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| − | <partinfo>BBa_K1189018 short</partinfo>
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| | <html> | | <html> |
| − | <p>This part was created by fusing the heavy chain and light chains (<partinfo>BBa_K1189024</partinfo> <partinfo>BBa_K1189025</partinfo>) of human ferritin together (sequences from: P02794 and P02792 [UniParc]). It is expressed under the lacI promoter (<partinfo>BBa_J04500</partinfo>) and has a his-tag for protein purification. An E-coil (<partinfo>BBa_K1189011</partinfo>) is included in order to allow binding of parts containing the respective K-coil (<partinfo>BBa_K1189010</partinfo>). Characterization of this part was done primarily with <a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/f4503?lang=en®ion=CA">commercially purchased ferritin</a>, which is structurally very similar to this recombinant ferritin (Figure 1). </p>
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| − | <p>This construct can be used as a reporter through a modification of the iron core to form Prussian Blue (Figure 2). The resulting molecule can then catalyze the formation of radicals from hydrogen peroxide, which can then cause a colour change in substrates such as TMB or ABTS (Figure 3) (Zhang <i> et al.,</i> 2013).</p>
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| − | <p> This protein is a highly robust protein, remaining stable under extreme pH, temperature, and denaturing conditions. It is also highly accepting of fusion proteins, as it continues to form the nanoparticle despite fusions to both N-terminus and C-terminus. In addition, proteins fused to this protein have been found to be stabilized due to the fusion.
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| − | </p>
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| − | </html>
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| − | <html>
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| − | <br>
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| − | <figure> | + | <h1>A fusion of two ferrtin subunits</h1> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/1/18/UCalgary2013TRFerritinrender2png.png" alt="Ferritin" width="300" height="300">
| + | |
| − | <figcaption>
| + | |
| − | <p><b>Figure 1.</b> Ribbon visualization of a fully assembled ferritin protein.</p>
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| − | </figcaption>
| + | |
| − | </figure> | + | |
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| − | <figure> | + | <p>Ferritin is a protein shelled nanoparticle and is composed of a mixture of 24 <a href="https://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1189024">light (BBa_K1189024)</a> and <a href="https://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1189025">heavy (BBa_K1189025)</a> subunits. It is ubiquitous across eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems and is used to sequester intracellular iron (Chasteen <i>et al.</i>, 1991). The <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:Calgary">2013 iGEM Calgary</a> used ferritin’s iron core as a reporter and its protein shell to scaffold <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:Calgary/Project/OurSensor/Detector">DNA sensing TALEs</a> as part of their project, the <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:Calgary/Project/OurSensor">FerriTALE</a> (see Figure 1).</p> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/a/a9/UCalgary2013TRSubstratecolour.png" alt="Substrate Colours" width="250" height="300"> | + | |
| − | <figcaption> | + | |
| − | <p><b>Figure 2.</b> Image of the colours of ABTS and TMB (10 mg/mL for both) after reacting with Prussian blue ferritin.</p>
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| − | </figcaption> | + | |
| − | </figure> | + | |
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| | <figure> | | <figure> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/UCalgary2013TRPrussianblueferritinsynthesis.png" alt="Prussian Blue Synthesis" width="400" height="200"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/3/34/Assembled_FerriTALE.png/463px-Assembled_FerriTALE.png" alt="BBa_K1189037 joined with DNA sensing TALEs" width="400" height="500"> |
| | <figcaption> | | <figcaption> |
| − | <p><b>Figure 3.</b> Comparison image of commercial ferritin to Prussian blue ferritin after the synthesis reaction. The synthesis reaction took place over a 12 hour time period. </p> | + | <p><b>Figure 1.</b> 3D <i>in silico</i> rendering of BBa_K1189037 formed into functional nanoparticles bound to DNA sensing TALEs. The iron core is chemically modified and use to show when TALEs are bound to DNA. The TALEs are one specific, particular application of the ferritin E coil di-subunit fusion. This nanoparticle is the molecular basis of a DNA lateral flow strip biosensor pursued by the 2013 iGEM Calgary team.</p> |
| | </figcaption> | | </figcaption> |
| | </figure> | | </figure> |
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| − | </html> | + | <p><a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1189037">BBa_K1189037</a> is a fusion of heavy and light ferritin subunits, such that ferritin nanoparticles are formed from 12 di-subunits. The rationale for this design is that it reduces the number of N-termini on ferritin to which proteins can be fused by half, which is important for lessening potential steric hindrances among fused proteins in the 3D sphere surrounding ferritin. Additionally, di-subunits mandate a 1:1 ratio of heavy and light subunits which ensures consistency in ferritin’s ability to uptake iron. Moreover, these fusions have been shown stable in engineered applications with other proteins scaffolded to ferritin (Dehal <i>et al.</i>, 2010).</p> |
