Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K5071021"

 
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<partinfo>BBa_K5071021 short</partinfo>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K5071021 short</partinfo>
  
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pETDuet-1 backbone
 
  
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===Usage and Biology===
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<partinfo>BBa_K5071021 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K5071021 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>
  
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    <title>BBa_K5071020 (pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685)</title>
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    <h2>Composite Part: BBa_K5071020 (pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685)</h2>
  
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    <h3>Construction Design</h3>
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===Functional Parameters===
+
    <p>
−
<partinfo>BBa_K5071021 parameters</partinfo>
+
        First, we obtained 4 target fragments using PCR technology. In order to improve the success rate of plasmid construction, we connected the 4 target fragments pairwise (by Overlap PCR), resulting in two fragments. Subsequently, we constructed a new plasmid by ligating the fragments with a vector using enzymatic digestion and ligation.
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+
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/1.jpg" alt="Fig 1. The plasmid map of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 1. The plasmid map of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <h3>Engineering Principle</h3>
 +
    <p>
 +
        Firstly, the target fragments were obtained using PCR technology and the vector was linearized. Then, the four target fragments were overlapped pairwise to form two fragments. Subsequently, they were connected to the backbone using enzyme digestion and ligation methods to construct an expression plasmid containing three target genes. Used to validate the impact of the relevant genes on the products.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <h3>Experimental Approach</h3>
 +
    <p>
 +
        Firstly, we utilized PCR technology to obtain three target genes, BGCII-6, BGCII-8, BGCII-5 (synthesized by a biotech company), with band lengths of 500 bp, 350 bp, and 1500 bp, respectively, for connection to the plasmid. Subsequently, we performed PCR to amplify the terminator of the first reading frame and the promoter of the second reading frame along with the intervening sequence in plasmid pETD (named as pRSF), resulting in a 200 bp band. Figure 2(Red marking) demonstrates bands of the expected sizes, confirming the successful acquisition of these four fragments. Gel electrophoresis was then conducted for gel extraction, which will be used in subsequent experiments.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/2.jpg" alt="Fig 2. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 2. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <p>
 +
        Subsequently, we used overlap PCR technology to connect fragment BGCII-6 with BGCII-8, and pRSF with BGCII-5, resulting in band lengths of 850 bp and 1700 bp, respectively. Figure 3A (Red marking) displays bands of the expected sizes, confirming successful connection. Following this, we performed double enzyme digestion on the plasmid using BamH1 and Xho1 restriction enzymes to linearize the plasmid, resulting in a band length of 3587 bp. Figure 3B (Red marking) shows bands of the expected size, confirming successful linearization. We recovered the gel from both of these steps of gel electrophoresis and performed the connection, followed by transformation into E. coli DH5α.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/3.jpg" alt="Fig 3. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 3. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <p>
 +
        We selected multiple colonies for PCR verification, and the bands matched the expected length (1800 bp). We sent the validated bacterial strains to a biotech company for sequencing (Figure 4), selected plasmids without mutations, and successfully obtained the constructed plasmid pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene143.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/4.jpg" alt="Fig 4. Single clone verification of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene143 transformed E. coli DH5α.">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 4. Single clone verification of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene143 transformed E. coli DH5α. A. The results of colony PCR; B: The clones on the plate; C: Sequencing results</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <h3>Characterization/Measurement</h3>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>1: Transformation of E. coli BL21-Strain-BGCII</h4>
 +
    <p>
 +
        In our target genes, the 9 genes of BGCII represent metabolic pathway 1, which are the 9 genes contained in plasmids pACYCDuet-BGCII-gene143, pETDuet-BGCII-gene792, and pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685. We simultaneously transformed these three plasmids into E. coli BL21 for the production of terpenoid compounds. The experimental results, as shown in Figure 5, depict the transformed E. coli BL21. We conducted single colony verification to confirm the presence of both plasmids, as illustrated in Figure 17. We obtained bacterial strains that correctly harbored both transformed plasmids, which we named as BGCII.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/5.jpg" alt="Fig 5. Colony PCR results of strain BGCII">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 5. Colony PCR results of strain BGCII</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>2: Protein expression-BGCII</h4>
 +
    <p>
 +
        The treatment method for strain BGCII was consistent with BGCI, and the experimental results, as shown in Figure 6, depicted the proteins expressing our target genes (BGCII-1 is 4.4kDa, BGCII-4 is 3.9kDA, BGCII-3 is 42.9kDa, BGCII-7 is 35.8kDa, BGCII-9 is 16.5kDA, BGCII-2 is 72.9kDa, BGCII-6 is 17.4kDa, BGCII-8 is 11.2kDA, BGCII-5 is 52.8kDa).
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/6.jpg" alt="Fig 6. Protein gel results of strain BGCII">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 6. Protein gel results of strain BGCII</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>3: The test results for Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC)</h4>
