Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K4607012"

As a brief contextualization, bovine mastitis is the result of the infection of the bovine mammary glands caused by pathogenic microorganisms, mainly gram-positive and negative bacteria. This disease reduces milk quality production to a great extent and produces painful damage to the bovine. The main treatment for mastitis is the use of diverse antibiotics, therefore the overuse and misuse of them have caused a real problem in the development of multidrug-resistant pathogens [4]. Our team has conducted an extensive investigation to find an alternative treatment for bovine mastitis without risking the environment.

The principle behind our proposal is the use of fused proteins based on efficient bacteriophage endolysins. The function of a bacteriophage is to infect bacteria in order to kill them. Once the bacteria are infected and the virions are mature, they release holins, which are enzymes that create pores in the inner cell membrane. Endolysins now have access to the cell wall, so they can degrade it. Endolysins have lytic activity for the purpose of setting free the phage progeny to continue infecting other cells [5]. Endolysins are composed of two main domains: the N-terminal, which represents the catalytic domain, and the C-terminal, which is a cell wall binding domain, which interacts by binding itself to the bacterium's cell wall, activating the catalytic region, and causing cell wall lysis. [5] [4].

The main purpose of the PCNP is to counteract the endolysins' disadvantages to penetrate the Gram-negative cell membrane. The PCNP brings the opportunity to introduce our endolysins into the Gram-negative cell membrane through a principle related to the PCNP's ability to perform an ionic interaction between the phosphate groups, divalent cations, and hydrophobic lipids' stacking, resulting in the outter membrane permabilization, inducing impairments in the membrane's surface and pores formation which enables the bacterial peptidoglycan exposition as a result of its destabilization, favoring its posterior lysis [6] [7].

One of the most notable advantages of using polycationic peptides is their non-necessity to cross the cell membrane to affect bacteria, in comparison with the principle of endolysins which need to interact with the peptidoglycan layer to make a real impact on bacteria. Considering the PCNP's benefits, is possible to design codifying sequences against Gram-negative bacteria. For this to be possible, it's necessary to take care of the endolysin's functionality, adding a flexible linker between them to be assured of the domains' activity. In the same way, it's better to design intein-fusion proteins where the PCPN is located in the N-terminal region, followed by the flexible linker and the endolysin sequence. Its part has been evaluated in Escherichia coli [6][7][8][9].

Endolysins need to interact with the peptidoglycan layer to identify and lyse the bacterial cell wall, however, gram-negative bacterial structure makes the process more complicated. To overcome our drawbacks, we incorporated the CecA as a potential solution. The addition of CecA to the N-terminal of a fusion protein improves its antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria; this is possible because of its cationic regions, which facilitate the interaction with gram-negative bacterial lipids. Consequently, the amphipathic helix interacts with the lipid phosphate groups of the outer membrane, at the same time, the amphipathic helix may induce the endolysin's introduction through the membrane. Finally, the fusion protein is capable of degrading the inner membranes of the gram-negative bacteria. CecA has been evaluated in gram-negative bacteria as E. coli successfully [2][10][12][13].

The endolysin LysSS from the bacteriophage SS3e from Salmonella, as many of the endolysins, is composed by two domains that confers it the ability to lysate bacteria. The bacteriophage SS3e has a broad host gram-negative spectrum including Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae. It also recognizes gram-positive bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus along with methicillin-resistant strains which is a real advantage considering that the World Health Organization (WHO) called Methicillin-resistant strains a priority pathogen [3][10][16]. The enzyme has a length of 173 amino acids and a molecular weight of 18.56 kDa. LysSS has intracellular and insoluble protein expression. The average endolysin LysSS lifetime is about 30 hours. The part is adapted to the Golden Gate cloning method.

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References

[1] Briers, Y., Walmagh, M., Van Puyenbroeck, V., Cornelissen, A., Cenens, W., Aertsen, A., Oliveira, H., Azeredo, J., Verween, G., Pirnay, J.-P., Miller, S., Volckaert, G., & Lavigne, R. (2014). Engineered endolysin-based “Artilysins” to combat multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens. MBio, 5(4), e01379-01314. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01379-14

[2] Jeong, T.-H., Hong, H.-W., Kim, M. S., Song, M., & Myung, H. (2023). Characterization of Three Different Endolysins Effective against Gram-Negative Bacteria. Viruses, 15(3), 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030679 ‌

[3] Kim, S., Lee, D.-W., Jin, J.-S., & Kim, J. (2020). Antimicrobial activity of LysSS, a novel phage endolysin, against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.01.005

[4] World Health Organization. (2021, November 17). Antimicrobial resistance. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance

[5] Gutiérrez, D., Fernández, L., Rodríguez, A., & García, P. (2018). Are phage lytic proteins the secret weapon to kill Staphylococcus aureus?. MBio, 9(1), 10-1128. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01923-17

[6] Fernández, L., González, S., Campelo, A. B., Martínez, B., Rodríguez, A., & García, P. (2017). Downregulation of Autolysin-Encoding Genes by Phage-Derived Lytic Proteins Inhibits Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 61(5), e02724-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02724-16

[7] Alfei, S., & Schito, A. M. (2020). Positively Charged Polymers as Promising Devices against Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Review. Polymers, 12(5), 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051195

[8] Söylemez, Ü. G., Yousef, M., Kesmen, Z., Büyükkiraz, M. E., & Bakir-Gungor, B. (2022). Prediction of Linear Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Active against Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria Based on Machine Learning Models. Applied Sciences, 12(7), 3631. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073631 ‌

[9] Gutiérrez, D., & Briers, Y. (2021). Lysins breaking down the walls of Gram-negative bacteria, no longer a no-go. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 68, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.014 ‌

[10] Schmelcher, M., Powell, A. M., Becker, S. C., Camp, M. J., & Donovan, D. M. (2012). Chimeric Phage Lysins Act Synergistically with Lysostaphin To Kill Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus in Murine Mammary Glands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(7), 2297–2305. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.07050-11

[12] Heselpoth, R. D., Euler, C. W., Schuch, R., & Fischetti, V. A. (2019). Lysocins: Bioengineered Antimicrobials That Deliver Lysins across the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 63(6). https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00342-19

[13] Kim, S., Patel, D. S., Park, S., Slusky, J., Klauda, J. B., Widmalm, G., & Im, W. (2016). Bilayer Properties of Lipid A from Various Gram-Negative Bacteria. Biophysical Journal, 111(8), 1750–1760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.001

[16] Kim, S., Kim, S.-H., Rahman, M., & Kim, J. (2018). Characterization of a Salmonella Enteritidis bacteriophage showing broad lytic activity against Gram-negative enteric bacteria. Journal of Microbiology, 56(12), 917–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8310-1 ‌