Latest revision as of 10:28, 12 October 2022

Test Device 1 for the iGEM InterLab Study

This is a GFP expressing constitutive device for the 2017 iGEM InterLab study. It is called Test Device 1 for the study for easy reference.

This device is stored in pSB1C3 for the InterLab and is fully BioBrick compatible.

Interlab 2022 Experiment 3 Device

Test Device 1 for Experiment 3 of the 2022 iGEM Interlab

The following device is used in the iGEM 2022 InterLaboratory Study for Experiment 3.

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

10
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
12
INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
Illegal NheI site found at 7
Illegal NheI site found at 30
21
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
23
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
25
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
1000
INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]
Illegal BsaI.rc site found at 705

Team NAWI_Graz 2019: GFP dynamics of transformed Escherichia coli strains in LB broth

Background

In Team NAWI_Graz 2019, we found that in normal growth/incubation condition (37^oC, LB media + chloramphenicol) BBa_J364000-transformed Escherichia coli BL21 cells had the highest GFP expression in comparison to BL21 Star and Top 10 strains. Values were consistently higher for BL21 strain over the entire 44-hours measuring period.

Three strains expression on GFP and its control — **Figure 1:** GFL Flourescence Measurements with GFP containing E.coli strains and non GFP containing E.coli strains (control)). Remark: the green line represents all the GFP empty strains

Experimental Design

We used three different strains of transformed E. coli (Top10,BL21 and BL21 Star) for this study. Transformed strains were incubated in 15 mL LB broth 37 ^oC overnight. Next day they were used to inoculate a 50 mL LB to OD₆₀₀=0.1. The cultures were then incubated at 37 ^oC, 140 rpm and samples were taken every 4 hours for 2 days to determine the green fluorescence protein (GFP) fluorescence intensity at 510 nm.

Result and Findings

There are significant differences of GFP expression in different strains of E. coli (Top10, BL21, BL21 Star)
Cultures turned light green under white light after around 14-18 hours of incubation time.

Figure 2: GFL Flourescence and OD600 Measurements with GFP containing E.coli strains and non GFP containing E.coli strains (control))

Figure 3: at the 14h time point old GFP-transformed E. coli strains (Left: Top10, Middle: BL21, Right: BL21 Star)

Improvement

Group: iGEM Team UESTC-China 2019
Author: Qiuyun Huang, Zixin Wang

This year, we improved this reporter device (BBa_J364000) into a surface display system (BBa_K3034007) (Fig. 1) by fusing GFP with INPNC (BBa_K523008). The improved system can anchor the downstream protein of INPNC to the surface of bacteria, while the GFP is used as the reporter gene. So, other teams who have the need of surface display can insert their target gene into this system.

Fig.1. Schematic map of BBa_K3034007.

Ice nucleation protein (INP) is a secretory outer membrane protein from Pseudomomas syringae, P.flurorescens and several other Gram-negative bacteria. INP can anchor one or more "passenger proteins" to the outer membrane of bacteria. The fixation of exogenous proteins on the bacteria surface through INPNC can not only greatly improve the efficiency of enzymatic reaction, but also avoid the degradation of exogenous proteins by intracellular enzymes of host cells[1].

Besides, we added a segment of linker between INPNC and GFP to ensure that two adjacent domains do not sterically interfere with one another. In our experiments, without linker, GFP could not be properly expressed.

Quantitative detection of fluorescence

First, we cultured the bacteria overnight and adjusted them to the same OD600. We ultrasonic broke, centrifuged and respectively resuspend precipitation to measure the fluorescence intensity of GFP in E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 and E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_K3034007 (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. The relative fluorescence intensity of E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 and E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_K3034007. The relative fluorescence intensity= Fluorescence of precipitation/ (Fluorescence of supernatant+ Fluorescence of precipitation)×100%.

The results showed that both precipitation and supernatant contained relatively strong GFP. Moreover, the distribution of GFP in E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_K3034007 was not significantly different from that in E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_J364000. There are some differences with our expectation, after analysis, it may be caused by incomplete ultrasonic broken of bacteria.