 +
    <p>
 +
        Various antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in the fermentation broth contribute to the total antioxidant level. We used a Total Antioxidant Capacity assay kit (colorimetric method) for detection. The main principle is that DPPH is a stable free radical with maximum absorption at 515nm. Upon addition of antioxidants to the DPPH solution, a decolorization reaction occurs. Therefore, the change in absorbance can be quantified using Trolox as a control system to measure the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants. We first subjected the fermentation broth after 48 hours of fermentation to ultrasonic disruption: power 200W, ultrasound 3s, interval 10s, repeated 30 times, centrifuged at 10000rpm for 10 minutes at 4℃, followed by detection. The experimental results, as shown in Figure 7 and Table 1, revealed a significant increase in the DPPH scavenging rate for our genetically modified strains, from 4.58% to 49.45%.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>Table 1: DPPH scavenging rates of the genetically modified strains</h4>
 +
    <table>
 +
        <tr>
 +
            <th>Strain</th>
 +
            <th>Absorbancy</            <th>STD</th>
 +
            <th>DPPH free radical clearance (%)</th>
 +
        </tr>
 +
        <tr>
 +
            <td>Control</td>
 +
            <td>0.146</td>
 +
            <td>0.0191</td>
 +
            <td>4.58</td>
 +
        </tr>
 +
        <tr>
 +
            <td>BGCII</td>
 +
            <td>0.076</td>
 +
            <td>0.0088</td>
 +
            <td>49.45</td>
 +
        </tr>
 +
    </table>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/7.jpg" alt="Fig 7. DPPH scavenging rates of the genetically modified strains">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 7. DPPH scavenging rates of the genetically modified strains</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>4: The test of the fermentation product antibacterial experiment</h4>
 +
    <p>
 +
        For the antibacterial activity testing of the fermentation broth, we utilized the double-layer agar plate method, with the bottom layer containing 1.5% LB solid medium and the top layer containing 0.8% LB solid medium poured after the bottom layer had cooled. Once the top layer reached an appropriate temperature, it was mixed with the cultured K-12 strain and poured into petri dishes. As shown in Figure 8, 4 µL of the respective liquid was pipetted into each position. Each column represents three parallels of the same experimental group: 1. Positive control with ciprofloxacin concentration of 1g/L; 2. Positive control with ciprofloxacin concentration of 0.5g/L; 3. Concentrated 5-fold lysate supernatant after cell disruption; 4. Original lysate supernatant after cell disruption; 5. Squalene at 200mg/L. Our experimental results indicate that the concentrated 5-fold fermentation broth of strain BGCI exhibits some antibacterial effects, but we cannot determine the identity of this substance.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/8.jpg" alt="Fig 8. Results of the antibacterial experiment on the bacterial strains">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 8. Results of the antibacterial experiment on the bacterial strains</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>5: Determination of squalene in the fermentation broth by HPLC</h4>
 +
    <p>
 +
        To determine if our target terpenoid compound is squalene, we conducted testing on the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains. The detection method involved the following steps: Fermentation was carried out using a biphasic fermentation method, with 10% volume of normal heptane added on top of the LBG medium. After fermentation, 1 mL of the 24-hour whole-cell catalytic liquid was taken, centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded. Then, 400 µL of saline solution was added to wash the fermentation cells, centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded. Next, ddH2O was added, thoroughly mixed, and brought to a volume of 400 µL. The cells were disrupted by ultrasonication at a working power of 20%, for 2 minutes with 3-second on and 5-second off cycles. Subsequently, 600 µL of ethyl acetate was added, mixed well, and subjected to ultrasonic cleaning twice for 15 minutes each. The mixture was then centrifuged, and 400 µL of the extract phase was obtained. The extract was concentrated using a vacuum centrifuge to evaporate the solvent, then re-dissolved in 200 µL of methanol, filtered through a 0.22 µm filter membrane, and ready for analysis. Squalene yield detection was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under the following conditions: Column: Waters XBridgeTM C18 (3.5 µm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm); Column temperature: 35℃; Mobile phase: 100% pure acetonitrile; Flow rate: 1 mL/min; Detector: Photodiode array detector at 196 nm wavelength.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/9.jpg" alt="Fig 9. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 9. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>6: Determination of squalene in the fermentation broth by LC-MS</h4>
 +
    <p>
 +
        The extraction method for squalene involves taking 50 mg of freeze-dried bacterial cells in a grinding tube, adding 2 grinding beads and 500 µL of methanol to each tube, and grinding in a grinder for 4 minutes. After removal, 1 mL of chloroform is added to each tube, and they are extracted in a constant-temperature shaker at 30°C and 200 rpm for 12 hours. The supernatant is collected after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, dried using a nitrogen evaporator, re-dissolved in 1 mL of n-hexane, vortexed for 5 minutes, centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant is collected and filtered through a 0.22 µm organic membrane, then placed in brown gas chromatography vials.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <p>
 +
        The determination method for squalene uses gas chromatography to detect squalene with the following gas phase conditions: the chromatographic column is an Rtx-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm); the injector temperature is set at 300°C; the detector temperature is set at 330°C; the carrier gas is nitrogen at a flow rate of 2 mL/min; the injection volume is 1 µL with a split ratio of 10:1; the detector used is a Flame Ionization Detector (FID); the column initial temperature is set at 200°C, maintained for 1 minute, then increased at a rate of 20°C/min to 280°C and maintained for 5 minutes.
 +
    </p>
 +
 
