Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K404161"
 
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(BBa_K4004210)<br>
 
(BBa_K4004210)<br>
 
The primary receptor of AAV-2 is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptor (Perabo et al. 2006). Its binding motif consists of five amino-acids located on the capsid surface: R484/R487, K532, R585/587. (Trepel et al. 2009). The positively charged arginine residues interact with the HSPGs' negatively charged acid residues. Opie et al. have shown that two point mutations (R585A and R588A) are sufficient to eliminate the heparin binding affinity in AAV2. (Opie et al. 2003). This ViralBrick has been created to introduce this knockout into other constructs. The biobricks with containing this knockout are annotated with „HSPG-ko“.<br>
 
The primary receptor of AAV-2 is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptor (Perabo et al. 2006). Its binding motif consists of five amino-acids located on the capsid surface: R484/R487, K532, R585/587. (Trepel et al. 2009). The positively charged arginine residues interact with the HSPGs' negatively charged acid residues. Opie et al. have shown that two point mutations (R585A and R588A) are sufficient to eliminate the heparin binding affinity in AAV2. (Opie et al. 2003). This ViralBrick has been created to introduce this knockout into other constructs. The biobricks with containing this knockout are annotated with „HSPG-ko“.<br>
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<h2>Characterization</h2>
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<h4 style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">Infectious Titer by
 +
qPCR </h4>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"
 +
lang="EN-US">We
 +
transfected 250.000 AAV-293 cells with 1 µg of total DNA composed of
 +
equal
 +
amounts of Rep/Cap, pHelper and vector plasmid. VP2 fusion plasmids
 +
were
 +
co-transfected with two different ratios in respect to Rep/Cap(VP2KO).
 +
The
 +
resulting AAV2 particles were produced in two versions: With or without
 +
HSPG
 +
binding affinity knock down (587KO). </span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"
 +
lang="EN-US">Viruses
 +
were harvested three days post transfection. The genomic titer was
 +
determined
 +
via qPCR by amplification of a specific sequence located in the CMV
 +
promoter of
 +
the vector plasmid (Table 1).</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span
 +
style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Table 1: Quantitative Real-Time
 +
PCR.</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">
 +
Determination of genomic titer. Data were
 +
corrected for negative control value.</span></p>
 +
<div align="center">
 +
<table class="MsoNormalTable"
 +
style="border: medium none ; width: 450.2pt; margin-left: 4.65pt; border-collapse: collapse;"
 +
border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600">
 +
<tbody>
 +
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
 +
<td
 +
style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(234, 241, 221) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 191.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
width="256">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span style="color: black;" lang="EN-US">Co-transfected
 +
Construct</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(234, 241, 221) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 110.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="147">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span style="color: black;" lang="EN-US">Ratio</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(234, 241, 221) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 148.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="198">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span style="color: black;" lang="EN-US">Genomic
 +
Titer /1ml</span></b></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span style="color: black;" lang="EN-US">Corrected
 +
For Negative Control</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.8pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
width="256">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="147">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">25:75</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="198">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">4,36E+08</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.8pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
width="256">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="147">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">50:50</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="198">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">3,93E+08</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.8pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
width="256">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3(587KO)</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="147">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">25:75</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="198">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">1,00E+09</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.8pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
width="256">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3(587KO)</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="147">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">50:50</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="198">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">3,99E+08</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.8pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
width="256">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">Control: Rep/Cap</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="147">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">100%</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="198">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">1,55E+08</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;">
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.8pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
width="256">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">Control: Rep/Cap(587KO)</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="147">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">100%</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td
 +
style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.2pt; height: 15.75pt;"
 +
nowrap="nowrap" width="198">
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><b><span lang="EN-US">5,39E+08</span></b></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</tbody>
 +
</table>
 +
</div>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span
 +
style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">We
 +
investigated transduction of
 +
different cell lines. For this purpose 100.000 HT1080, HeLa or A431
 +
cells were
 +
seeded and transduced with 50 µL virus stock and harvested 24 hours
 +
later.&nbsp;
 +
Infectious titers were determined via qPCR and normalized to the
 +
genomic titers.</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span
 +
style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Figure 1
 +
shows infection efficacy of
 +
DARPin exposing viruses. Transduction of HT1080 cells was almost not
 +
affected
 +
as long as binding to HSPG was not knocked down. HeLa cells were also
 +
infected
 +
less efficient compared to the controls. However, A431 cells which over
 +
express
 +
EGFR were not infected by the controls. Transduction is rescued by
 +
integration
 +
of the DARPin into the virus capsid. By additionally knocking down the
 +
HSPG
 +
binding affinity these cells are transduced 10 times better, reaching
 +
wild type
 +
capsid HT1080 infection efficacy. These results indicated that specific
 +
re-targeting of AAV2 virus particles towards EGFR over expressing tumor
 +
cells
 +
was achieved by N-terminal fusion of targeting motifs to VP2.</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"
 +
style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"
 +
align="center"><img
 +
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 600px; height: 450px;"
 +
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/parts/thumb/5/5b/Freiburg10_FacsDarpin.png/800px-Freiburg10_FacsDarpin.png"
 +
alt="Image:Freiburg10 FacsDarpin.png"></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span
 +
style="font-size: 10pt;">Figure 1: DARPin E01 VP2 Fusion.</span></b><span
 +
style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"
 +
lang="EN-US">Infectious
 +
titers were determined with or without HSPG knock down for HT1080, HeLa
 +
and
 +
A431 cells. Control:Rep/Cap plasmid with and without HSPG knock down.</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span
 +
style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></b></p>
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></p>
 +
</div>
 +
</body>
 +
</html>
  
