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Chitin synthase NodC from Rhizobium leguminosarum

The Chitin Synthase (CHS) NodC from Rhizobium leguminosarum is an N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase which catalyzes the formation of chitin pentamers by using UDP-acetylglucosamine as donor and N-acetylglucosamine as acceptor.

1. Usage and Biology

Besides cellulose, chitin is the most common natural polysaccharide in nature. Chitin is composed of β(1,4) linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose (N-acetylglucosamine). The polymer is a component of fungi cell walls and the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, like crabs or shrimps [Dutta et al., 2004; Kumar, 2000]. The extraction of chitin from crustaceans produces a lot of waste and uses a lot of chemicals. But bacteria, like E. coli can produce chitin via a chitin synthase (CHS) in an environmentally friendly manner. The production of chitin appears to be important as it is a useful substance which finds applications in medicinal, industrial and biotechnological research. Chitin, and its derivate chitosan, is non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. Their bioactivities are for example the promotion of wound healing or hemostatic activity, immune enhancement, eliciting biological responses, and antimicrobial activity [Kurita, 2006]. The nodC gene is originating from the gram-negative bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum and is a homologue to the chitin synthase from yeast. Rhizobium species live in symbiosis with legumes, where the bacteria form nitrogen-fixing nodules in the legume roots. This interaction leads to an activation of the bacterial nodulation (nod) genes and the secretion of Nod factors. nodC belongs to these nod genes which create and modify the Nod factors. The NodC protein has strongly hydrophobic domains which indicate that it is an integral or transmembrane protein.

2. Mechanism

NodC is involved in the synthesis of chitin oligosaccharides, but only with a polymerization degree up to five [Kamst et al., 1995]. NodC uses UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as sugar donor, which is a precursor for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and therefore present in growing bacterial cells. The mechanism of elongation proceeds by a successive inverting nucleophilic substitution reaction at C1 of the UDP-GlcNAc – molecule (Figure 1). UDP departs when the O4 atom of the growing sugar chain attacks as a nucleophile [Dorfmueller et al., 2014]. With a low concentration of UDP-GlcNAc NodC produces a mixture of trimers, tetramers and pentamers and with high concentrations of UDP-GlcNAc it produces pentamers solely. It almost exclusively directs the formation of pentasaccharides [Samain et al., 1997].

Sequence and Features