| | | | |
| − | ===Applications of BBa_K1189018===
| + | <h1>Design features</h1> |
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| − | <p>The main purpose of this page is to display the characterization data of Prussian blue chemically modified commercial horse spleen ferritin as a catalyst. This ferritin is extremely similar to our constructed ferritin and we do not anticipate any differences in their properties. Next we show how our own constructed ferritin displays the same catalytic activity. At the end we show how the coil found in this part can bind to coils found on our other parts. </p> | + | <p>This part has an N-terminal fusion to an E coil connected to ferritin by a GS linker (Figure 2). The coil system is of utility to other iGEM teams because they can express K coils on their own proteins of interest, and bind them to the complementary E coil on ferritin. Such a coiled-coil linker system reduces potential for large protein fusions to harm ferritin formation, allowing user to build intricate nanoparticle devices with myriad proteins. See Figures 3 application examples.</p> |
| − | | + | |
| − | <b>Kinetic Analysis of Prussian Blue Ferritin</b>
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| − | | + | |
| − | <html>
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| − | <p>We performed a kinetic analysis of our Prussian blue ferritin. We included a comparison of Prussian blue horse spleen ferritin to regular horse spleen ferritin for both TMB and ABTS (Figures 1, 2). For both of the substrates we can see that normal ferritin has a very low catalytic activity compared to our modified ferritin. Using this data were able to determine the Michaelis-Menten catalytic constants for Prussian blue ferritin with different substrates.</p>
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| | <figure> | | <figure> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/3/36/UCalgary2013TRTmb6ulgraph.png" alt="Prussian Blue Ferritin and TMB" width="800" height="439"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/thumb/b/b4/BBa_1189018_SBOL.png/800px-BBa_1189018_SBOL.png" alt="BBa_K1189018 SBOL part figure" width="500" height="100"> |
| | <figcaption> | | <figcaption> |
| − | <p><b>Figure 1.</b> Measurements of the absorbance of the 650nm light by the substrate TMB over a period of 600 seconds. 6 µL of 10 mg/mL substrate was used in a 242 µL reaction volume.Commercial Prussian blue ferritin ( 10 µL of 0.022 mg/mL sample) is represented by the blue data points. Orange data points are a negative control using standard ferritin (10 µL of 0.047 mg/mL sample). Negative controls are TMB and hydrogen peroxide, and TMB only. Standard error of the mean bars are based on a sample size where n=8. Substrate and hydrogen peroxide sample data is not clearly visible as it is in line with the substrate only data. </p> | + | <p><b>Figure 2.</b> Ferritin di-subunit fused to an E coil. The E coil allows binding to other proteins expressing a complementary K coil.</p> |
| | </figcaption> | | </figcaption> |
| | </figure> | | </figure> |
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| − | <figure> | + | <br></br> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/1/15/UCalgary2013TRABTS8ulgraph.png" alt="Prussian Blue Ferritin and ABTS" width="800" height="433"> | + | |
| − | <figcaption>
| + | |
| − | <p><b>Figure 2.</b> Measurements of the absorbance of the 415nm light by the substrate ABTS over a period of 600 seconds. 8 µL of 10 mg/mL substrate was used in a 242 µL reaction volume. Commercial Prussian blue ferritin ( 10 µL of 0.022 mg/mL sample) is represented by the blue data points. Orange data points are a negative control using standard ferritin (10 µL of 0.047 mg/mL sample). Negative controls are ABTS and hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS only. Standard error of the mean bars are based on a sample size where n=8.</p>
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| − | </figcaption>
| + | |
| − | </figure>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <p>In order to complete our kinetic analysis we had to determine the catalytic properties of our Prussian blue ferritin according to the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. For these tests we varied the colourimetric substrate concentrations (ABTS and TMB) (Figures 3,4). We also varied the hydrogen peroxide concentration in association with TMB as this the first chemical compound that will react in the system (Figure 5).</p>
| + | |
| | | | |
| | <figure> | | <figure> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/20/UCalgary2013TRPBFABTSmichaelismentengraph.png" alt="Michaelis-Menten Plot for Prussian Blue Ferritin with ABTS" width="800" height="436"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/0/07/UCalgary2013TRCoilflexibility.png" alt="FerriTALE Scaffold Modularity" width="800" height="219" > |
| | <figcaption> | | <figcaption> |
| − | <p><b>Figure 3.</b> Michaelis-Menten kinetic plot for commercial Prussian blue ferritin based on varying concentrations of ABTS. Absorbance readings were taken at 415 nm. Velocities were generated from the average slope of eight data sets. Standard error of the mean bars are not displayed but are present in the foundational data (eg. Figure 6).</p> | + | <p><b>Figure 3.</b> Using the E and K coils in combination with ferritin as a scaffold system allows the creation of brand new FerriTALEs or protein scaffolds.</a></p> |
| | </figcaption> | | </figcaption> |
| | </figure> | | </figure> |
