Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa J23100"

Revision as of 23:32, 25 October 2020

constitutive promoter family member . For video explanation on this promoter family and its use, see [http://www.synbiotrails.org/#!/trail?id=org.clothocad.trails.youtube.TranscriptionModels this].

 Variant RFP (au)
 J23112           1
 J23103           17
 J23113           21
 J23109           106
 J23117           162
 J23114           256
 J23115           387
 J23116           396
 J23105           623
 J23110           844
 J23107           908
 J23106           1185
 J23108           1303
 J23118           1429
 J23111           1487
 J23101           1791
 J23104           1831
 J23102           2179
 J23100           2547

Constitutive promoter family
Parts J23100 through J23119 are a family of constitutive promoter parts isolated from a small combinatorial library. J23119 is the "consensus" promoter sequence and the strongest member of the family. All parts except J23119 are present in plasmid J61002. Part J23119 is present in pSB1A2. This places the RFP downstream of the promoter. Reported activities of the promoters are given as the relative fluorescence of these plasmids in strain TG1 grown in LB media to saturation. See part BBa_J61002 for details on their use.

These promoter parts can be used to tune the expression level of constitutively expressed parts. The NheI and AvrII restriction sites present within these promoter parts make them a scaffold for further modification. JCAraw

Sequence and Features

Functional Parameters

Relative promoter strength estimates (see [http://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Promoters this page] from Groningen 2009):

USTC_2009's MEAUREMENT

[K176011]

Usage and Biology

The Yale iGEM team has assembled this promoter to citrine (an improved version of YFP, with excitation peak at 514nm and emission peak at 527nm) and a T7-terminator to quantify the level of expression in E. coli and in non-model organism hosts. This construct is available as the biobrick K185000

This construct has been successfully cloned into E. coli using the broad-host range vector pKT230, a RSF1010 derived plasmid, as well as using the pPZP200 plasmid which can be transformed into agrobacterium and rhizobium. Leaky expression of citrine was observed.

Yale 2015's Characterization

Measured strength

The Yale iGEM team found fluorescence levels nine times above the baseline level in E. coli cells transformed with the promoter-citrine construct. We also found this promoter to be effective in driving gene expression in S. meliloti, with fluorescence levels of over two times that of the baseline observed.

We further compared expression level of this promoter to two of the other promoters in the Anderson collection. The Anderson lab found relatively expression levels of 1, 0.33, and 0.10 respectively when comparing the promoters J23100 (Anderson Strong), J23110 (Anderson Medium) and J23114 (Anderson Weak). We found the relative expressions to be 1, 1.71 and 1.78 when we transformed our constructs into E.coli: K1856004 (Anderson Strong-Citrine), K1856003 (Anderson Medium-Citrine), K1856002 (Anderson Weak-Citrine). This highlights that even as all three Anderson promoters are effective in driving gene expression in E. coli, the relative expression level may vary depending on the gene fused to the promoter and on the E. coli strain used. The Yale iGEM team's readings were obtained in E. coli DH10B.

Comparing expression levels in S. meliloti (a rhizobium strain), the relative expression values were 1, 2.36, and no significant expression for the Anderson Strong, Anderson Medium, and Anderson Weak promoters respectively.

Team Warsaw 2010's measurement

Sheffield 2016's Characterisation

Nanjing-China 2017's Characterisation

In order to further extend the range and improve the sensitivity of detection, we expect to enhance the expression of SQR by substituting p_sqrR with p_cons, the most efficient promotor among the igem parts. By doing so, we make sure that there is enough SQR in the system to oxidize even a small amount of S^2- in time.

We have observed RFP response after inducing the modified pathway with 100 μmol/L Na₂S, which proves that the new pathway works. We are still working on the comparison of two pathways.

>Internal Priming Screening Characterization of BBa_J23100: Has no possible internal priming sites between this BioBrick part and the VF2 or the VR primer.

