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<h2>Protein expression and purification </h2>
 
<h2>Protein expression and purification </h2>
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<p>E. coli expression of Anti-HER2-nb was induced using IPTG, and purification was carried out using Cobalt resin (TALON® Metal Affinity Resin). Two separate batches of protein expression and purification were prepared, and both were successful. </p>
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<p><I>E. coli</I> expression of Anti-HER2-nb was induced using IPTG, and purification was carried out using Cobalt resin (TALON® Metal Affinity Resin). Two separate batches of protein expression and purification were prepared, and both were successful. </p>
  
 
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<h2>Characterisation</h2>
 
<h2>Characterisation</h2>
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<p>To test whether liposomes can anchor to cancer cells via Anti-HER2-nb, we prepared fluorescent liposomes with a diameter of 400 nm. These liposomes contain DGS lipids, which allowed us to attach Anti-HER2-nb.<a href="https://2023.igem.wiki/toulouse-insa-ups/protocols" target="_blank">The protocol can be found here.</a>We used HER2-positive colorectal adenocarcinoma cells called Caco-2 cells to test nanobody-mediated liposome anchoring<a href="https://2023.igem.wiki/toulouse-insa-ups/protocols" target="_blank">The protocol can be found here.</a>Figure 3 shows a microscopy image of adherent and non-adherent Caco-2 cells observed in brightfield. For educational purposes, we added labels to the image to highlight some features of living eukaryotic cells that can be seen with a regular optical microscope.</p>
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<p>To test whether liposomes can anchor to cancer cells via Anti-HER2-nb, we prepared fluorescent liposomes with a diameter of 400 nm. These liposomes contain DGS lipids, which allowed us to attach Anti-HER2-nb (<a href="https://2023.igem.wiki/toulouse-insa-ups/protocols" target="_blank">See the protocol here</a>). We used HER2-positive colorectal adenocarcinoma cells called Caco-2 cells to test nanobody-mediated liposome anchoring (<a href="https://2023.igem.wiki/toulouse-insa-ups/protocols" target="_blank">See the protocol here</a>). Figure 3 shows a microscopy image of adherent and non-adherent Caco-2 cells observed in Brightfield. For educational purposes, we added labels to the image to highlight some features of living eukaryotic cells that can be seen with a regular optical microscope.</p>
 
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                                             <p class="normal centered"><span class="titre-image"><i><b>Figure 4:</b>  Optical imaging of Caco-2 cells (brightfield) and 400-nm fluorescent liposomes (red fluorescence) functionalized with Anti-HER2-nb after 1 hour incubation. This gif animation taken from a movie allows for categorizing liposomes as diffusing or immobile (anchored) during the lifespan of the movie.</i></span></p>
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                                             <p class="normal centered"><span class="titre-image"><i><b>Figure 4:</b>  Optical imaging of Caco2 cells (Brightfield) and 400-nm fluorescent liposomes (red fluorescence) functionalized with Anti-HER2-nb after 1 hour incubation. This gif animation taken from a movie allows for categorizing liposomes as diffusing or immobile (anchored) during the lifespan of the movie.</i></span></p>
  
 
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<h2>Conclusion and Perspectives</h2>
 
<h2>Conclusion and Perspectives</h2>
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<p>These experiments provide evidence that the production of the recombinant Anti-HER2-nb was successful. Moreover, preliminary fluorescence microscopy experiments with cultured Caco-2 cells suggest that liposome anchoring on cancerous cells is feasible. However, we would recommend performing more experiments to better characterize Anti-HER2-nb and its interaction with HER2 on cancer cells.  </p>
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<p>These experiments provided evidence that the production of the recombinant Anti-HER2-nb was successful. Moreover, preliminary fluorescence microscopy experiments with cultured Caco2 cells suggest that liposome anchoring on cancerous cells is feasible. However, we would recommend performing more experiments to better characterize Anti-HER2-nb and its interaction with HER2 on cancer cells.  </p>
 
<p>Construction, expression and purification of this Anti-HER2-nb part can be performed in a Biosafety level-1 laboratory and the characterization with cancer cells in a Biosafety level-2 laboratory.</p>
 
<p>Construction, expression and purification of this Anti-HER2-nb part can be performed in a Biosafety level-1 laboratory and the characterization with cancer cells in a Biosafety level-2 laboratory.</p>
 
<h2>References</h2>
 
<h2>References</h2>

Latest revision as of 08:26, 11 October 2023


Anti-HER2 nanobody

Expression and purification of anti-Her2 nanobody for the anchoring to the liposome.

Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
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    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
    Illegal XbaI site found at 47
    Illegal SpeI site found at 166
  • 12
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
    Illegal SpeI site found at 166
  • 21
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
    Illegal XhoI site found at 518
  • 23
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
    Illegal XbaI site found at 47
    Illegal SpeI site found at 166
  • 25
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
    Illegal XbaI site found at 47
    Illegal SpeI site found at 166
    Illegal NgoMIV site found at 142
  • 1000
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]


Introduction

Figure 1: Anti-HER2 Nanobody Section. "VHH-HER2" corresponds to the sequence of the Anti-HER2 Nanobody.