Since the E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_K3034007 expressed GFP, this indirectly indicated that INPNC was successfully expressed. However, the content of GFP in the E.coli DH5α precipitate (cell membrane) carrying BBa_K3034007 was not significantly higher than the E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_J364000. We hypothesized that INPNC was expressed but the efficiency was not so high.

Microscopic observation

Next, we used fluorescence microscopy to see if the INPNC worked. E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 (GFP) was rod-shaped and the fluorescence was equably distributed in E.coli (Fig. 3a). The fluorescence of E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_K3034007 (INPNC+GFP) was observed to be dotted and dispersed on the surface of E.coli (Fig. 3b,3c). The results proved that GFP has apparently been anchored to the surface of the E.coli and INPNC was working.

In addition, we also noticed that E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_K3034007 (INPNC+GFP) had fluorescence aggregation on one side of the E.coli surface (Fig. 3c). The result is consistant with fact that we found in the literature[2] that the INPNC forms aggregates in the cell membrane.Thus, we are more clear that we have achieved our improvement.

Fig.3. The fluorescence microscopy of E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_J364000(a) and E.coli DH5α carrying BBa_K3034007 (b、c).

Conclusion

We improved this part. GFP is an intracellular reporter gene, and we achieved the expression of GFP on the surface of E.coli.
Based on the current results, there is space for further improvement in the efficiency of system expression, and the key point is that the activity of INPNC needs to be improved.
Other teams who have the need of surface display can insert their target gene into this system. For example, the system can be applied to whole-cell biocatalysts, heavy metal contamination adsorption, antigen and antibody display, etc[1].

</html>

Team PuiChing Macau 2021: E.coli growth in food waste analysis

We would like to analyze the growth of E.coli via Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). To examine the growth of E.coli in food waste, the Optical Density of E.coli is commonly used. Yet, in the presence of food waste (starch from rice as an example here), it is difficult to measure the O.D. value of E.coli growth at a wavelength of 600 nm (O.D.600), where determining the growth phase is almost impossible. Thus, we would like to use Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) (488 nm and 510 nm) to establish a model of E.coli’s growth in food waste (starch).

Result

We estimate the number of bacteria in the culture by assessing the emission wavelength for fluorescence signals at O.D.510 and O.D.600. The tested samples are composed of 100ml of LB medium and 1.5ml of overnight bacteria culture. The time points measured are 0hr, 4hr, 12hr, and 24hr.

As demonstrated by Fig.3 (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d), samples with GFP have shown higher absorbance compared with controls of BL21. And samples in the presence of food waste (starch) have also shown higher absorbance than those without food waste (starch).

Fig 1a, 1b. Experiment culture (bacteria and GFP) centrifuged: 1a normal; 1b under UV light(from left to right: 1. LB 2. LB+starch 3. GFP+starch 4. GFP 5. BL21+starch 6. BL21

Fig 2a 2b. Experiment culture (bacteria and GFP) under UV light: 2a with starch; 2b without starch (from left to right: 1. BL21+starch 2. GFP+starch 3. GFP 4. BL21)

Fig 3a O.D.600 of BL21 culture with starch and without starch

Fig 3b GFP signal intensity of BL21 culture with starch and without starch

Fig 3c O.D.600 signal intensity of BL21 culture with starch and without starch (normalized)

Fig 3d GFP signal intensity of BL21 culture with starch and without starch (normalized)

PuiChing_Macau 2022

E.coli (GFP_pET11a) growth curve

Figure 1a. Line plot showing GFP Fluorescence emission rate across time (hours), with different culturing mediums. Error bar representing Mean±SEM.

Figure 1b. Line plot showing GFP Fluorescence emission rate across time (hours), with different culturing mediums. Error bar representing Mean±SD.

To test whether E. coli can grow and express GFP in the hydroponic nutrient solutions, we compared the growth of E. coli and GFP expression in the hydroponic solution, LB medium, and water. We calculated the standard error (SEM), with n=3:

where σ is the standard deviation, and n is the number of trials.

