Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K1420000"

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Mer operon, biological system found to detoxify organic and inorganic forms of mercury

converts organomercuric and cationic mercury to the less toxic volatile mercury.

Function and Components of the mer operon

merR

merR, located upstream of the rest of the mer operon mercury resistance genes, serves to regulate the mer operon by activating transcription in the presence of Hg(II) and acting as a weak repressor in the absence of Hg(II). The effector binding region of MerR family proteins can vary allowing for great diversity in MerR-like promoters that can respond to a variety of heavy metals as well as antibiotics and oxidative stress. This variable nature of MerR family proteins makes them a valuable tool for various heavy metal detection and bioremediation. (For more information on the each individual gene of the mer operon, see the following parts pages: BBa_K1420001 for merA, BBa_K1420002 for merB, BBa_K1420003 for merP, BBa_K1420004 for merR, and BBa_K1420005 for merT.)

merT

Transmembrane mercuric binding gene merT encodes MerT, which transports Hg(II) species from the periplasm through the membrane. Hg(II) is transferred from the periplasmic cysteine pair on the first transmembrane helix to the cytoplasmic loop cysteine, where it is finally transferred to a cysteine pair at the N-terminus of the protein. The Hg(II) may go directly to MerA from the N-terminus of MerT or transfer to cytoplasmic low-molecular mass thiols.

merP

merP encodes the periplasmic transport protein, MerP. This enzyme binds a single Hg(II) ion at two conserved cysteine residues which define its metal binding motif. The MerP cysteine residues take up a Hg(II) ion and remove any attached ligands before passing the ion to the MerT transmembrane protein.

merA

Mercury resistance gene merA encodes MerA, a mercuric ion reductase (cytosolic, flavin disulfide oxidoreductase), that is essential to bacterial mercury resistance. MerA catalyzes the reduction of mercuric ion released from protonlysis of organomercury (catalyzed by MerB) to the relative inert, volatile monoatomic mercury in a NADPH dependent reaction.

merB

The merB gene is often found immediately downstream of merA, and is essential for the detoxification and bioremediation of organic toxic mercury compounds in congruence with merA. The merB protein is a lyase that catalyzes the breaking of carbon-mercury bonds through protonolysis of toxic mercury compounds, such as methylmercury. This produces the less toxic and less mobile Hg²⁺ which is then completely volatilized to Hg⁰ when acted upon the enzyme merA.

Construction of the pBBRBB::mer plasmid

Figure 1.

Sequence and Features