. Cell harvest was performed after 4 h further growth at 37 °C. After enzymatic cell lysis the protein could be purified with the help of Ni-NTA columns utilizing the proteins C-terminal His-tag. As shown in figure 1 the majority was eluted with 100 mM imidazole. The gel bands were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS and the peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) analysis clearly identified the purified protein as LigA. As it is reported LigA usually occurs in its adenylated form after extraction from E. coli. Depending on whether the protein should be in its deadenylated form for further applications a treatment with an excess of NMN for deadenylation is possible.

Figure 1: SDS-PAGE analysis of LigA after His-tag purification. The cleared lysate from BBa_K525710 overexpressing E. coli KRX cells was loaded on a HisTrap™ FF crude column (1 mL), the protein was eluted with imidazole and collected in 1 mL fractions. The expected molecular weight is about 75 kDa. M: prestained protein marker.

NAD⁺ detection

LigA can be applied to a molecular beacon based bioassay detecting NAD⁺ even in very low concentrations. For this two important requirements have to be fulfilled: the purified LigA has to be in its deadenylated form so that DNA ligation occurs only in presence of NAD⁺. Furthermore, molecular beacons have to be designed appropriately so that they stay in their closed state under the chosen conditions and after hybridization to a split target. Not before LigA ligates the split target in a NAD⁺-dependent manner the molecular beacon is supposed to form its open state resulting in an increase of fluorescence intensity.
The proof for a valid NAD⁺ detection system which has been used for characterization of LigA is shown in figures 2 and 3. The molecular beacon formed its open state after hybridization to a complementary target so that the close proximity of the fluorophor and the quencher broke up. After excitation with light a 45.52-fold increase in fluorescence intensity compared to the background signal (molecular beacon alone) could be determined. By contrast, this was not the case after using a complementary split target hybridzied to the molecular beacon because the signal-to-background ratio was just 3.36. This shows that the split target was not able to reach the molecular beacons open state, but the complete target did so. Thus, this approach is useful to measure LigA activity and therefore detect NAD⁺.

Figure 2: Signal-to-background ratio (S/B) determination of 6-FAM labeled molecular beacon in presence of a complementary target. Calculated S/B: 45.52 (n = 3).

Figure 3: Signal-to-background ratio (S/B) determination of 6-FAM labeled molecular beacon in presence of a complementary split target. Calculated S/B: 3.36 (n = 3).

For the NAD⁺ bioassay the molecular beacon was preincubated with the split target at 37 °C. After the fluorescence intensity reached equilibrium purified and deadenylated LigA was added in a final concentration of 5 ng/µL followed by NAD⁺ addition (figure 4). First of all, there was only little increase in fluorescence intensity after LigA addition indicating that the pretreatment with NMN for deadenylation was successful. In a separate experiment with LigA that was not pretreated with NMN a continous increase in fluorescence intensity was observed (data not shown). This leads to the suggestion that an excess of NMN supports deadenylation reaction of LigA which makes the enzyme suitable for NAD⁺ detection. After NAD⁺ addition the fluorescence intensity increased distinctly while the fluorescence enhancement rate was dependent on the employed NAD⁺ concentration. This phenomenon is illustrated in figure 5 which describes the fluorescence increase after normalization of all fluorescence values to the first measured value for each measurement series (NAD⁺ concentration) from figure 4.

Figure 4: NAD⁺ can be detected utilizing the LigA NAD⁺-dependence. For this a NAD⁺ bioassay was applied using 250 nM molecular beacon hybridized to a split target. The purified LigA was pretreated with NMN for deadenylation and added at a final concentration of 5 ng/µL. After NAD⁺ addition in different concentrations (not completely listed) the target got ligated so that the molecular beacon formed its open state resulting in an increase of fluorescence intensity (n = 4).

Figure 5: The initial fluorescence enhancement rate is dependent on the NAD⁺ concentration. For illustration the fluorescence intensity is normalized for each measurement series to the first measured fluorescence value from figure 4 after NAD⁺ addition (n = 4).