The 2018 Hawaii iGEM team evaluated the 40 most frequently used BioBricks and ran them through an internal priming screening process that we developed using the BLAST program tool. Out of the 40 BioBricks we evaluated, 10 of them showed possible internal priming of either the VF2 or VR primers and sometime even both. The data set has a range of sequence lengths from as small as 12 bases to as large as 1,210 bases. We experienced the issue of possible internal priming during the sequence verification process of our own BBa_K2574001 BioBrick and in the cloning process to express the part as a fusion protein. BBa_K2574001 is a composite part containing a VLP forming Gag protein sequence attached to a frequently used RFP part (BBa_E1010). We conducted a PCR amplification of the Gag-RFP insert using the VF2 and VR primers on the ligation product (pSB1C3 ligated to the Gag + RFP). This amplicon would serve as template for another PCR where we would add the NcoI and BamHI restriction enzyme sites through new primers for ligation into pET14b and subsequent induced expression. Despite gel confirming a rather large, approximately 2.1 kb insert band, our sequencing results with the VR primer and BamHI RFP reverse primer gave mixed results. Both should have displayed the end of the RFP, but the VR primer revealed the end of the Gag. Analysis of the VR primer on the Gag-RFP sequence revealed several sites where the VR primer could have annealed with ~9 - 12 bp of complementarity. Internal priming of forward and reverse primers can be detrimental to an iGEM project because you can never be sure if the desired construct was correctly inserted into the BioBrick plasmid without a successful sequence verification.

Measured strength

Sheffield 2016 has improved the characterisation of both BBa_J23100 and BBa_J23106. These parts are a strong and medium promoter respectively, that we have used to design our iron detecting device. We have experimentally validated through fluorimetry that there is indeed a significant difference between expression levels of GFP coupled to the strong and medium promoters. Comparative analysis of promoter strengths can be directly interpreted from the data we obtained. This data can be found both on the original part experience pages of BBa_J23100 and BBa_J23106, as well as at our website. Our team has also improved the function of the BBa_J23100 part, by adding an RBS site downstream of the promoter (BBa_K2016005). BBa_J23100 was originally submitted to the Registry by Berkeley 2006.

Fluorescence of JC28 mutants or W3110 wild types transformed with RyhB-GFP constructs under the control of medium (MedGFP) or strong promoters (StrGFP).

Improvement from iGEM 2018 UESTC-China

This year, we UESTC-China have improved the previous part BBa_J23100 by adding RBS and pelB-5D. The combination of promoter, RBS and signal peptide makes it convenient to use as a biobrick and gives it the function of extracellular expression. And the part number is BBa_K2617017. For the function determination, we chose the PETase as our reporter protein because its activity can be easily detected. Thus we constructed two plasmids with and without pelB-5D respectively to compare the function of our improved part and previous part.

Link to our biobrick: https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K2617017.

The activity of the extracelluar fractions was detected by the method of pNPB. And the results were as followed(Fig. 1).

Based on our functional determination test results, the improvement that we did has succeeded. PETase that carrying our improved part (Fig. 1) has much higher activity level than the PETase that carrying promoter BBa_J23100 but without pelB-5D. From our experiment result, we could conclude that our improved part indeed gives the promoter BBa_J23100 the function of extracellular expression.

Thessaly 2019 Characterization

Thessaly 2019 sought to characterize the coding sequence of TEM-optimized β-lactamase (BBa_I757010) under the regulation of the constituve Anderson Family promoters BBa_J23100, BBa_J23105, BBa_J23106, BBa_J23119. β-lactamase is an enzyme that hydrolyses β-lactams (e.g. ampicillin) and is naturally found in prokaryotic cells. A colorimetric assay has been developed using nitrocefin as a substrate which after hydrolysis from β-lactamase changes the reaction color, from yellow (380nm) to red (490nm).

To achieve that, the coding sequence was assembled with each promoter, a universal RBS (BBa_B0034) and a double terminator(BBa_B0015). The parts were cloned in pSB1C3 and pSB1K3 and transformed into E. coli DH5a competent cells.

In the photo below you can see the results of the primer addition using overhang PCR:

Figure 1. The results obtained after the PCR with the overhang primers for the different promoters of the Anderson family. We tested different annealing temperatures (45, 47 & 53℃) aiming for clear results. The expected band is at 1119bp and the ladder used was the 100bp DNA ladder by NEB.

For protein expression, the plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells.

For the β-lactamase assay, we set up the following experimental design:

1. Grow BL21 (DE3) pre-culture overnight in 5ml LB (~16h) at a shaking incubator, 37℃ / 210rpm

2. The following morning, measure the OD600 of overnight cultures

3. Dilute all cultures to OD600¬ = 0.05 in M9 minimal medium

4. Grow cells 37℃ /210 RPM until OD600=0.4-0.6 (~2h)

5. Dilute all cells to the same OD600 (e.g. 0.4)

6. Load 160 of culture in a 96-well plate (do triplicates). Add 40 ul 0.5 uM nitrocefin for a final concentration of 100nM

7. Measure the absorbance at 490nm (for nitrocefin hydrolysis) and 600nm (for cell growth) every 30 seconds for 2 hours in a microplate reader. Shake between readings. Because plateau was reached within the first 30 minutes of the reaction, only those are depicted in the graph.

