Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K3416004"
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#  Shin, C., Kang, Y., Kim, H.-S., Shin, Y. K. & Ko, K. Immune response of heterologous recombinant antigenic protein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in mice. <i>Anim Cells Syst (Seoul)</i> <b>23</b>, 97–105 (2019)
 
#  Shin, C., Kang, Y., Kim, H.-S., Shin, Y. K. & Ko, K. Immune response of heterologous recombinant antigenic protein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in mice. <i>Anim Cells Syst (Seoul)</i> <b>23</b>, 97–105 (2019)
 
#  Estepa, A. & Coll, J. Replication of rhabdovirus in trout hematopoietic cells. <i>Investigaciones Agrarias</i> <b>9</b>, 37–44 (1994).
 
#  Estepa, A. & Coll, J. Replication of rhabdovirus in trout hematopoietic cells. <i>Investigaciones Agrarias</i> <b>9</b>, 37–44 (1994).
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#  Smith, T. & Kohorn, B. Direct selection for sequences encoding proteases of known specificity. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>88/b>, 5159-5162 (1991).
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#  Smith, T. & Kohorn, B. Direct selection for sequences encoding proteases of known specificity. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>88</b>, 5159-5162 (1991).

Revision as of 02:50, 25 October 2020

Description of VHSV

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus surface glycoprotein G is responsible for the endosomal membrane and virus envelope fusion process, which occurs when the virus enters the cell. This process helps to release the viral nucleocapsid and start the rapid replication of the virus1.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infects a number of teleost fish species2, yet the most susceptible is the rainbow trout3. The disease is highly impactful to the European fish industries especially, as it can cause economic losses of an estimated £40 million per year4. VHSV is lethal to fry and fingerlings, the mortality rates decreasing in mature fish3. The virus causes severe hemorrhages and skin lesions followed by lethargic swimming, discoloration of gills, and the destruction of the endothelial lining3. The virus enters the organism through the gill lamellae2 by endocytosis, mediated by receptors. Upon entrance to the cell, the endosomal membrane and virus envelope fuse together, increasing the virus uptake into the cell and releasing the viral nucleocapsid5. This feature is typical of Rhabdoviruses - a family that VHSV belongs to. The low pH in the compartment of the endosome is the primary trigger of this process6. The virus then starts rapidly replicating in the cell. Out of six proteins coded in the virus genome, surface glycoprotein G is the one involved in the membrane fusion process1. Glycoprotein G forms spike-like structures on the surface of the virus7. These spikes get inserted into the target membrane and direct further interactions of the virus and the host cells6. Most importantly, the antibodies against VHSV are targeted to the G protein, making it the most effective protein to induce an immune response in fish8. VHSV glycoprotein G can be used as an immunogenic protein for subunit vaccine production as it was already proven to work for the same purpose9. Yet the production of recombinant glycoproteins is problematic because it was also shown that recombinant glycoprotein G produced in E. coli is not recognized by monoclonal antibodies10. Therefore glycoproteins can be produced via DNA manipulation in S. cerevisiae to provide correct protein folding and glycosylation, which is not guaranteed in E. coli11.

References

  1. Fernandez-Alonso, M. et al. Mapping of linear antibody epitopes of the glycoprotein of VHSV, a salmonid rhabdovirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34, 167–176 (1998).
  2. Bruno, D. E. & Ellis, A. E. Chapter 13 - Salmonid Disease Management. in Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science (eds. Pennell, W. & Barton, B. A.) vol. 29 759–832 (Elsevier, 1996).
  3. Skall, H. F., Olesen, N. J. & Mellergaard, S. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine fish and its implications for fish farming - A review. J. Fish Dis. 28, 509–529 (2005).
  4. Olesen, N. J. Sanitation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 14, 173–177 (1998).
  5. Lecocq-Xhonneux, F. et al. A recombinant viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus glycoprotein expressed in insect cells induces protective immunity in rainbow trout. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 1579–1587 (1994).
  6. Gaudin, Y., De Kinkelin, P. & Benmansour, A. Mutations in the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus that affect virulence for fish and the pH threshold for membrane fusion. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 1221–1229 (1999).
  7. G - Spike glycoprotein precursor - Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (strain 07-71) (VHSV) - G gene & protein. Uniprot.org (2020). at https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P2766
  8. Lorenzen, N., Olesen, N. J. & Jørgensen, P. E. V. Neutralization of Egtved virus pathogenicity to cell cultures and fish by monoclonal antibodies to the viral G protein. Journal of General Virology, 71, 561–567 (1990)
  9. Shin, C., Kang, Y., Kim, H.-S., Shin, Y. K. & Ko, K. Immune response of heterologous recombinant antigenic protein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in mice. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 23, 97–105 (2019)
  10. Estepa, A. & Coll, J. Replication of rhabdovirus in trout hematopoietic cells. Investigaciones Agrarias 9, 37–44 (1994).
  11. Smith, T. & Kohorn, B. Direct selection for sequences encoding proteases of known specificity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, 5159-5162 (1991).