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| − | <figure> | + | <p>This part is identical to <a href="https://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1189037">BBa_1189037</a>, except this part has no his purification tag.</p> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/c7/UCalgary2013TRPBFTMBmichaelismentengraph.png" alt="Michaelis-Menten Plot for Prussian Blue Ferritin with TMB" width="800" height="435"> | + | |
| − | <figcaption>
| + | |
| − | <p><b>Figure 4.</b> Michaelis-Menten kinetic plot for commercial Prussian blue ferritin based on varying concentrations of TMB. Absorbance readings were taken at 650 nm. Velocities were generated from the average slope of eight data sets. Standard error of the mean bars are not displayed but are present in the foundational data (eg. Figure 5).</p>
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| − | </figcaption>
| + | |
| − | </figure>
| + | |
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| − | <figure> | + | <h1>Results</h1> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e5/UCalgary2013TRPBFTMBGHydrogenperoxidemichaelismentengraph.png" alt="Michaelis-Menten Plot for Prussian Blue Ferritin Based on Hydrogen Peroxide (with TMB)" width="800" height="434"> | + | |
| − | <figcaption>
| + | |
| − | <p><b>Figure 5.</b> Michaelis-Menten kinetic plot for commercial Prussian blue ferritin based on varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Absorbance readings were taken at 650 nm which measure the breakdown of TMB. Velocities were generated from the average slope of eight data sets. Standard error of the mean bars are not displayed but are present in the foundational data.</p>
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| − | </figcaption>
| + | |
| − | </figure>
| + | |
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| − | <center><b>Table 1.</b> Catalytic constants for our Prussian blue ferritin</center> | + | <p>Please see the results from <a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1189037#Results">BBa_K1189037</a>. The protein coding sequence is identical to BBa_K1189018, except for the his tag that we required to purify and characterize this part. Additionally, this page discusses how we converted this part into a reporter, <a href="https://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1189037#Reporter data">Prussian blue ferritin</a>.</p> |
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| − | <center><table width="800" border="1"> | + | <br></br> |
| − | <tr>
| + | |
| − | <td>Catalyst</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>Enzyme Concentration (M)</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>Substrate</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>K<sub>m</sub> (mM)</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>V<sub>max</sub> (Ms<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>K<sub>cat</sub> (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
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| − | <td>K<sub>cat</sub>/K<sub>m</sub> (M<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr>
| + | |
| − | <td>Prussian Blue Ferritin</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>1.31 x 10<sup>-9</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | <td>ABTS</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>0.448</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>1.25 x 10<sup>-8</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | <td>9.51</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>2.12 x 10<sup>4</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr>
| + | |
| − | <td>Prussian Blue Ferritin</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>1.31 x 10<sup>-9</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | <td>TMB</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>0.0432</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>1.12 x 10<sup>-7</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | <td>85.3</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>1.97 x 10<sup>6</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr>
| + | |
| − | <td>Prussian Blue Ferritin</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>1.31 x 10<sup>-9</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | <td>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub> (TMB)</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>0.0176</td>
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| − | <td>1.31 x 10<sup>-8</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | <td>11.1</td>
| + | |
| − | <td>6.28 x 10<sup>5</sup></td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | </table></center>
| + | |
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| − | <b>pH Optimization of Prussian blue Ferritin</b> | + | <h1>References</h1> |
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| − | <p>We also performed a pH optimization of our Prussian blue ferritin using the substrates TMB and ABTS (Figure 6, 7).</p> | + | <li>Chasteen, N. D., & Harrison, P. M. (1999). Mineralization in ferritin: an efficient means of iron storage. Journal of structural biology, 126(3), 182-194.</li> |
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| − | figure>
| + | <li>Dehal, P. K., Livingston, C. F., Dunn, C. G., Buick, R., Luxton, R., & Pritchard, D. J. (2010). Magnetizable antibody‐like proteins. Biotechnology journal, 5(6), 596-604.</li> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/ca/UCalgary2013TRABTSphoptimization.png" alt="ABTS pH Optimization" width="800" height="431">
| + | |
| − | <figcaption>