To ensure that the absorbance shown corresponds only to enzymatic activity by β-lactamase, we included 3 controls in the experiment. The first control has M9 medium only (no cells) and nitrocefin, the second has empty BL21 (DE3) cells (no plasmid) and nitrocefin, while the third has BL21 (DE3) cells containing the plasmid but not the part (empty plasmid). To obtain comparable results, we normalized all values by dividing OD490 by OD600.

The results are shown in the graph below

Figure 2. The hydrolysis of nitrocefin enabled by the expression of the β-lactamase gene, under the control of different promoters (J23100, J23105, J23106 & J23119) of the Anderson family. The substrate (nitrocefin) hydrolysis (490nm) is divided by cell growth (600nm), in order to normalize all values.

The maximum expression of β-lactamase was observed under control of the J23119 (brown line) which is the wild type promoter of the Anderson family. The expression is reduced with the J23100 and J23106 (yellow and purple line respectively), while the lowest expression levels were observed with the J23105 promoter (blue line). These results are in accordance with those from previous teams that measured fluorescence and the same pattern is observed. The controls conditions (pSB1C3 and BL21, or light purple and light blue respectively) confirm that the absorbance measured derives from β-lactamase activity only, both quantitatively and visually.

Below you can see the 96-well plate of the assay:

Figure 3.The observed color change due to the hydrolyzation of nitrocefin due to the production of β-lactamase, after a 2-hour enzymatic assay.

Note that the picture was taken after the plate-reader assay was completed and all conditions had reached a plateau, except the controls.

iGEM Team 2019 Stuttgart Characterization

We added quantitative experimental characterization to the following biobricks:
BBa_J23100 BBa_J23112 BBa_J23118
These parts are a family of constitutive promoters. They were present in plasmid BBa_J61002. We analyzed the influence of the mentioned promoters on the expression of red fluorescence protein (RFP), both on protein level (fluorescence spectroscopy) and mRNA level using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Biobricks were transformed in E. coli MG1655. Cells were harvested in the early exponential phase and fluorescence was measured. Also, 500 µL of culture was centrifuged and the pellet was used for RNA extraction. In addition to that, E. coli MG1655 was cultured and harvested for RNA isolation without the plasmid BBa_J61002 to ensure, that our primers specifically bind to RFP mRNA.

RT-qPCR was performed and analyzed using the ddCt method. To quantify the expression levels of RFP under different promoters, the cDNA of a house-keeping gene was amplified as well. We chose a GTPase-activation protein (GAP) as a housekeeping gene.


Results of fluorescence spectroscopy

Investigating the grown cell cultures by fluorescence spectroscopy clearly showed emission at 590nm (excitation at 540 nm) indicating a successful expression of RFP. Cells containing the promoter BBa_J23100 showed an emission at 590 nm of 192 +- 13. Compared to that, cells containing the promoter BBa_J23112 showed an emission of 30 +- 1. The highest emission was shown by cells containing the promoter BBa_J23118: 345 +- 4.

Results of qPCR

Figure 1 shows, that RFP expression was about 7-fold higher than the expression of GAP in cells containing promoter BBa_J23100. Compared to that, the expression of RFP in cells containing promoter BBa_J23112 was about 55-fold higher than expression of the house-keeping gene. The highest expression of RFP compared to GAP was observed in cells containing promoter BBa_J23118. Here, RFP expression was 74-fold compared to GAP expression.
Figure 1: Average relative quantification of RFP expression compared to the expression of the house-keeping gene GAP in E. coli MG1655. Cells contained the plasmid BBa_J61002 with different promoters: BBa_J23100, BBa_J23112 and BBa_J23118. As a control E. coli MG1655 were cultivated without the plasmid. RT-qPCR measurements were carried out in technical triplicates. Standard deviation is shown

Baltimore Biocrew 2019 Characterization

Goal

We, the Baltimore Biocrew, decided to characterize some of the Anderson promoters. These promoters are highly used by iGEM but the relative expression of these promoters have been routinely determined by measuring the fluorescence of a reporter protein. However, the function of a promoter is to start transcription of a gene so it may be more informative to measure the amount of RNA (instead of protein) produced by a reporter gene. Therefore, we decided to further characterize a selection of the Anderson promoters (J23100, J23101, J23103, J23105, J23118) by measuring RNA using reverse-transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR).