As expected the initial enhancement rate of fluorescence intensity reached almost saturation as soon as using NAD⁺ concentrations higher then 250 nM which matched the employed molecular beacon concentration. In this case the molecular beacon, the second substrate for LigA, ought to be the limiting factor for the enzymatic reaction, but not the NAD⁺ which is supposed to be detected. Anyway, there seems to exist a linear dependence for the NAD⁺ concentration and the initial enhancement rate of fluorescence for NAD⁺ concentrations below the molecular beacon concentration. This is shown in figure 6 in which the linear dependence is indicated by linear regression of the data. As you can see the NAD⁺ concentration correlates with the average of fluorescence enhancement rate in 200 s after NAD⁺ addition (initial velocity) in a linear way as long as the NAD⁺ concentration was kept below the systems capacity. This means that a specific fluorescence enhancemant rate is characteristic for a particular NAD⁺ concentration caused by a fixed affinity of LigA and NAD⁺ as a limiting substrate for DNA ligation.

Figure 6: Initial velocity calibration curve for NAD⁺. The initial velocity, calculated from the average fluorescence enhancement rate in 200 s after NAD⁺ addition as shown in figure 4, is plotted versus the employed NAD⁺ concentration. Data is fitted with linear regression for NAD⁺ concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 nM (R² = 0.991, n = 4).

The fluorescence intensity enhancement is supposed to be caused by LigA ligating the split target in a NAD⁺-dependent manner. This becomes clearly first due to the absence of fluorescence intensity increase for the negative control (0 nM NAD⁺) and second due to the lengthy fluorescence enhancement after NAD⁺ addition suggesting enzymatic activity by LigA. This could be directly visualized by taking pictures of the reactions endpoint. As illustrated in figure 7 the fluorescence intensity for added LigA and NAD⁺ reached nearly the same level as for the positive control (complete target). This was not the case when NAD⁺ was missing in the reaction mix with LigA and the split target.

Figure 7: Imaging the NAD⁺-dependence of LigA. The fluorescence intensities of 500 nM molecular beacon alone, added with 600 nM complementary target, 600 nM complementary split target or 5 ng/µL LigA and NAD⁺ show that LigA ligates the split target only in presence of NAD⁺ resulting in a fluorescence intensity comparable to the one for the complete target. Image was generated with a laser scanner and colored subsequently.

Selectivity test

The specifity of LigA for its substrate NAD⁺ is important in order to couple the NAD⁺ detection with investigated processes including NADH-dependent enzyme reactions. The verification of the selectivity is an important matter to exclude any unspecific reactions which might result in a NAD⁺-independent fluorescence enhancement. Hence, a selectivity test for LigA was performed with the analytes NADH, NADP⁺, NADPH, 3-ADAP (NAD⁺ with an exchanged functional group at the nicotinamide ring system), ATP and ADP, and the relative fluorescence enhancement rates in a NAD⁺ bioassay were compared with the one for NAD⁺ (figure 8).

Figure 8: LigA shows high selectivity for NAD⁺. The final concentration of all analytes was 100 nM. The responses were evaluated on the basis of the average fluorescence enhancement rate in a range of 200 s after addition of each analyte into the NAD⁺ bioassay. The dotted line marks the threshold indicating the intensity of background signal. All data are normalized to the NAD⁺ value (n = 2).

The negative control (H₂O) shows that there was a small background signal about 5 % of the signal that was produced by NAD⁺ when using 100 nM of analytes. This marks a threshold for fluorescence enhancement which is caused by the employed analyte. NADH, NADPH and ATP were similar to the negative control and can thereby seen as analytes that do not enable DNA ligation by LigA. Only the values for the three analytes NADP⁺, 3-APAD and ADP were above the threshold, but they were constantly below 10 % of the NAD⁺ signal. This leads to the suggestion that LigA ist highly selective for NAD⁺ even in presence of structurally similar analytes. This makes the NAD⁺ bioassay and the associated enzyme LigA suitable for investigating NADH-dependent enzyme reactions or measuring NAD⁺ in biological analyte mixtures such as cell lysates.