We found that the E. coli transformed with GFP is most suitable to grow in LB, followed by hydroponic solution and finally pure water. As expected, the Absorbance OD600 of cell culture in LB medium is the highest. The absorbance in the hydroponic solution is lower than LB, however, it is higher than pure water, suggesting the E.coli can grow with the hydroponic solution.

The absorbance in the hydroponic solution reached a peak at the 25th hour, which shows that the E.coli grew and multiplied on the first day. Then, in the 25th to the 45th hour, the value decreases to around 0.1. After that, from the 45th to the 100th hour, the value remains stable. At the 100th to 180th hour, the value increases steadily. These suggest E. coli can grow and survive in hydroponic solution over days.

The group's absorbance in pure water peaked at the 25th hour and decreased between the 25th to the 70th hour. This demonstrates that on the first day, the E.coli can still survive in pure water, but in the following hours the E.coli died out.

The trends of GFP fluorescence emission rate correspond to the trends of absorbance rate, showing a positive correlation between GFP protein expression and the growth of E. Coli. GFP fluorescence was highest in LB, but it is still substantially present in hydroponic solution.

To sum up, the data indicate that E. Coli cells can survive within hydroponic systems. The data indicate that E. coli cells can survive and express protein within hydroponic systems, as demonstrated by the growth and GFP expression. (Figures 1a and 1b)

Compared to hydroponic water and LB medium, the rank of growing environments from most to least suitable E. coli transformed with GFP is LB> hydroponic water> pure water. The Absorbance rate of cell culture in the LB medium is the highest, the recorded rate in the hydroponic water is lower than LB group, however, it is higher than in pure water.

The Absorbance rate in LB medium is the highest and keeps increasing throughout the 180 hours. This indicates that the LB medium is suitable for E.coli to grow.

The Absorbance rate in hydroponic water reached a peak at the 25th hour, which shows that the E.coli survived and multiplied on the first day. Then, in the 25th to the 45th hour, the value decreases to around 0.1. After that, from the 45th to the 100th hour, the value remains stable. At the 100th to 180th hour, the value increases steadily.

The group in pure water has reached its peak at the 25th hour, and the rate decreases between the 25th to the 70th hour. In the following 100 hours, the rate slightly fluctuates. This demonstrates that on the first day, the E.coli can still survive in pure water, but in the following hours, the E.coli died.

To sum up, the data indicate that E. coli cells can survive and express protein within hydroponic systems, as demonstrated by the growth and GFP expression.(Figure 1)

Photo 1: The transformed GFP in BL21 plate E.coli strain under UV light.

Photo 2: The transformed GFP in BL21 E.coli strain under UV light.

Reference

[1] Li mingya, & Lin chenshui. (2016). Ice crystal nuclear protein and its application in bacterial surface display technology. Amino acids and biological resources, 38(2), 7-11. [2] Qiu, Y., Hudait, A., & Molinero, V. (2019). How Size and Aggregation of Ice-Binding Proteins Control Their Ice Nucleation Efficiency. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(18), 7439-7452.

