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Figure 2. Expression of pVE-LL-37. The bacteria were collected and ultrasonicated. The lysate was centrifuged and supernate was electrophoresed on the Tricine-SDS-PAGE gel, followed by Fast silver staining. The LL-37 peptide was synthesized as positive control.
 
Figure 2. Expression of pVE-LL-37. The bacteria were collected and ultrasonicated. The lysate was centrifuged and supernate was electrophoresed on the Tricine-SDS-PAGE gel, followed by Fast silver staining. The LL-37 peptide was synthesized as positive control.
 
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<h4>'''2.3 Candidacidal effect of LL-37 '''</h4>
 
<h4>'''2.3 Candidacidal effect of LL-37 '''</h4>
 
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To assess the candidacidal activity of LL-37, the spot assay was performed. As shown in Figure 3, <i>C. albicans</i> viability after LL-37 treatment was visually compared with that of control cells (no LL-37 treatment). We found that cell viability was more sensitive to LL-37.
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To assess the candidacidal activity of LL-37, the spot assay was performed. As shown in Figure 13, <i>C. albicans</i> viability after LL-37 treatment was visually compared with that of control cells (no LL-37 treatment). We found that cell viability was more sensitive to LL-37.
 
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[[File:ll37-3.png|600px|center|ll37-3]]
 
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Figure 3. Candidacidal activity of LL-37. <i>C. albicans</i> were collected and suspensions were resuspended to 10<sup>5</sup> cells/mL. 10 µL <i>C. albicans</i> suspension and 20 µL sterile BL21-transformed bacteria were gently mixed. After a 10 min incubation, the mixture was spotted onto the SDA agar plates. Cell viability was detected after incubation at 30℃ for 18 hrs.
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Figure 3. Candidacidal activity of LL-37. <i>C. albicans</i> were collected and suspensions were resuspended to 105 cells/mL. 10 µL <i>C. albicans</i> suspension and 20 µL sterile BL21-transformed bacteria were gently mixed. After a 10-min incubation, the mixture was spotted onto the SDA agar plates. Cell viability was detected after incubation at 30 ℃ for 18 hrs.
 
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Figure 4. Candidacidal activity of LL-37. 1.5 µM PI (propidiumiodide) was added into <i>C. albicans</i> suspensions (10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL, 1 mL) and serially BL21-transformed bacteria supernatant (2 mL) mixture. The whole system was incubated at 30 ℃. During the 1 h incubation, the fluorescence was measured every 5 min at the excitation wavelength λexc 544 nm and emission wavelength λem 620 nm. The experiment was performed three times in triplicate. *, P < 0.05 from control using Student’s t test.
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Figure 4. Candidacidal activity of LL-37. 1.5 µM PI (propidiumiodide) was added into <i>C. albicans</i> suspensions (106 cells/mL, 1 mL) and serially BL21-transformed bacteria supernatant (2 mL) mixture. The whole system was incubated at 30 ℃. During the 1 h incubation, the fluorescence intensity was measured every 5 min at the excitation wavelength λexc 544 nm and emission wavelength λem 620 nm. The experiment was performed three times in triplicate. *, P < 0.05 from control using Student’s t test.
 
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<h1>'''3. Conclusion'''</h1>
 
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==MIT_MAHE 2020==
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'''Summary'''
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LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. It is a 37-residue helical peptide found throughout the human body, exhibiting a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as a variety of immunomodulating effects. LL-37 is able to form aggregates in solution and lipid bilayers and thus, unlike other antimicrobial peptides, is protected from proteolytic degradation. Exposure to LL-37 results in recruitment of inflammatory cells, induction of M1 macrophages and stimulation of inflammatory responses such as inflammasome activation and type I IFN production. LL-37 has strong anti-inflammatory effects such as neutralization of TLR4 activation by LPS, downmodulation of inflammatory cytokine responses and preventing invasion and inflammatory responses to pathogenic bacteria.
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==References==
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1. Kahlenberg, J. M., & Kaplan, M. J. (2013). Little peptide, big effects: the role of LL-37 in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 191(10), 4895–4901. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302005
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2. Dürr, U. H., Sudheendra, U. S., & Ramamoorthy, A. (2006). LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1758(9), 1408–1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.030 "

Latest revision as of 17:34, 23 October 2020

LL-37

LL-37 protein coding region. We added a stop codon to BBa_K1162006.