 +
    <h4>Table 2: Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains</h4>
 +
    <table>
 +
        <tr>
 +
            <th>Strain</th>
 +
            <th>Squalene concentration (mg/L)</th>
 +
            <th>STD</th>
 +
        </tr>
 +
        <tr>
 +
            <td>BGCI</td>
 +
            <td>6.60</td>
 +
            <td>0.5056</td>
 +
        </tr>
 +
        <tr>
 +
            <td>BGCII</td>
 +
            <td>0.00</td>
 +
            <td>0.0000</td>
 +
        </tr>
 +
    </table>
 +
 
 +
    <div style="text-align:center;">
 +
        <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5071/bba-k5071020/10.jpg" alt="Fig 10. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains">
 +
        <div class="caption">Fig 10. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains</div>
 +
    </div>
 +
 
 +
</body>
 +
</html>

Revision as of 06:07, 30 September 2024

pETDuet-1 backbone



Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
  • 10
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
    Plasmid lacks a prefix.
    Plasmid lacks a suffix.
  • 12
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
    Plasmid lacks a prefix.
    Plasmid lacks a suffix.
    Illegal NotI site found at 149
  • 21
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
    Plasmid lacks a prefix.
    Plasmid lacks a suffix.
    Illegal BglII site found at 305
    Illegal BamHI site found at 106
    Illegal XhoI site found at 354
  • 23
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
    Plasmid lacks a prefix.
    Plasmid lacks a suffix.
  • 25
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
    Plasmid lacks a prefix.
    Plasmid lacks a suffix.
    Illegal NgoMIV site found at 324
    Illegal NgoMIV site found at 671
    Illegal NgoMIV site found at 5348
  • 1000
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]
    Plasmid lacks a prefix.
    Plasmid lacks a suffix.

<!DOCTYPE html> BBa_K5071020 (pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685)

Composite Part: BBa_K5071020 (pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685)

Construction Design

First, we obtained 4 target fragments using PCR technology. In order to improve the success rate of plasmid construction, we connected the 4 target fragments pairwise (by Overlap PCR), resulting in two fragments. Subsequently, we constructed a new plasmid by ligating the fragments with a vector using enzymatic digestion and ligation.

Fig 1. The plasmid map of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685
Fig 1. The plasmid map of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685

Engineering Principle

Firstly, the target fragments were obtained using PCR technology and the vector was linearized. Then, the four target fragments were overlapped pairwise to form two fragments. Subsequently, they were connected to the backbone using enzyme digestion and ligation methods to construct an expression plasmid containing three target genes. Used to validate the impact of the relevant genes on the products.

