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	<H1>'''Results'''</H1>		<H1>'''Results'''</H1>
−	Pantide-expressed E. coli Rosetta gami strain and diluted it with the three concentration.We applied the sample onto the leaf disks and put five cutworms into the separate cabinets for feeding assays. The positive control in the experiment was to apply Bacillus thuringiensis, which is the most widely-used bioinsecticide. We preserved all the result of the remained leaves sealing with the glass paper and calculated the ratio of the remained area on the leaves. The collected data were analyzed by t – test. Here are the feeding assay results.	+	Pantide-expressed E. coli Rosetta gami strain and diluted it with the three concentration.We applied the sample onto the leaf disks and put five cutworms into the separate cabinets for feeding assays. The positive control in the experiment was to apply <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>, which is the most widely-used bioinsecticide. We preserved all the result of the remained leaves sealing with the glass paper and calculated the ratio of the remained area on the leaves. The collected data were analyzed by t – test. Here are the feeding assay results.
−	[[File:NCTU_DOSE_OL_1.png|400px|thumb|center|'''Figure 6.''' Above is leaves remaining area of Negative control ( DDwater ), Positive control ( Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria ), Hv1a+linker+6XHis-Tag, Hv1a+linker+snowdrop-lectin+linker+6XHis-Tag ]]	+	[[File:NCTU_DOSE_OL_1.png|400px|thumb|center|'''Figure 6.''' Above is leaves remaining area of Negative control ( DDH<sub>2</sub>O), Positive control ( <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> bacteria ), Hv1a+linker+6XHis-Tag, Hv1a+linker+snowdrop-lectin+linker+6XHis-Tag ]]
−	[[File:NCTU_leaves_ol_1.png|400px|thumb|center|'''Figure 7.''' Above are leaves with of Negative control ( DDwater ), Positive control ( Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria ), Hv1a+linker+6X His-Tag ]]	+	[[File:NCTU_leaves_ol_1.png|400px|thumb|center|'''Figure 7.''' Above are leaves with of Negative control ( DDH<sub>2</sub>O), Positive control ( <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> bacteria ), Hv1a+linker+6X His-Tag ]]
	<h1>'''Safety'''</h1>		<h1>'''Safety'''</h1>

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Revision as of 16:45, 30 October 2016

T7Promoter+RBS+OAIP+linker+snowdrop-lectin+linker+6X His-Tag

Introduction:

By ligating the IPTG induced P_T7(BBa_ I712074), strong ribosome binding site (BBa_B0034), OAIP, linker, snowdrop lectin (BBa_K1974020 ) and the 6X His-Tag (BBa_ K1223006), we can express OAIP, the gene by IPTG induction.
This year we create a revolutionary system that integrates biological pesticides, automatic detector, sprinkler, and IoT. We made a database that contains most of the spider toxins and selected the target toxins by programming. Orally Active Insecticidal Peptide is coded for the venom of a spider, Hadronyche versuta.
It is under the control of the strong P_T7. Snowdrop-lectin acts as a carrier that could transport the toxin to insect’s nervous system, hemolymph and can improve the oral activity. A 6X His-Tag is added for further protein purification.
According to reference, snowdrop-lectin is resistant to high temperature and would not be degraded by digestive juice. The species-specificity is based on the toxin, and the snowdrop lectin is the role of the carrier.^[1][2]

Mechanism of OAIP

Orally Active Insecticidal Peptide has a structure called ICK(inhibitor cysteine knot). This kind of structure contains four disulfide bonds. With this structure, OAIP can resist the high temperature, acid-base solution and the digest juice of insect gut. OAIP can bind on insect voltage-gated sodium channel Site-1, making it paralyze and die eventually.

Features of OAIP

1. Non-toxic

Orally Active Insecticidal Peptide is non-toxic to mammals. Since the structure of the target ion channel is different, Orally Active Insecticidal Peptide does not harm mammals. So it is safe to use it as a biological pesticide.^[3][4]

2. Biodegradable

Orally Active Insecticidal Peptide is a polypeptide so it must degrade over time. After degradation, the toxin will become nutrition in the soil.

3. Species-specific

According to reference, Orally Active Insecticidal Peptide has specificity to Lepidopteran (moths), Dipteran (flies) and Orthopteran (grasshoppers).

4. Eco-friendly

Compare with chemical pesticides, Orally Active Insecticidal Peptide will not remain in soil and water so that it will not pollute the environment and won’t harm the ecosystem.