Results

We set up samples for qPCR with three or four technical replicates per promoter and no template control samples to measure DNA contamination. We did data analysis using the Livak Method (a standard, comparative method) to determine the relative strength of the promoters from the qPCR data using rrSD as our reference gene, RFP as our target gene, and J23100 as our calibrator sample.

Example:

ΔCT(J23101) = CT(RFP, J23101) – CT(rrSD, J23101)

ΔΔCT(J23101) = ΔCT(J23101) – ΔCT(J23100)

2^(–ΔΔCT) = relative expression ratio

In our first trial of qPCR (8/03/19), we were able to measure the relative strengths for J23100, J23101, J23103, and J23105 which were 1.00, 0.00, 0.81, and 1.93, respectively. Since these strengths did not match the relative expression levels reported by iGEM2006_Berkeley from protein level measurements, we repeated the qPCR (8/10/19) with the same cDNA. The strengths from this second trial were 1.00, 0.00, 0.37, and 0.20. We repeated it again and the relative strengths that we got on 10/12/19 for J23100, J23101, J23103, and J23103 were 1, 0, 2.91, and .32. Next, we made new cDNA by growing new liquid cultures, extracting RNA again, and repeating reverse transcription. From the new cDNA, we repeated the qPCR procedure two more times. The relative strengths for that we got on 9/28/19 for J23100, J23101, J23103, J23105, and J23118 were 1, 24.63, .36, 1.76, and .25. The relative strengths that we got on 10/12/19 for J23100, J23101, J23103, and J23105 were 1, 45.97, 3.20, and 1.26. In addition we measured promoter J23118 twice and got the strengths 1.13 and 1.32.

Here is the relative promoter strengths that we got from the qPCR. Baltimore BioCrew measurements in orange compared to the 2006 Berkeley iGEM, who determined relative strengths from measurements at the protein level, in blue.

To support our RNA measurements we also measured fluorescence of the liquid cultures we used to extract RNA. The cultures were grown overnight so we expected the bacteria to be at the stationary phase, but we measured OD to normalize any differences in growth.

Newcastle 2019 Characterisation

Aim: Newcastle 2019 have characterised the strength of the constitutive promoter BBa_J23100. The activity of BBa_J23100 was determined using eGFP as a reporter. A standard curve of the fluorescence level of eGFP was determined using eGFP with a His6-tag under the BBa_J23100 promoter. This allowed us to purify the eGFP protein to determine fluorescence at protein level. Our goal was to calculate absolute values of eGFP protein concentration in cells.

Figure 1. A) Standard Curve of the mean fluorescence level of purified eGFP protein diluted to concentrations from 0 to 8.25 µM. Linear regression equation of Y = 302.4x + 72.79 and an R² value of 0.9951. B) The optical density (OD₆₀₀) of E. coli Top10 cells assembled with eGFP over 24 hours C) The fluorescence intensity of E. coli Top10 cells assembled with eGFP over 24 hours D) Protein concentration in mg/ml of eGFP assembled in E. coli Top10 cells over 24 hours. Protein concentration was determined by converting fluorescence figures from B using the equation Y = 302.4x + 72.79. E) Colony forming units (CFU) per mL (CFU/mL) of eGFP assembled in E. coli Top10 cells over 24 hours F) The Number of eGFP proteins per cell over 24 hours. E. coli Top10 cells were assembled with eGFP Excitation wavelength = 488 nm. Emission wavelength = 507 nm. Measured in Greiner black welled 96 well plate in a ThermoFisher Varioskan Lux Microplate Reader