Coupled enzyme reaction

The coupling of the LigA including NAD⁺ detection system was performed with a NADH-dependent enzymatic reaction which was in concrete the conversion of pyruvate to L-lactate by lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) from E. coli. For this the LDH reaction was done with an excess of NADH and various pyruvate concentrations. Afterwards, the reaction mix was transferred to a NAD⁺ bioassay and the fluorescence intensity was monitored. In figure 9 the normalized initial fluorescence enhancement rates for the employed pyruvate concentrations are indicated. The calculated initial velocity was then plotted against the pyruvate concentration (figure 10).

Figure 9: Fluorescence enhancement rate after addition of LDH reaction mix with various pyruvate concentrations into a LigA-dependent NAD⁺ bioassay. 50 ng/µL LDH was preincubated with 100 µM NADH and different pyruvate concentrations for 2 min at 37 °C. 1 µL of the LDH reaction mix was then added to a NAD⁺ bioassay, composed of a nicked DNA substrate (250 nM molecular beacon hybridized to a split target) and 6.5 ng/µL LigA, and the fluorescence intensity was monitored. For illustration the fluorescence intensity is normalized for each measurement series to the first measured fluorescence value after LDH reaction mix addition (n = 4).

Figure 10: Initial velocity calibration curve for pyruvate. The initial velocity, calculated from the average fluorescence enhancement rate in 100 s after LDH reaction mix addition into a LigA-dependent NAD⁺ bioassay, is plotted versus the employed pyruvate concentration. Data is fitted with linear regression for pyruvate concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 µM (R² = 0.991, n = 4).

The addition of the LDH reaction mix resulted in a characteristic fluorescence enhancement rate depending on the employed pyruvate concentration. The existing correlation between both parameters seemed to be a linear dependence. That the signal for 0 µM was remarkably high could be the result of an pyruvate-independent tranfer of electrons from NADH to the active site histidine of LDH under formation of NAD⁺. The limit of detection for pyruvate seemed to be near 1 µM pyruvate. That this value was not in nano molarity scale is firstly caused by 100-fold dilution of the LDH reaction mix after addition to the NAD⁺ bioassay and secondly by the fact that LDH does not necessarily converte 100 % of the pyruvate to L-lactate. Nevertheless, for the LigA based NAD⁺ detection system it has been proven that it can be coupled to NADH-dependent enzymatic reactions. This makes the NAD⁺ bioassay suitable for a wide range of biological studies dealing with the ubiquitous cofactors NADH/NAD⁺.

Molecular cloning

Because DNA ligase from E. coli is commercially aquirable for cloning purposes LigA (BBa_K525710) was tested whether it is also suitable for molecular cloning procedures. Cloning of rfp into a pSB1C3 vector was performed with LigA. Ligation was done at 37 °C or 22 °C and the vectors were transformed into E. coli KRX by electroporation. After growth over night at 37 °C on petri dishes the results were documented (figure 11).

Figure 11: rfp cloning without any ligase. The picture shows the grown colonies after transformation of a control sample (rfp and cut pSB1C3) into E. coli KRX.

Figure 12: rfp cloning with ligation at 37 °C by DNA ligase from E. coli (LigA). The picture shows the grown colonies after transformation of a ligation sample (rfp and cut pSB1C3 incubated with E. coli DNA ligase) into E. coli KRX.

Figure 13: rfp cloning with ligation at 22 °C by DNA ligase from E. coli (LigA). The picture shows the grown colonies after transformation of a ligation sample (rfp and cut pSB1C3 incubated with E. coli DNA ligase) into E. coli KRX.