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 This device is stored in pSB1C3 for the InterLab and is fully BioBrick compatible.
+===Interlab 2022 Experiment 3 Device===
+* Test Device 1 for Experiment 3 of the 2022 iGEM Interlab
+{{Template:Collection/Interlab_2022/Experiment_3/Partof}}
 <!-- Add more about the biology of this part here
@@ Line 26: / Line 32: @@
 <p>
-<figure>
-    <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/parts/a/a5/GFP_Absorbance_510.png" 		alt="Three strains expression on GFP and its control" 		style="float:right;width:350px;height:205.5px;">
- </figure>
 <i>Background</i><br><br>
-In <a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:NAWI_Graz" target="_blank">Team NAWI_Graz 2019</a>
+In <a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:NAWI_Graz" target="_blank">Team NAWI_Graz 2019</a>, we found that in normal growth/incubation condition (37<sup>o</sup>C, LB media + chloramphenicol)
-characterization, we found that in normal growth/incubation condition (37 <sup>o</sup>C, LB agar)
-BBa_J364000-transformed <i>Escherichia coli</i> BL21 cells had the highest GFP expression in comparison to BL21 Star and Top 10 strains. In order to confirm that we have measured the GFP Flourescence of those three strains over 44 hours period. <br><br>
+BBa_J364000-transformed <i>Escherichia coli</i> BL21 cells had the highest GFP expression in comparison to BL21 Star and Top 10 strains. Values were consistently higher for BL21 strain over the entire 44-hours measuring period.<br><br>
+<center><figure>
+    <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/parts/6/62/Gfp-123.png" 		alt="Three strains expression on GFP and its control" style="width:550px;height:405.5px;">
+<figcaption> <i><b>Figure 1:</b> GFL Flourescence Measurements with GFP containing E.coli strains and non GFP containing E.coli strains (control)). Remark: the green line represents all the GFP empty strains</i></figcaption>
+ </figure> </center>
 <i>Experimental Design</i><br><br>
@@ Line 47: / Line 54: @@
    <li>There are significant differences of GFP expression in different strains of <i>E. coli</i>
 (Top10, BL21, BL21 Star)</li>
-   <li>The broth became ligh green in color under natural light after around 14-18 hours of incubation time.</li>
+   <li>Cultures turned light green under white light after around 14-18 hours of incubation time.</li>
 </ul>
@@ Line 61: / Line 68: @@
 <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/parts/3/32/Bl21%2Bcontrol.png" style="width: 310px; height: 205.5;">
-<figcaption> <i><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Figure 1:</b> GFL Flourescence and OD600 Measurements with GFP containing E.coli strains and non GFP containing E.coli strains (control))</i></figcaption></figure>
+<figcaption> <i><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Figure 2:</b> GFL Flourescence and OD600 Measurements with GFP containing E.coli strains and non GFP containing E.coli strains (control))</i></figcaption></figure>
@@ Line 67: / Line 74: @@
 <figure><img src="
                      https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/parts/3/3b/14h_flask_photo.jpeg" style="height: 30%; width: 30%;"/>
-                                            <figcaption><i><b>Figure 2:</b> ~14 hours old GFP-transformed E. coli strains (Left: Top10, Middle: BL21, Right: BL21 Star)</i></figcaption></figure>
+                                            <figcaption><i><b>Figure 3:</b> at the 14h time point old GFP-transformed E. coli strains (Left: Top10, Middle: BL21, Right: BL21 Star)</i></figcaption></figure>
@@ Line 78: / Line 85: @@
 ----
-This year, we improved this reporter device (BBa_J364000) into a surface display system (<html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html>) by fusing GFP with INPNC. The improved system can anchor the downstream protein of INPNC to the surface of bacteria, while the GFP is used as the reporter gene. So, other teams who have the need of surface display can insert their target gene into this system.
+This year, <b>we improved this reporter device (BBa_J364000) into a surface display system</b> (<html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html>) (Fig. 1) by fusing GFP with INPNC (<html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K523008'>BBa_K523008</a></html>). The improved system can anchor the downstream protein of INPNC to the surface of bacteria, while the GFP is used as the reporter gene. So, other teams who have the need of surface display can insert their target gene into this system.
+[[File:T-UESTC-China_GFP_o2.png|700px|thumb|center|'''Fig.1.''' Schematic map of <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html>.]]