 
<!-- Add more about the biology of this part here
 
<!-- Add more about the biology of this part here

Latest revision as of 03:01, 28 October 2010

pCMV_DARPin-E01_Middle-Linker_[AAV2]-VP23 (ViralBrick-587KO-Empty)

pCMV_DARPin-E01_Middle-Linker_(AAV2)-VP23(ViralBrick-587KO-Empty)
BioBrick Nr. BBa_K404161
RFC standard RFC 10
Requirement pSB1C3
Source
Submitted by [http://2010.igem.org/Team:Freiburg_Bioware FreiGEM 2010]















This part is used for cotranfection with parts containing VP1up (BBa_K404164-BBa_K404166)

DARPin-E01

(BBa_K404314)


Natural protein ankyrin repeat (AR) molecules are motifs that can be found commonly in proteins (Bork 1993). These motifs mediate protein-protein interactions suggesting that AR proteins can be used for designing new binding molecules. Design of structural scaffolds with consensus regions and randomized positions of interacting residues leads to improved biophysical characteristics of targeting molecules (Binz et al. 2003) (Kohl et al. 2003).

The repetitive nature of the ankyrin proteins allows modifications in their variable and modular binding surface. Therefore, consensus sequences of natural ankyrin proteins have been used to design novel and stable scaffolds for binding proteins.


Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) are well expressed, monomeric in solution, thermodynamically stable and have the ability to fold fast. In the publication of (Steiner et al. 2008) screening libraries were created by using the signal recognition particle (SRP) translocation pathway for phage display. The selected DARPin E_01 has very high affinities to the target protein ErbB1 and can be used as a potential targeting molecule for our approach by fusing the DARPin to N-terminal VP proteins. Our designed ankyrin repeat protein consists of three internal binding repeats and the C-and N-terminal capping repeats. Each internal repeat module comprises one beta-turn and two hydrophobic alpha helices. The potential interaction residues are located in the beta-turn and the first alpha helix of the AR-proteins.

CMV

CMV promoter is derived from human Cytomegalovirus, which belongs to Herpesvirus group. All family members share the ability to remain in latent stage in the human body. CMV is located upstream of immediate-early gene. However, CMV promoter is an example of widely used promoters and is present in mammalian expression vectors. The advantage of CMV is the high-level constitutive expression in mostly all human tissues [Fitzsimons et al., 2002].

Middle Linker ( Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly)x2

(BBa_K243005)

This part is a linker, it can be used to connect two parts and add additional space between them. That can be necessary to avoid interactions between these parts.

Capsid

(BBa_K404006)

The AAV capsid consists of 60 capsid protein subunits. The three cap proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 are encoded in an overlapping reading frame. Arranged in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1:10, they form an icosahedral symmetry. The mRNA encoding for the cap proteins is transcribed from p40 and alternative spliced to minor and major products. Alternative splicing and translation initiation of VP2 at a nonconventional ACG initiation codon promote the expression of VP1, VP2 and VP3. The VP proteins share a common C terminus and stop codon, but begin with a different start codon. The N termini of VP1 and VP2 play important roles in infection and contain motifs that are highly homologous to a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) domain and nuclear localization signals (BR)(+).


ViralBrick 587-KO empty

(BBa_K4004210)
The primary receptor of AAV-2 is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptor (Perabo et al. 2006). Its binding motif consists of five amino-acids located on the capsid surface: R484/R487, K532, R585/587. (Trepel et al. 2009). The positively charged arginine residues interact with the HSPGs' negatively charged acid residues. Opie et al. have shown that two point mutations (R585A and R588A) are sufficient to eliminate the heparin binding affinity in AAV2. (Opie et al. 2003). This ViralBrick has been created to introduce this knockout into other constructs. The biobricks with containing this knockout are annotated with „HSPG-ko“.

Characterization

Infectious Titer by qPCR

We transfected 250.000 AAV-293 cells with 1 µg of total DNA composed of equal amounts of Rep/Cap, pHelper and vector plasmid. VP2 fusion plasmids were co-transfected with two different ratios in respect to Rep/Cap(VP2KO). The resulting AAV2 particles were produced in two versions: With or without HSPG binding affinity knock down (587KO).