By analysing the number of colony forming units and color of the colonies the ligation efficiency of LigA should be assessable. As shown for the sample without any ligase there were only a few clones able to grow on chloramphenicol supplemented LB-medium. But these did not show any color change to red which would indicate the presence and expression of rfp. This was the same when utilizing LigA for ligation at 37 °C. A much bigger number of clones was observed when ligation by LigA was performed at 22 °C. In this case there were a lot of red colonies indicating positive clones. Deductive, LigA might be useful for (large-scale) molecular cloning procedures which could be beneficial because of its easy production in E. coli and simple purification.

Conclusions

LigA, the NAD⁺-dependent DNA ligase from E. coli, can be utilized for a molecular beacon based bioassay detecting NAD⁺ in nano molarity scale (limit of detection: 2 nM). It has been shown that the NAD⁺ concentration determines the initial fluorescence enhancement rate as a result of ligation of the nicked DNA substrate (250 nM molecular beacon hybridized to a split target). There is a linear dependence for both parameters while the NAD⁺ concentration is kept below the molecular beacon concentration. By varying the molecular beacon concentration the range for linear dependence of NAD⁺ concentration and initial velocity of LigA might be expandable. Furthermore, LigA shows a high selectivity for NAD⁺ which means that DNA ligation upon NADH consumption does not occur. This enables NAD⁺ detection even in presence of structurally similar analytes like NADH, NADP⁺, NADPH, 3-ADAP, ATP or ADP. By meeting this requirements the NAD⁺ bioassay is suitable for investigations of coupled NADH-dependent enzyme reactions and monitoring of NAD⁺ pools in cell lysates. Finally, LigA seems to be suitable as a model system for bacterial DNA ligases due to the highly conserved functional domains throughout the bacterial kingdom. This could be useful in terms of antibiotic drug design utilizing the bacterial DNA ligases specifity for NAD⁺ as a cofactor.

Methods

Characterization of molecular beacons

Molecular beacons are nucleic acid probes that fluoresce upon hybridization to a complementary target. To check whether they are suitable for a NAD⁺ bioassay involving LigA they can be characterized by thermal profile analysis and determination of the signal-to-background ratio. Detailed background information, tools for the correct design of molecular beacons, a list of synthesis companies as well as protocols for the synthesis and characterization of molecular beacons can be found [http://www.molecular-beacons.com/default.htm here].
The used nucleic acids were designed as follows:

Name	Sequence	Label
Molecular beacon	5'-CCT CTC CGT GTC TTG TAC TTC CCG TCA GAG AGG-3'	5'-FAM, 3'-Dabcyl
Target	5'-GAC GGG AAG TAC AAG ACA C-3'
Split target	5'-TAC AAG ACA C-3'	5'-phosphate
	5'-GAC GGG AAG-3'

The molecular beacon was purchased from [http://www.eurogentec.com/eu-home.html Eurogentec] and labeled with 6-FAM (fluorophor) and Dabcyl (appropriate quencher for 6-FAM). For 6-FAM labeled molecular beacon the optimal excitation wavelength was 490 nm and the emission wavelength was 530 nm. All measurements were done in a spectrofluorometer and in NAD⁺ bioassay buffer (see chapter NAD⁺ bioassay) at 37 °C. The calculation of the signal-to-background ratio (S/B) is as follows:

Purification of LigA

The purification of the overexpressed LigA in E. coli was performed under native conditions and Ni-NTA columns were used utilizing the recombinant proteins C-terminal 6xHis-tag.