 Ice nucleation protein (INP) is a secretory outer membrane protein from ''Pseudomomas syringae'', ''P.flurorescens'' and several other Gram-negative bacteria. INP can anchor one or more "passenger proteins" to the outer membrane of bacteria. The fixation of exogenous proteins on the bacteria surface through INPNC can not only greatly improve the efficiency of enzymatic reaction, but also avoid the degradation of exogenous proteins by intracellular enzymes of host cells[1].
-Besides, we added a segment of linker between INPNC and GFP to ensure that two adjacent domains do not sterically interfere with one another.
+Besides, we added a segment of linker between INPNC and GFP to ensure that two adjacent domains do not sterically interfere with one another. In our experiments, without linker, GFP could not be properly expressed.
 ====Quantitative detection of fluorescence====
-First, we cultured the bacteria overnight and adjusted them to the same OD600. We ultrasonic broken, centrifuged and  respectively resuspend precipitation to measure the distribution of GFP in ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 and ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html>.
+First, we cultured the bacteria overnight and adjusted them to the same OD600. We ultrasonic broke, centrifuged and  respectively resuspend precipitation to measure the fluorescence intensity of GFP in ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 and ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> (Fig. 2).
-[[File:T_UESTC_China_Relative_FI.png|700px|thumb|center|'''Fig.1.''' The relative fluorescence intensity of ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 and ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html>.
+[[File:T_UESTC_China_Relative_FI.png|700px|thumb|center|'''Fig.2.''' The relative fluorescence intensity of ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 and ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html>.
 The relative fluorescence intensity= Fluorescence of precipitation/ (Fluorescence of supernatant+ Fluorescence of precipitation)×100%.]]
-The results showed that both precipitation and supernatant contained relatively strong GFP. Moreover, the distribution of GFP in ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> was not significantly different from that in ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000. This was not in line with our expectation, after analysis, it may be caused by incomplete ultrasonic broken of bacteria.
+The results showed that both precipitation and supernatant contained relatively strong GFP. Moreover, the distribution of GFP in ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> was not significantly different from that in ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000. There are some differences with our expectation, after analysis, it may be caused by incomplete ultrasonic broken of bacteria.
 Since the ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> expressed GFP, this indirectly indicated that INPNC was successfully expressed. However, the content of GFP in the ''E.coli'' DH5α precipitate (cell membrane) carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> was not significantly higher than the ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000. We hypothesized that INPNC was expressed but the efficiency was not so high.
 ====Microscopic observation====
-Next, we used fluorescence microscopy to see if the INPNC worked. ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 (GFP) was rod-shaped and the fluorescence was equably distributed in ''E.coli'' (Fig. 2a). The fluorescence of ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> (INPNC+GFP) was observed to be dotted and dispersed on the surface of ''E.coli'' (Fig. 2b,2c). The results proved that GFP has apparently been anchored to the surface of the ''E.coli'' and INPNC was working.
+Next, we used fluorescence microscopy to see if the INPNC worked. ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000 (GFP) was rod-shaped and the fluorescence was equably distributed in ''E.coli'' (Fig. 3a). The fluorescence of ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> (INPNC+GFP) was observed to be dotted and dispersed on the surface of ''E.coli'' (Fig. 3b,3c). The results proved that GFP has apparently been anchored to the surface of the ''E.coli'' and INPNC was working.
-In addition, we also noticed that ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> (INPNC+GFP) had fluorescence aggregation on one side of the ''E.coli'' surface (Fig. 2c). The result is consistant with fact that we found in the literature[2] that the INPNC forms aggregates in the cell membrane.