Experimental Approach

Firstly, we utilized PCR technology to obtain three target genes, BGCII-6, BGCII-8, BGCII-5 (synthesized by a biotech company), with band lengths of 500 bp, 350 bp, and 1500 bp, respectively, for connection to the plasmid. Subsequently, we performed PCR to amplify the terminator of the first reading frame and the promoter of the second reading frame along with the intervening sequence in plasmid pETD (named as pRSF), resulting in a 200 bp band. Figure 2(Red marking) demonstrates bands of the expected sizes, confirming the successful acquisition of these four fragments. Gel electrophoresis was then conducted for gel extraction, which will be used in subsequent experiments.

Fig 2. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685
Fig 2. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685

Subsequently, we used overlap PCR technology to connect fragment BGCII-6 with BGCII-8, and pRSF with BGCII-5, resulting in band lengths of 850 bp and 1700 bp, respectively. Figure 3A (Red marking) displays bands of the expected sizes, confirming successful connection. Following this, we performed double enzyme digestion on the plasmid using BamH1 and Xho1 restriction enzymes to linearize the plasmid, resulting in a band length of 3587 bp. Figure 3B (Red marking) shows bands of the expected size, confirming successful linearization. We recovered the gel from both of these steps of gel electrophoresis and performed the connection, followed by transformation into E. coli DH5α.

Fig 3. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685
Fig 3. The purpose segment of plasmid pRSFuet-BGCII-gene685

We selected multiple colonies for PCR verification, and the bands matched the expected length (1800 bp). We sent the validated bacterial strains to a biotech company for sequencing (Figure 4), selected plasmids without mutations, and successfully obtained the constructed plasmid pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene143.

Fig 4. Single clone verification of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene143 transformed E. coli DH5α.
Fig 4. Single clone verification of pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene143 transformed E. coli DH5α. A. The results of colony PCR; B: The clones on the plate; C: Sequencing results

Characterization/Measurement

1: Transformation of E. coli BL21-Strain-BGCII

In our target genes, the 9 genes of BGCII represent metabolic pathway 1, which are the 9 genes contained in plasmids pACYCDuet-BGCII-gene143, pETDuet-BGCII-gene792, and pRSFDuet-BGCII-gene685. We simultaneously transformed these three plasmids into E. coli BL21 for the production of terpenoid compounds. The experimental results, as shown in Figure 5, depict the transformed E. coli BL21. We conducted single colony verification to confirm the presence of both plasmids, as illustrated in Figure 17. We obtained bacterial strains that correctly harbored both transformed plasmids, which we named as BGCII.

Fig 5. Colony PCR results of strain BGCII
Fig 5. Colony PCR results of strain BGCII

2: Protein expression-BGCII

The treatment method for strain BGCII was consistent with BGCI, and the experimental results, as shown in Figure 6, depicted the proteins expressing our target genes (BGCII-1 is 4.4kDa, BGCII-4 is 3.9kDA, BGCII-3 is 42.9kDa, BGCII-7 is 35.8kDa, BGCII-9 is 16.5kDA, BGCII-2 is 72.9kDa, BGCII-6 is 17.4kDa, BGCII-8 is 11.2kDA, BGCII-5 is 52.8kDa).

Fig 6. Protein gel results of strain BGCII
Fig 6. Protein gel results of strain BGCII

3: The test results for Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC)

Various antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in the fermentation broth contribute to the total antioxidant level. We used a Total Antioxidant Capacity assay kit (colorimetric method) for detection. The main principle is that DPPH is a stable free radical with maximum absorption at 515nm. Upon addition of antioxidants to the DPPH solution, a decolorization reaction occurs. Therefore, the change in absorbance can be quantified using Trolox as a control system to measure the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants. We first subjected the fermentation broth after 48 hours of fermentation to ultrasonic disruption: power 200W, ultrasound 3s, interval 10s, repeated 30 times, centrifuged at 10000rpm for 10 minutes at 4℃, followed by detection. The experimental results, as shown in Figure 7 and Table 1, revealed a significant increase in the DPPH scavenging rate for our genetically modified strains, from 4.58% to 49.45%.