• Prepare an overnight culture of [http://www.promega.com/products/cloning-and-dna-markers/cloning-tools-and-competent-cells/bacterial-strains-and-competent-cells/single-step-_krx_-competent-cells/ E. coli KRX] carrying the plasmid with BBa_K525710 in 30 mL LB medium containing 20 µg mL^-1 chloramphenicol at 37 °C.
• Dilute the overnight culture in 100 mL autoinduction medium (LB medium supplemented with 0,1 % L-rhamnose and 20 µg mL^-1 chloramphenicol) to an OD₆₀₀=0.1 and harvest the cells after 4 h growth at 37 °C.
• Use the centrifuged cells immediately for protein purification or store them at -20 °C.
• Resuspend a cell culture pellet in 5 mL binding buffer (20 mM Na₃PO₄ pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole) per gramm biomass.
• Add 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mg/mL lysozyme as well as 5 Units benzonase nuclease per 1 mL cell culture volume and mix thoroughly.
• Incubate at 4 °C for 30 min.
• Centrifuge the lysate for 30 min at 10000 g (4 °C). Collect the supernatant (cleared lysate).
• Prepare a [http://www.gelifesciences.com/aptrix/upp01077.nsf/Content/Products?OpenDocument&moduleid=165904 HisTrap™ FF crude column] ([http://www.gelifesciences.com/aptrix/upp01077.nsf/Content/life-sciences_homepage GE Healthcare]) by equilibration with 5 column volumes of binding buffer. The following steps have to be performed at 4 °C.
• Load the cleared lysate onto the HisTrap™ FF crude column and collect flow-through.
• Wash the HisTrap™ FF crude column with 10 column volumes of binding buffer and collect flow-through.
• Elute the protein successively with 5 mL of binding buffer that contains different concentrations of imidazole (e.g. 40, 60, 100, 300 and 500 mM imidazole) and collect flow-through in 1 mL fractions.
• For centrifugal ultrafiltration use [http://www.sartorius-stedim.com/DE/en/Centrifugal-Ultrafiltration--Vivaspin-%26-Centrisart/Vivaspin-500/VS0111-VIVASPIN-500-5%2C000-MCWO-PES-25-BOX/6htcki6uex7/m8qc5rabaox/n8uj9p1cyz4/article.htm Vivaspin 500] ([http://www.sartorius.de/index.php?id=156&no_cache=1 Sartorius]) concentrators with a 5000 molecular weight cut-off PES membrane. Repeat the procedure several times by adding DNA ligase buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 20 % [v/v] Glycerol) for buffer exchange (remove of imidazole).
• Check each purification step and especially the purity of the protein in its final condition by SDS-PAGE analysis.
• Determine the protein concentration with a Bradford Protein Assay.
• For long-time storage keep the protein at -20 °C.

Deadenylation

The majority of purified DNA ligase from E. coli KRX is usually in the adenylated form. But only the apoenzyme is really useful for the NAD⁺ bioassay so that the AMP moiety has to be removed.

• Mix purified LigA with deadenylation buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 10 mM NMN) and incubate for 20 min at 37 °C.
• For centrifugal ultrafiltration use [http://www.sartorius-stedim.com/DE/en/Centrifugal-Ultrafiltration--Vivaspin-%26-Centrisart/Vivaspin-500/VS0111-VIVASPIN-500-5%2C000-MCWO-PES-25-BOX/6htcki6uex7/m8qc5rabaox/n8uj9p1cyz4/article.htm Vivaspin 500] ([http://www.sartorius.de/index.php?id=156&no_cache=1 Sartorius]) concentrators with a 5000 molecular weight cut-off PES membrane. Repeat the procedure several times by adding DNA ligase buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 20 % [v/v] Glycerol) for buffer exchange (remove of NMN and potentially formed NAD⁺).
• Determine the protein concentration with a Bradford Protein Assay.
• For long-time storage keep the protein at -20 °C.

NAD⁺ bioassay

• Prepare a master mix composed of 250 nM molecular beacon and 250 nM split target (notice that the 5'-end at the nick site has to be phosphorylated) in NAD⁺ bioassay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM DTT, 0.05 % BSA).
• Incubate for 20 min at 37 °C.
• Add 500 ng purified and deadenylated LigA (final concentration 5 ng/µL).
• Monitor the fluorescence with a spectrofluorometer at 37 °C and wait until it reaches equilibrium.
• Add 1 µL NAD⁺ in different final concentrations (e.g. 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 10000 nM) filling the reaction mix up to 100 µL, stirr shortly and monitor the fluorescence at 37 °C again.
• Determine the initial enhancement rate of fluorescence intensity for each NAD⁺ concentration (in a range of 200 s after NAD⁺ addition).
• For the calibration curve plot the initial velocity versus the NAD⁺ concentration.