Toulouse-INSA-UPS 2023 designed this part to functionalize the liposome with anti-HER2 nanobodies for anchoring to cancer cells. To express and purify this nanobody, hereafter called Anti-HER2-nb , we used the E. coli strain BL21(DE3) with the plasmid pET26b_pelB-HER2-tev-stops, provided to us by Adilya Dagkesamanskaya, a researcher at the Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI). This plasmid contains the gene for Anti-HER2-nb fused to a signal peptide gene called pelB leader, along with a His-tag for purification. The signal peptide was fused to Anti-HER2-nb for periplasmic targeting, which promotes disulfide bond formation.

Protein expression and purification

E. coli expression of Anti-HER2-nb was induced using IPTG, and purification was carried out using Cobalt resin (TALON® Metal Affinity Resin). Two separate batches of protein expression and purification were prepared, and both were successful.

Figure 1: SDS-PAGE analysis (15% acrylamide) of protein samples after purification of periplasmic extract and Coomassie Blue staining. Periplasmic extract (With IPTG or No IPTG), flowthrough (FT), wash (W), elution with 20 mM imidazole, 200 mM imidazole, 250 mM imidazole and 500 mM imidazole (respectively E1/20, E1/200, E1/250 and E1/ 500).

The expected size of Anti-HER2 nb is approximately 17 kDa. In Figure 1 one can observe a clear band around this size in the extract and flowthrough, demonstrating expression of the nanobody Anti-HER2. The presence of a similar band in the negative control (No IPTG, lane 2, gel 2 in Figure 1) probably reflects an uncontrolled expression of the nanobody due to promoter leakage. Approximately 2 mL of the nanobody at 17.65 µM was produced for each sample.

Characterisation

To test whether liposomes can anchor to cancer cells via Anti-HER2-nb, we prepared fluorescent liposomes with a diameter of 400 nm. These liposomes contain DGS lipids, which allowed us to attach Anti-HER2-nb (See the protocol here). We used HER2-positive colorectal adenocarcinoma cells called Caco-2 cells to test nanobody-mediated liposome anchoring (See the protocol here). Figure 3 shows a microscopy image of adherent and non-adherent Caco-2 cells observed in Brightfield. For educational purposes, we added labels to the image to highlight some features of living eukaryotic cells that can be seen with a regular optical microscope.

Figure 3: Optical imaging of adherent and non-adherent Caco-2 cells. Cells were cultured in a petri dish and imaged with an inverted fluorescence microscope in the brightfield mode with a 40X magnification.

Fluorescent liposomes were incubated on top of Caco-2 cells as described in our Protocol page. Figure 4 shows the trajectory of liposomes over time. It is possible to differentiate between diffusing liposomes and anchored liposomes on cancerous cells.

Figure 4: Optical imaging of Caco2 cells (Brightfield) and 400-nm fluorescent liposomes (red fluorescence) functionalized with Anti-HER2-nb after 1 hour incubation. This gif animation taken from a movie allows for categorizing liposomes as diffusing or immobile (anchored) during the lifespan of the movie.

Qualitatively, this experiment suggests that liposomes are able to anchor on cancerous cells. However, it does not allow us to ascertain the specificity of the interaction between the liposome and the cancerous cell. Control liposome samples without anti-HER2 nanobodies or competitive assays with soluble extracellular domain of HER2 added in solution will have to be performed.

Conclusion and Perspectives

These experiments provided evidence that the production of the recombinant Anti-HER2-nb was successful. Moreover, preliminary fluorescence microscopy experiments with cultured Caco2 cells suggest that liposome anchoring on cancerous cells is feasible. However, we would recommend performing more experiments to better characterize Anti-HER2-nb and its interaction with HER2 on cancer cells.

Construction, expression and purification of this Anti-HER2-nb part can be performed in a Biosafety level-1 laboratory and the characterization with cancer cells in a Biosafety level-2 laboratory.

References

  1. [1]Chabrol E, Stojko J, Nicolas A, et al. VHH characterization.Recombinant VHHs: Production, characterization and affinity. Anal Biochem. 2020;589:113491. https://doi:10.1016/j.ab.2019.113491.
  2. [2]Hartmann L, Botzanowski T, Galibert M, et al. VHH characterization. Comparison of recombinant with chemically synthesized anti-HER2 VHH. Protein Sci. 2019;28(10):1865-1879. https://doi:10.1002/pro.3712.
  3. [3]Chabrol E, Fagnen C, Landron S, et al. Biochemistry, structure, and cellular internalization of a four nanobody-bearing Fc dimer. Protein Sci. 2021;30(9):1946-1957. https://doi:10.1002/pro.4147.