Table 1: DPPH scavenging rates of the genetically modified strains

Strain AbsorbancySTD DPPH free radical clearance (%)
Control 0.146 0.0191 4.58
BGCII 0.076 0.0088 49.45
Fig 7. DPPH scavenging rates of the genetically modified strains
Fig 7. DPPH scavenging rates of the genetically modified strains

4: The test of the fermentation product antibacterial experiment

For the antibacterial activity testing of the fermentation broth, we utilized the double-layer agar plate method, with the bottom layer containing 1.5% LB solid medium and the top layer containing 0.8% LB solid medium poured after the bottom layer had cooled. Once the top layer reached an appropriate temperature, it was mixed with the cultured K-12 strain and poured into petri dishes. As shown in Figure 8, 4 µL of the respective liquid was pipetted into each position. Each column represents three parallels of the same experimental group: 1. Positive control with ciprofloxacin concentration of 1g/L; 2. Positive control with ciprofloxacin concentration of 0.5g/L; 3. Concentrated 5-fold lysate supernatant after cell disruption; 4. Original lysate supernatant after cell disruption; 5. Squalene at 200mg/L. Our experimental results indicate that the concentrated 5-fold fermentation broth of strain BGCI exhibits some antibacterial effects, but we cannot determine the identity of this substance.

Fig 8. Results of the antibacterial experiment on the bacterial strains
Fig 8. Results of the antibacterial experiment on the bacterial strains

5: Determination of squalene in the fermentation broth by HPLC

To determine if our target terpenoid compound is squalene, we conducted testing on the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains. The detection method involved the following steps: Fermentation was carried out using a biphasic fermentation method, with 10% volume of normal heptane added on top of the LBG medium. After fermentation, 1 mL of the 24-hour whole-cell catalytic liquid was taken, centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded. Then, 400 µL of saline solution was added to wash the fermentation cells, centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded. Next, ddH2O was added, thoroughly mixed, and brought to a volume of 400 µL. The cells were disrupted by ultrasonication at a working power of 20%, for 2 minutes with 3-second on and 5-second off cycles. Subsequently, 600 µL of ethyl acetate was added, mixed well, and subjected to ultrasonic cleaning twice for 15 minutes each. The mixture was then centrifuged, and 400 µL of the extract phase was obtained. The extract was concentrated using a vacuum centrifuge to evaporate the solvent, then re-dissolved in 200 µL of methanol, filtered through a 0.22 µm filter membrane, and ready for analysis. Squalene yield detection was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under the following conditions: Column: Waters XBridgeTM C18 (3.5 µm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm); Column temperature: 35℃; Mobile phase: 100% pure acetonitrile; Flow rate: 1 mL/min; Detector: Photodiode array detector at 196 nm wavelength.

Fig 9. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains
Fig 9. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains

6: Determination of squalene in the fermentation broth by LC-MS

The extraction method for squalene involves taking 50 mg of freeze-dried bacterial cells in a grinding tube, adding 2 grinding beads and 500 µL of methanol to each tube, and grinding in a grinder for 4 minutes. After removal, 1 mL of chloroform is added to each tube, and they are extracted in a constant-temperature shaker at 30°C and 200 rpm for 12 hours. The supernatant is collected after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, dried using a nitrogen evaporator, re-dissolved in 1 mL of n-hexane, vortexed for 5 minutes, centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant is collected and filtered through a 0.22 µm organic membrane, then placed in brown gas chromatography vials.

The determination method for squalene uses gas chromatography to detect squalene with the following gas phase conditions: the chromatographic column is an Rtx-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm); the injector temperature is set at 300°C; the detector temperature is set at 330°C; the carrier gas is nitrogen at a flow rate of 2 mL/min; the injection volume is 1 µL with a split ratio of 10:1; the detector used is a Flame Ionization Detector (FID); the column initial temperature is set at 200°C, maintained for 1 minute, then increased at a rate of 20°C/min to 280°C and maintained for 5 minutes.

Table 2: Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains

Strain Squalene concentration (mg/L) STD
BGCI 6.60 0.5056
BGCII 0.00 0.0000
Fig 10. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains
Fig 10. Detection results of squalene in the fermentation broth of the bacterial strains