+In addition, we also noticed that ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> (INPNC+GFP) had fluorescence aggregation on one side of the ''E.coli'' surface (Fig. 3c). The result is consistant with fact that we found in the literature[2] that the INPNC forms aggregates in the cell membrane.Thus, we are more clear that we have achieved our improvement.
-[[File:T_UESTC_China_INPNC.png|700px|thumb|center|'''Fig.2.''' The fluorescence microscopy of ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000(a) and ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> (b、c). ]]
+[[File:T_UESTC_China_INPNC.png|700px|thumb|center|'''Fig.3.''' The fluorescence microscopy of ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying BBa_J364000(a) and ''E.coli'' DH5α carrying <html><a href='https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K3034007'>BBa_K3034007</a></html> (b、c). ]]
 ====Conclusion====
-By fusing GFP with INPNC, we can implement the following improvements:
+#We improved this part. GFP is an intracellular reporter gene, and we achieved the expression of GFP on the surface of E.coli.
-# We upgraded this part into a surface display and report system, which can anchor GFP to the surface of ''E.coli'' and realize the function enhancement of the original part.
+#Based on the current results, there is space for further improvement in the efficiency of system expression, and the key point is that the activity of INPNC needs to be improved.
-# While GFP is used to report the expression of other enzymes, the system can also anchor other enzymes together with GFP to the bacterial surface to realize the surface display of certain enzymes and enhance the enzyme activity.
+#Other teams who have the need of surface display can insert their target gene into this system. For example, the system can be applied to whole-cell biocatalysts, heavy metal contamination adsorption, antigen and antibody display, etc[1].
+</html>
-====References====
+==Team PuiChing Macau 2021: <i>E.coli</i> growth in food waste analysis==
+We would like to analyze the growth of <i>E.coli</i> via Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). To examine the growth of E.coli in food waste, the Optical Density of <i>E.coli</i> is commonly used. Yet, in the presence of food waste (starch from rice as an example here), it is difficult to measure the O.D. value of E.coli growth at a wavelength of 600 nm (O.D.600), where determining the growth phase is almost impossible. Thus, we would like to use Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) (488 nm and 510 nm) to establish a model of <i>E.coli</i>’s growth in food waste (starch).
+====Result====
+We estimate the number of bacteria in the culture by assessing the emission wavelength for fluorescence signals at O.D.510 and O.D.600. The tested samples are composed of 100ml of LB medium and 1.5ml of overnight bacteria culture. The time points measured are 0hr, 4hr, 12hr, and 24hr.
+As demonstrated by Fig.3 (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d), samples with GFP have shown higher absorbance compared with controls of BL21. And samples in the presence of food waste (starch) have also shown higher absorbance than those without food waste (starch).
+<img style="width:100%; height:auto" src="https://2021.igem.org/wiki/images/5/5b/T--PuiChing_Macau--results4.jpg">
+<center><p>Fig 1a, 1b. Experiment culture (bacteria and GFP) centrifuged: 1a normal; 1b under UV light(from left to right: 1. LB 2. LB+starch 3. GFP+starch 4. GFP 5. BL21+starch 6. BL21</p></center>
+<img style="width:100%; height:auto;" src="https://2021.igem.org/wiki/images/d/d2/T--PuiChing_Macau--result5.jpg">
+<center><p>Fig 2a 2b. Experiment culture (bacteria and GFP) under UV light: 2a with starch; 2b without starch
+(from left to right: 1. BL21+starch 2. GFP+starch 3. GFP 4. BL21)</p></center>
+<img style="width:100%; height:auto" src="https://2021.igem.org/wiki/images/0/01/T--PuiChing_Macau--result6.jpg">
+<center><p>Fig 3a O.D.600 of BL21 culture with starch and without starch</p></center>
+<img style="width:100%; height:auto" src="https://2021.igem.org/wiki/images/b/b8/T--PuiChing_Macau--result7.jpg">
+<center><p>Fig 3b GFP signal intensity of BL21 culture with starch and without starch</p></center>
+<img style="width:100%; height:auto" src="https://2021.igem.org/wiki/images/2/27/T--PuiChing_Macau--result8.jpg">
+<center><p>Fig 3c O.D.600 signal intensity of BL21 culture with starch and without starch (normalized)</p></center>
+<img style="width:100%; height:auto" src="https://2021.igem.org/wiki/images/5/5c/T--PuiChing_Macau--result9.jpg">