Together, using OAIP is totally an environmentally friendly way for solving harmful insect problems by using this ion channel inhibitor as a biological pesticide.

Target insect:

Experiment

1. Cloning

After assembling the DNA sequences from the basic parts, we recombined each P_T7+B0034+OAIP+linker+snowdrop-lectin+linker+6X His-Tag gene to pSB1C3 backbones and conducted a PCR experiment to check the size of each part. The DNA sequence length of these parts is around 500~600 b.p. In this PCR experiment, the toxin product's size should be near at 750-850 b.p. Proved that we successfully ligated the toxin sequence onto an ideal backbone.

2. Expressing

We chose E.coli Rosetta gami strain, which can form the disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm to express the protein. To verify the E.coli express the P_T7 + RBS + OAIP+linker+Lectin+linker+6X His-Tag which contains disulfide bonds, we treated the sample in two different ways. A means adding β-mercaptoethanol and sample buffer. β-mercaptoethanol can break the disulfide bonds of P_T7 + RBS +OAIP+linker+Lectin+linker+6X His-Tag and make it a linear form.

The other one adding sample buffer is the native form of P_T7 + RBS + OAIPa+linker+Lectin+linker+6X His-Tag which maintains its structure. B is adding only sample buffer. The two samples are treated in boiling water for 15 mins. The SDS-PAGE shows that the native P_T7 + RBS+OAIP+linker+Lectin+linker+6X His-Tag is smaller than linear one because the disulfide bonds in P_T7 + RBS + OAIP+linker+Lectin+linker+6X His-Tag make the whole structure a globular shape.

3. Purification

We sonicated the bacteria and purified the protein by 6X His-Tag behind the peptide using Nickel resin column. Then we ran the SDS-PAGE to verify the purification and analyze the concentration of P_T7 + RBS + OAIP+linker+Lectin+linker+6X His-Tag.

4.Modeling

According to reference, the energy of Ultraviolet will break the disulfide bonds and the toxicity is also decreased. To take the parameter into consideration for our automatic system, we modeled the degradation rate of the protein and modify the program in our device.

5. Device

We designed a device that contains detector, sprinkler, and integrated hardware with users by APP through IoT talk. We use infrared detector to detect the number of the pest and predict what time to spray the farmland. Furthermore, other detectors like temperature, humidity, lamination, pressure of carbon dioxide and on also install in our device. At the same time, the APP would contact the users that all the information about the farmland and spray biological pesticides automatically. This device can make farmers control the farmland remotely.

Results

Pantide-expressed E. coli Rosetta gami strain and diluted it with the three concentration.We applied the sample onto the leaf disks and put five cutworms into the separate cabinets for feeding assays. The positive control in the experiment was to apply Bacillus thuringiensis, which is the most widely-used bioinsecticide. We preserved all the result of the remained leaves sealing with the glass paper and calculated the ratio of the remained area on the leaves. The collected data were analyzed by t – test. Here are the feeding assay results.

Safety

We do the safety part which is the same as the Hv1a-lectin. See more in BBa_K1974021.

Reference

1. Elaine Fitches, Martin G. Edwards, Christopher Mee, Eugene Grishin, Angharad M. R. Gatehouse, John P. Edwards, John A. Gatehouse “Fusion proteins containing insect-specific toxins as pest control agents: snowdrop lectin delivers fused insecticidal spider venom toxin to insect haemolymph following oral ingestion,” Journal of Insect Physiology, 2004, 50, pp.61-71
2. Elaine C. Fitches, Prashant Pyati, Glenn F. King, John A. Gatehouse, “ Fusion to Snowdrop Lectin Magnifies the Oral Activity of Insecticidal Omega-Hexatoxin-Hv1a Peptide by Enabling Its Delivery to the Central Nervous System,”
3. Margaret C. Hardy, Norelle L. Daly, Mehdi Mobli, Rodrigo A. V. Morales, Glenn F. King, “Isolation of an Orally Active Insecticidal Toxin from the Venom of an Australian Tarantula,” PLoS ONE, 2013, 8
4. Emily S. W. Wong1, Margaret C. Hardy1, David Wood, Timothy Bailey, Glenn F. King (2013, July). SVM-Based Prediction of Propeptide Cleavage Sites in Spider Toxins Identifies Toxin Innovation in an Australian Tarantula. PLOS ONE, 8(7), 1-11.

Sequence and Features