Collections/Functional Nucleic Acids/Aptamers

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Aptamers: molecule recognition elements

Aptamers are short nucleic-acid motifs that display recognition and binding properties for specific ligands due to their ability to interact and adopt tertiary-structure conformations (Bunka and Stuckley, 2006), analogous to their protein-based counterparts, antibodies (see Fig. 2). Aptamer sequences, developed and identified in vitro, also see their structures and behaviours designed and modelled in silico offering a systematic approach to develop novel candidates that target ligands of interest. Given the programmability entailed by their sequence-based nature, they are also readily interfaced with other forms of nucleic acid circuitry and architectures, increasing the parameter space of control and applicability that can be exerted over their structure and dynamics. Discovered in the early 1990s (Ellington and Szostak, 1990), these DNA or RNA-based molecules now pose great promise across several fields of science, and due to their sensing potential, have been increasingly adopted and harnessed in the context of synthetic biology.

iGEM, as an engineering-based platform for tackling world-class issues, has also seen the incorporation of aptamers as central components of their proposed synthetic biological systems and devices in an ever-growing fashion. Several examples, with contributions from teams coming as early as 2006, showcase the versatility of aptamers as functional tools for the development of innovative solutions spanning water remediation to in vivo monitoring of protein expression. Importantly, Team Heidelberg in 2015 worked on generating a software pipeline for the design of aptamers via modelling and docking, which enables targeting virtually any ligand of interest. This approach, for instance, generated a candidate with binding affinity for kanamycin, which was later characterised by Team DUT China A in 2019 with UV-Vis spectroscopy and found to indeed display strong interactions with the antibiotic molecule.

Figure 2: DNA and RNA aptamers. a) The Kanamycin DNA aptamer developed by iGEM Heidelberg 2015. This DNA aptamer binds to kanamycin with high affinity. b) The Spinach RNA aptamer, a well known fluorescent RNA aptamer. Upon binding to the aptamer, DFHBI becomes fluorescent and renders the Spinach aptamer as a small and efficient reporter.

References

Bunka, D., Stockley, P. (2006). Aptamers come of age – at last. Nature Reviews Microbiology 4, 588–596 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1458

Ellington, A. D. & Szostak, J. W. (1990). In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature 346, 818–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/346818a0