Viruses were harvested three days post transfection. The genomic titer was determined via qPCR by amplification of a specific sequence located in the CMV promoter of the vector plasmid (Table 1).

Table 1: Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Determination of genomic titer. Data were corrected for negative control value.

Co-transfected Construct

Ratio

Genomic Titer /1ml

Corrected For Negative Control

DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3

25:75

4,36E+08

DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3

50:50

3,93E+08

DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3(587KO)

25:75

1,00E+09

DARPin_MiddleLinker_VP2/3(587KO)

50:50

3,99E+08

Control: Rep/Cap

100%

1,55E+08

Control: Rep/Cap(587KO)

100%

5,39E+08

 

We investigated transduction of different cell lines. For this purpose 100.000 HT1080, HeLa or A431 cells were seeded and transduced with 50 µL virus stock and harvested 24 hours later.  Infectious titers were determined via qPCR and normalized to the genomic titers.

Figure 1 shows infection efficacy of DARPin exposing viruses. Transduction of HT1080 cells was almost not affected as long as binding to HSPG was not knocked down. HeLa cells were also infected less efficient compared to the controls. However, A431 cells which over express EGFR were not infected by the controls. Transduction is rescued by integration of the DARPin into the virus capsid. By additionally knocking down the HSPG binding affinity these cells are transduced 10 times better, reaching wild type capsid HT1080 infection efficacy. These results indicated that specific re-targeting of AAV2 virus particles towards EGFR over expressing tumor cells was achieved by N-terminal fusion of targeting motifs to VP2.

Image:Freiburg10 FacsDarpin.png

Figure 1: DARPin E01 VP2 Fusion. Infectious titers were determined with or without HSPG knock down for HT1080, HeLa and A431 cells. Control:Rep/Cap plasmid with and without HSPG knock down.

 

 

 

 

 

Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
  • 10
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
  • 12
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
  • 21
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
    Illegal BamHI site found at 726
    Illegal BamHI site found at 2480
    Illegal XhoI site found at 908
  • 23
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
  • 25
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
    Illegal NgoMIV site found at 665
  • 1000
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]
    Illegal BsaI site found at 3006
    Illegal SapI site found at 1917


References

Mellon. 2002. Epidermal growth factor receptor and bladder cancer.Postgraduate medical journal78, no. 924 (October): 584-9. doi:10.1136/pmj.78.924.584. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1742539&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
Friedman, Mikaela, Anna Orlova, Eva Johansson, Tove L J Eriksson, Ingmarie Höidén-Guthenberg, Vladimir Tolmachev, Fredrik Y Nilsson, and Stefan Ståhl. 2008. Directed evolution to low nanomolar affinity of a tumor-targeting epidermal growth factor receptor-binding affibody molecule. Journal of molecular biology376, no. 5: 1388-402. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.060. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207161.
Göstring, Lovisa, Ming Tsuey Chew, Anna Orlova, Ingmarie Höidén-guthenberg, Anders Wennborg, Jörgen Carlsson, and Fredrik Y Frejd. 2010. Quantification of internalization of EGFR-binding Affibody molecules: Methodological aspects. International Journal of Oncology 36, no. 4 (March): 757-763. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000551. http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/36/4/757.
Hirsch,Fred R, Marileila Varella-Garcia, Paul a Bunn, Michael V Di Maria, Robert Veve, Roy M Bremmes, Anna E Barón, Chan Zeng, and Wilbur a Franklin. 2003. Epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small-cell lung carcinomas: correlation between gene copy number and protein expression and impact on prognosis. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 21, no. 20 (October): 3798-807. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.11.069. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12953099.
Nord, K, E Gunneriusson, J Ringdahl, S Ståhl, M Uhlén, and P A Nygren. 1997. Binding proteins selected from combinatorial libraries of an alpha-helical bacterial receptor domain. Nature biotechnology 15, no. 8 (August): 772-7. doi:10.1038/nbt0897-772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9255793.
Orlova, Anna, Vladimir Tolmachev, Rikard Pehrson, Malin Lindborg, Thuy Tran, Mattias Sandström, Fredrik Y Nilsson, Anders Wennborg, Lars Abrahmsén, and Joachim Feldwisch. 2007. Synthetic affibody molecules: a novel class of affinity ligands for molecular imaging of HER2-expressing malignant tumors. Cancer research 67, no. 5 (March): 2178-86. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2887. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332348.
Walker, R a, and S J Dearing. 1999. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA and protein in primary breast carcinomas. Breast cancer research and treatment53, no. 2 (January): 167-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10326794.
Wikman, M, a-C Steffen, E Gunneriusson, V Tolmachev, G P Adams, J Carlsson, and S Ståhl. 2004. Selection and characterization of HER2/neu-binding affibody ligands. Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS 17, no. 5 (May): 455-62. doi:10.1093/protein/gzh053. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15208403.