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Latest revision as of 17:50, 23 October 2020
TNF-α
TNFα gene maps to chromosome 6p21.3, spans about 3 kilobases and contains 4 exons. It is expressed during embryonic development.
TNFα produces protein that is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction, chiefly produced by activated macrophages. The primary role of TNFα is regulation of immune cells. It is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis.
Some of the TNFα functions are important in normal embryogenesis, such as apoptosis. Furthermore, TNFα is important as a growth and differentiation factor, comparable to its function in hematopoiesis. In addition, TNFα plays a critical role in remodeling extracellular matrix and in the induction of cell adhesion molecules and integrins. TNFα promotes liver regeneration by promoting hepatocyte-specific gene expression. Despite this, TNFα is known to enhance ubiquitin. The involvement of TNFα in development starts before embryogenesis. TNFα induces ovulation and enhances luteinizing hormone (LH)-induced ovulation. Soluble TNFR is increased in the blood of pregnant women and also in amniotic fluid and umbilical serum. Sexual hormones also have an effect on TNFα production. Estradiol and progesterone enhance TNFα release by macrophages, whereas testosterone has no effect.
Sequence and Features
- 10COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
- 12INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]Illegal NotI site found at 727
- 21INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]Illegal XhoI site found at 348
- 23COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
- 25COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
- 1000INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]Illegal BsaI site found at 147
MIT_MAHE 2020
Summary
Tumor necrosis factor is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF, being an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis via IL1- & IL6-producing cells. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, major depression, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
References
1. Old L. J. (1988). Tumor necrosis factor. Scientific American, 258(5), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0588-59
2. Watanabe, N., Niitsu, Y., Umeno, H., Kuriyama, H., Neda, H., Yamauchi, N., Maeda, M., & Urushizaki, I. (1988). Toxic effect of tumor necrosis factor on tumor vasculature in mice. Cancer research, 48(8), 2179–2183.
3. Folli, S., Pèlegrin, A., Chalandon, Y., Yao, X., Buchegger, F., Lienard, D., Lejeune, F., & Mach, J. P. (1993). Tumor-necrosis factor can enhance radio-antibody uptake in human colon carcinoma xenografts by increasing vascular permeability. International journal of cancer, 53(5), 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910530521 "