Imaging

• It is a similar procedure to the one mentioned above except that you prepare 500 nM molecular beacon and 600 nM target or split target dissolved in bioassay buffer in a PCR tube.
• After incubation at 37 °C add 1000 ng LigA and possibly NAD⁺ in different concentrations filling the reaction mix up to 200 µL.
• Visualize the fluorescence in a laser scanner or UV transilluminator and document the results.

Selectivity test

• Follow the instructions for the NAD⁺ bioassay but use different analytes like NADH, NADP⁺, NADPH, [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?D7=0&N5=SEARCH_CONCAT_PNO%7CBRAND_KEY&N4=A5251%7CSIGMA&N25=0&QS=ON&F=SPEC 3-APAD], ATP, ADP or AMP in a final concentration of 100 nM.

Coupled enzyme reaction

• To check whether the NAD⁺ bioassay is suitable for the analysis of NADH-dependent enzymatic reactions it was coupled with the NADH-dependent conversion of pyruvate to L-lactic acid by [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?lang=de&N4=59747|SIGMA&N5=SEARCH_CONCAT_PNO|BRAND_KEY&F=SPEC lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH)] from E. coli.
• Prepare a master mix composed of 250 nM molecular beacon and 250 nM split target (notice that the 5'-end at the nick site has to be phosphorylated) in NAD⁺ bioassay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM DTT, 0.05 % BSA).
• Incubate for 20 min at 37 °C.
• Meanwhile, prepare a separate reaction mix composed of LDH reaction buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl), 100 µM NADH and 50 ng/µL LDH.
• Incubate for 5 min at 37 °C.
• Add 650 ng purified and deadenylated LigA to the molecular beacon reaction mix (final concentration 6.5 ng/µL).
• Monitor the fluorescence with a spectrofluorometer at 37 °C and wait until it reaches equilibrium.
• Add 1 µL pyruvate in different final concentrations (e.g. 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 µM) to the LDH reaction mix.
• Incubate for 2 min at 37 °C.
• Add 1 µL LDH reaction mix to the equilibrated NAD⁺ bioassay solution filling the reaction mix up to 100 µL, stirr shortly and monitor the fluorescence at 37 °C again.
• Determine the initial enhancement rate of fluorescence intensity for each pyruvate concentration (in a range of 100 s after LDH reaction mix addition).
• For the calibration curve plot the initial velocity versus the pyruvate concentration.

References

Gajiwala KS, Pinko C (2004) Structural Rearrangement Accompanying NAD⁺ Synthesis within a Bacterial DNA Ligase Crystal, [http://www.cell.com/structure/abstract/S0969-2126%2804%2900235-7 Structure 12(8):1449-1459].

Miesel L, Kravec C, Xin AT, McMonagle P, Ma S, Pichardo J, Feld B, Barrabee E, Palermo R (2007) High-throughput assay for the adenylation reaction of bacterial DNA ligase, [http://medical-journals.healia.com/doc/17493575/A-high-throughput-assay-for-the-adenylation-reaction-of-bacterial-DNA-ligase Analytical Biochemistry 366:9-17].

Nandakumar J, Nair PA, Shuman S (2007) Last Stop on the Road to Repair: Structure of E. coli DNA Ligase Bound to Nicked DNA-Adenylate, [http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765%2807%2900144-X Molecular Cell 26(2):257-271].

Tang Z, Liu P, Ma C, Yang X, Wang K, Tan W, Lv X (2011) Molecular Beacon Based Bioassay for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and the Activity of Alanine Aminotransferase, [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac102742k Anal Chem 83(7):2505-2510].

Tyagi S, Kramer FR (1996) Molecular beacons: probes that fluoresce upon hybridization, [http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v14/n3/abs/nbt0396-303.html Nature Biotechnology 14:303-308].