Results Figure 1A shows the standard curve of diluted purified eGFP at increasing concentrations. An R² value of 0.9951 was achieved, showing the standard curve was a good fit. The OD₆₀₀ showed a growth curve with an exponential phase and death phase however, the lag and stationary phase was not observed (Figure 1B). This was unexpected as we could expect the curve to be similar to that of a typical E. coli growth curve. This may be due to an issue with the plate reader and cell clumping at the lower optical densities. However, the fluorescence level reflected a similar pattern to a typical E. coli growth curve (Figure 1C). The fluorescence values into protein concentration in mg/ml (Figure 1D). The graph shows that the maximum protein concentration is approximately 3mg/ml after 10 hours. The protein concentration (mg/ml) showed a similar pattern as observed in the fluorescence level. The number of viable cells in our culture can be measured over the 24 hour period. Using these values combined with the protein concentration in mg/ml, we are able to calculate the mg of protein per CFU (mg/CFU) by dividing the protein concentration (mg/ml) over the CFU/ml value at the equivalent time (Figure 1E). Whilst mg/CFU is much better than a relative fluorescence value, our goal was to calculate absolute values of eGFP protein concentration in cells - the Number of Proteins per Cell. We divided the mg/CFU values by the molecular weight (MW) of the protein in mg. The MW of eGFP is 28.179 kDa, which is 28179•1.66 x 10-21 in mg. This resulted in figure 1F showing the Number of eGFP proteins per cell over 24 hours. However, there was a spurious increase in the number of protein per cell, this may be due to the issue in OD₆₀₀ readings as seen in figure 1B.

Conclusions: In conclusion, we achieved the goal to calculate absolute values to measure promoter strength of BBa_J23100 using eGFP fluorescent expression as a reporter. A standard curve of the number of proteins per cell over time was achieved. The results showed that protein expression was high per cell reflecting the strength of the promoter. We have accurately measured proteins with internal standards. However, this experiment should be repeated as there were issues with measuring the optical density.

For more detail see - https://2019.igem.org/Team:Newcastle/Results/bronzecharacterisation

Hamburg 2019

Group: Hamburg iGEM 2019
Author: Marie-Theres Thieme, Marcel Zimmeck
We characterized the activity of the promoters we used in our project, the two constitutive promoters from the Anderson Family, BBa_J23100 and BBa_J23102. We measured the expression of GFP downstream of the promoters. The parts were cloned into E. coli DH5α competent cells. The fluorescence measurements were performed using flow cytometry and plate reader measurements. The results of the flow cytometry measurement are shown in Figure 1.

The results confirm the different strengths of the constitutive promoters. BBa_J23100 expresses a stronger fluorescence signal than BBa_J23102. As a negative control we used non-competent cells to measure background emission. The data used to calibrate the plate reader measurements are shown in Figure 2. The results of our measurement of GFP on the plate reader are shown in Figure 3.

The results confirm the previous results from the FACS measurement. The promoter BBa_J23100 expresses a stronger fluorescence signal when compared to BBa_J23102. We calculated the strengths of these promoters relative to the control:
BBa_J23100: 2.28
BBa_J23102: 1.84
The relative strength of BBa_J23102 when compared to BBa_J23100 is 0.8. In comparison, the values in the registry is 0.856.

Additionally, we sequenced the plasmids used in our measurement. The reported sequence matched the Anderson promoter BBa_J23100. The reported sequence for the promoter BBa_J23102 showed three point mutations, which could have impacted the strength of the promoter. The following mutations occurred: 6A>G, 22G>A, 27T>A. This explains the decrease in the relative promoter strength of BBa_J23100 compared to BBa_J23102.

Added by KEYSTONE_A 2020 Team

J23100 can be used as a strong constitutive promoter in bacterial cellulose producing strain K. rhaeticus iGEM. It is the strongest one among all constitutive promoters characterized.

Visual Results as Normally Open Switches

Figure above: Constitutive promoter average strengths in K. rhaeticus iGEM and E. coli, normalized against J23104. Although all promoters are functional, their relative strengths differ between K. rhaeticus and E. coli. For K. rhaeticus, data is shown as grey bars, with standard deviation of N=3 biological replicates, characterized in liquid HS-medium containing cellulase, measured 3 h post-inoculation. Relative promoter strengths in E. coli are superimposed as black stripes.

References: Florea, M., Hagemann, H., Santosa, G., Abbott, J., Micklem, C. N., Spencer-Milnes, X., ... & Chughtai, H. (2016). Engineering control of bacterial cellulose production using a genetic toolkit and a new cellulose-producing strain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(24), E3431-E3440.