+<center><p>Fig 3d GFP signal intensity of BL21 culture with starch and without starch (normalized)</p></center>
+=PuiChing_Macau 2022=
+<br>
+<h2>E.coli (GFP_pET11a) growth curve</h2>
+[[File:Gfp abs.png|400px|thumb|center|Figure 1a.  Line plot showing GFP Fluorescence emission rate across time (hours), with different culturing mediums. Error bar representing Mean±SEM.]]
+[[File:Gfp fl.png|400px|thumb|center|Figure 1b. Line plot showing GFP Fluorescence emission rate across time (hours), with different culturing mediums. Error bar representing Mean±SD.]]
+To test whether E. coli can grow and express GFP in the hydroponic nutrient solutions, we compared the growth of E. coli and GFP expression in the hydroponic solution, LB medium, and water. We calculated the standard error (SEM), with n=3:
+[[File:SE treatment.png|200px|center]]
+where σ is the standard deviation, and n is the number of trials.
+      <p>We found that the E. coli transformed with GFP is most suitable to grow in LB, followed by hydroponic solution and finally pure water. As expected, the Absorbance OD600 of cell culture in LB medium is the highest. The absorbance in the hydroponic solution is lower than LB, however, it is higher than pure water, suggesting the E.coli can grow with the hydroponic solution.</p>
+      <p>The absorbance in the hydroponic solution reached a peak at the 25th hour, which shows that the E.coli grew and multiplied on the first day. Then, in the 25th to the 45th hour, the value decreases to around 0.1. After that, from the 45th to the 100th hour, the value remains stable. At the 100th to 180th hour, the value increases steadily. These suggest E. coli can grow and survive in hydroponic solution over days.</p>
+      <p>The group's absorbance in pure water peaked at the 25th hour and decreased between the 25th to the 70th hour. This demonstrates that on the first day, the E.coli can still survive in pure water, but in the following hours the E.coli died out.</p>
+      <p>The trends of GFP fluorescence emission rate correspond to the trends of absorbance rate, showing a positive correlation between GFP protein expression and the growth of E. Coli. GFP fluorescence was highest in LB, but it is still substantially present in hydroponic solution.</p>
+      <p>To sum up, the data indicate that E. Coli cells can survive within hydroponic systems. The data indicate that E. coli cells can survive and express protein within hydroponic systems, as demonstrated by the growth and GFP expression. (Figures 1a and 1b) </p>
+      <p>Compared to hydroponic water and LB medium, the rank of growing environments from most to least suitable E. coli transformed with GFP is LB> hydroponic water> pure water. The Absorbance rate of cell culture in the LB medium is the highest, the recorded rate in the hydroponic water is lower than LB group, however, it is higher than in pure water.</p>
+      <p>The Absorbance rate in LB medium is the highest and keeps increasing throughout the 180 hours. This indicates that the LB medium is suitable for E.coli to grow.</p>
+      <p>The Absorbance rate in hydroponic water reached a peak at the 25th hour, which shows that the E.coli survived and multiplied on the first day. Then, in the 25th to the 45th hour, the value decreases to around 0.1. After that, from the 45th to the 100th hour, the value remains stable. At the 100th to 180th hour, the value increases steadily.</p>
+      <p>The group in pure water has reached its peak at the 25th hour, and the rate decreases between the 25th to the 70th hour. In the following 100 hours, the rate slightly fluctuates. This demonstrates that on the first day, the E.coli can still survive in pure water, but in the following hours, the E.coli died.</p>
+<p>To sum up, the data indicate that E. coli cells can survive and express protein within hydroponic systems, as demonstrated by the growth and GFP expression.(Figure 1)</p>
+[[File:Gfp plate.jpeg|400px|thumb|center|Photo 1: The transformed GFP in BL21 plate E.coli strain under UV light.]]
+[[File:Gfp tubes.png|400px|thumb|center|Photo 2: The transformed GFP in BL21 E.coli strain under UV light.]]
+===Reference===
+<p>
 [1] Li mingya, & Lin chenshui. (2016). Ice crystal nuclear protein and its application in bacterial surface display technology. Amino acids and biological resources, 38(2), 7-11.
 [2] Qiu, Y., Hudait, A., & Molinero, V. (2019). How Size and Aggregation of Ice-Binding Proteins Control Their Ice Nucleation Efficiency. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(18), 7439-7452.
+</p>

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