1. Usage and Biology

LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides, isolated from the Human (Homo sapiens). It is a 37-residue helical peptide found throughout the human body, exhibiting a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as a variety of immunomodulating effects (Dürr, Ulrich H.N., et. al 2006). It has the distinction of being the first and only cathelicidin member discovered from humans, and is extremely well studied and characterized for this reason. The peptide is produced via epithelial cells as well as leukocytes in places such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. This AMP is is cleaved from a larger protein, hCAP-18, in a series of modifications to yield its active form (Sorensen, O.E, et. al 2001).

2. Characterization

2.1 Validation of LL-37 construction

To verify the construction of pVE-LL-37 which we generated, the digestion by BglII/EcoRV was performed by a standard protocol followed by agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 1).

ll37-1

Figure 1. Digestion and electrophoresis of pVE-LL-37.

2.2 Expression of pVE-LL-37

To detect the expression of pVE-LL-37 in E. coli, the constructs were transformed into BL21. Compared to the mock, there was a small size band shown in pVE-LL-37 (Figure 2).

ll37-2

Figure 2. Expression of pVE-LL-37. The bacteria were collected and ultrasonicated. The lysate was centrifuged and supernate was electrophoresed on the Tricine-SDS-PAGE gel, followed by Fast silver staining. The LL-37 peptide was synthesized as positive control.

2.3 Candidacidal effect of LL-37

To assess the candidacidal activity of LL-37, the spot assay was performed. As shown in Figure 13, C. albicans viability after LL-37 treatment was visually compared with that of control cells (no LL-37 treatment). We found that cell viability was more sensitive to LL-37.

ll37-3

Figure 3. Candidacidal activity of LL-37. C. albicans were collected and suspensions were resuspended to 105 cells/mL. 10 µL C. albicans suspension and 20 µL sterile BL21-transformed bacteria were gently mixed. After a 10-min incubation, the mixture was spotted onto the SDA agar plates. Cell viability was detected after incubation at 30 ℃ for 18 hrs.

To further validate the candidacidal effect of LL-37, C. albicans suspensions were incubated with it. After incubation, LL-37 caused an immediate increase in PI fluorescence indicates that LL-37 can kill C. albicans (Figure 4).

ll37-4

Figure 4. Candidacidal activity of LL-37. 1.5 µM PI (propidiumiodide) was added into C. albicans suspensions (106 cells/mL, 1 mL) and serially BL21-transformed bacteria supernatant (2 mL) mixture. The whole system was incubated at 30 ℃. During the 1 h incubation, the fluorescence intensity was measured every 5 min at the excitation wavelength λexc 544 nm and emission wavelength λem 620 nm. The experiment was performed three times in triplicate. *, P < 0.05 from control using Student’s t test.

3. Conclusion

We successfully characterized LL-37 and demonstrated its ability to kill C. albicans from multiple angles.

Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
  • 10
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
  • 12
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
  • 21
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
  • 23
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
  • 25
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
  • 1000
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]


MIT_MAHE 2020

Summary

LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. It is a 37-residue helical peptide found throughout the human body, exhibiting a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as a variety of immunomodulating effects. LL-37 is able to form aggregates in solution and lipid bilayers and thus, unlike other antimicrobial peptides, is protected from proteolytic degradation. Exposure to LL-37 results in recruitment of inflammatory cells, induction of M1 macrophages and stimulation of inflammatory responses such as inflammasome activation and type I IFN production. LL-37 has strong anti-inflammatory effects such as neutralization of TLR4 activation by LPS, downmodulation of inflammatory cytokine responses and preventing invasion and inflammatory responses to pathogenic bacteria.

References

1. Kahlenberg, J. M., & Kaplan, M. J. (2013). Little peptide, big effects: the role of LL-37 in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 191(10), 4895–4901. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302005

2. Dürr, U. H., Sudheendra, U. S., & Ramamoorthy, A. (2006). LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1758(9), 1408–1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.030 "