Gaston Day School Characterization 2020

Group: Gaston Day School iGEM 2020
Author: George Luan

We incorporated the strong Anderson Promoter J23100 into our argK expression design. We built a MATLAB model and simulated it using the ode45 solver. The results are shown below in the figure. We calculated the transcription rate in M/min per cell from the promoter activity (polymerase per second per cell). We derived the reference promoter (J23101) activity value from (Kelly, 2009). According to the original measurement of relative promoter strength provided in the registry, J23100 is (2547/1791) times stronger than the reference promoter; adopting a similar method used by Team:Sydney_Australia 2016, we multiply the promoter activity of J23101 by the ratio of 2547:1791 and got out the value of 0.042663 PoPS per cell. Since our plasmid has an average copy number of 200 per cell, the total expression per cell is equivalent to 8.5326 molecules per second per cell. We converted this value to transcription rate in the unit compatible to those of most of the gene expression parameters so that future teams can also use the this value in their initial simulations. (Many available gene expression model parameters use molar and minute as the unites.) We attained the transcription rate in mol/s by dividing the Avogadro’s number and got out 1.4169 * 10^-23 mol/s. We used 6 * 10^-16 L as the volume of the E. coli cell. We divided the transcription rate in mol/s by the cell volume and multiplied it by 60 and finally attained the value 1.416 * 10^-6 M/min for the transcription rate. This parameter provides a baseline for initial simulations. However, previous teams have found out that the expression level can vary depending on E. coli strains. The promoter activity also does not completely represent the transcription efficiency (e.g. Polymerase travels at a different speed at different points on a DNA sequence.) Therefore, the future teams need to experimentally optimize the parameter for their own experiments.

We simulated our model, and the graph below shows the argK expression level under J23100.

The additional information about the modeling results can be found on our wiki. Our results suggested that even though J23100 yields more robust expression compared to other Anderson Promoters, it is most likely that weak constitutive promoters like J23116 can still provide sufficient expression level of genes in the cell because of the over-expression. A critical factor for metabolic engineering is to help the cell to maintain expedient level of pathway proteins so the metabolic pathway is able to maintain healthy and efficient. High gene expression level under strong constitutive promoters, especially those that are related to the cell’s own metabolic pathways, can potentially disrupt the cell’s metabolism, damage the cell’s function, and even cause the death of the cells. Our past experience (Gaston Day School 2018) also suggests that excessive metabolic component expression will make the cell more vulnerable. Besides, strong constitutive expression also takes up large amount of energy source of the cell. Therefore, J23100 is not ideal for metabolic engineering. According to (Fakruddin, 2003), strong inducible promoters can also be used in place of J23100.

References:

Fakruddin, M., Mohammad Mazumdar, R., Bin Mannan, K. S., Chowdhury, A., & Hossain, M. N. (2012). Critical Factors Affecting the Success of Cloning, Expression, and Mass Production of Enzymes by Recombinant E. coli. ISRN biotechnology, 2013, 590587. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/590587

Kelly, J., Rubin, A., Davis, J., Ajo-franklin, C., Cumbers, J., Czar, M., De Mora, K., Glieberman, A., Monie, D., & Endy, D. (2009). Measuring the activity of biobrick promoters using an in vivo reference standard. Journal of Biological Engineering, 3 (1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-1611-3-4

••••• University of Texas at Austin iGEM 2019

UT Austin iGEM 2019: Characterization of metabolic burden of the Anderson Series Description The 2019 UT Austin iGEM team transformed the Anderson Series promoters into our 'burden monitor' DH10B strain of E. coli, which contains a constitutive GFP cassette in the genome of the cell. GFP expression fluctuates depending on the number of ribosomes available. Using this strain, we characterized the relative burden (percent reduction in growth rate) of each Anderson Series part. Our results showed a range of growth rate reductions for each of these parts due to ribosomal reallocation from the genome of the host cell, towards the expression of RFP. Anderson Series parts with strong promoters are depicted with darker red colors and Anderson Series parts with weak promoters are depicted with lighter pink colors to show relative RFP expression. We saw a positive correlation between relative promoter strength and metabolic burden; parts with stronger promoters expressed less GFP and had a lower growth rate than parts with weaker promoters. The regression line for the graph below was constructed by measuring the burden of 5 parts that were created by the 2019 UT Austin iGEM team that each contained an Anderson Series promoter (BBa_J23104 or BBa_J23110), an RBS of varying strength, and a BFP reporter. For more information on characterization of these parts through the burden monitor, visit our team’s wiki page: [1] Importance of Characterizing Burden Although often we cannot avoid using a specific burdensome part, knowing in advance that it is burdensome, and that it has a high chance of mutating into a non-functional genetic device, can help with troubleshooting and coming up with alternatives. In the specific case of fluorescent protein-expressing devices, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to filter out individual cells that meet a certain fluorescence threshold. This way, the cells expressing lower levels of the fluorescent protein are weeded out of the population.