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| − | <p><b>Figure 6.</b> pH optimization of commercial Prussian blue ferritin with ABTS. Data is presented as a relative activity based on the highest activity seen during the experiment. Absorbance readings were taken at 415 nm to detect the colourimetric change in a 242 µL solution. Data based on a sample size of n=8. Standard error of the mean bars are not displayed due to their lack of visibility. </p>
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| − | </figcaption>
| + | |
| − | </figure>
| + | |
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| − | <figure> | + | <br></br> |
| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/1/1c/UCalgary2013TRTMBphoptimization.png" alt="TMB pH Optimization" width="800" height="444"> | + | |
| − | <figcaption>
| + | |
| − | <p><b>Figure 7.</b> pH optimization of commercial Prussian blue ferritin with TMB. Data is presented as a relative activity based on the highest activity seen during the experiment. Absorbance readings were taken at 650 nm to detect the colourimetric change in a 242 µL solution. Data based on a sample size of n=8. Standard error of the mean bars are not displayed due to their lack of visibility. </p>
| + | |
| − | </figcaption>
| + | |
| − | </figure>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | <b>Temperature Optimization of Prussian Blue Ferritin</b>
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| − | <p>Another aspect of our analysis was determining the optimal temperature for catalytic activity of Prussian blue ferritin (Figure 8, 9).</p>
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| − |
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| − | <figure>
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| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/5/57/UCalgary2013TRABTStemperatureoptimization.png" alt="ABTS Temperature Optimization" width="800" height="437">
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| − | <figcaption>
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| − | <p><b>Figure 8.</b> Temperature optimization of commercial Prussian blue ferritin with ABTS. Data is presented as a relative activity based on the highest activity seen during the experiment. Absorbance readings were taken at 415 nm to detect the colourimetric change in a 242 µL solution. Data based on a sample size of n=8. Standard error of the mean bars are not displayed due to their lack of visibility. </p>
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| − | </figcaption>
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| − | </figure>
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| − |
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| − | <figure>
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| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/6/63/UCalgary2013TRTMBtemperatureoptimization.png" alt="TMB Temperature Optimization" width="800" height="440">
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| − | <figcaption>
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| − | <p><b>Figure 9.</b> Temperature optimization of commerical Prussian blue ferritin with TMB. Data is presented as a relative activity based on the highest activity seen during the experiment. Absorbance readings were taken at 650 nm to detect the colourimetric change in a 242 µL solution. Data based on a sample size of n=8. Standard error of the mean bars are not displayed due to their lack of visibility. </p>
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| − | </figcaption>
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| − | </figure>
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| − |
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| − | <b>Prussian Blue Ferritin on Nitrocellulose</b>
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| − |
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| − | <p>The next aspect of our analysis was to see how Prussian blue ferritin would act in a catalytic sense on nitrocellulose (Figures 10,11). From these results we can that TMB is a better substrate on for use on nitrocellulose(Figure 11). With this substrate we saw a result from only 5 ng of Prussian blue ferritin present on the nitrocellulose.</p>
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| − |
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| − | <figure>
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| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/5/53/UCalgary2013TRABTSnitrocellulose.png" alt="Prussian Blue Ferritin and ABTS on Nitrocellulose" width="701" height="600">
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| − | <figcaption>
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| − | <p><b>Figure 10.</b> Blots of Prussian blue ferritin on nitrocellulose (20 µL samples) that are reacted with ABTS (10 mg/mL). Concentrations of Prussian blue ferritin used are indicated in the figure. Results indicate colour change after 6 minutes. Controls include the substrate by itself, unmodified ferritin and bovine serum albumin. Four replicates are present per sample trial.</p>
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| − | </figcaption>
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| − | </figure>
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| − |
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| − | <figure>
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| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/c/cd/UCalgary2013TRTMBnitrocellulose.png" alt="Prussian Blue Ferritin and TMB on Nitrocellulose" width="693" height="600">
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| − | <figcaption>
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| − | <p><b>Figure 11.</b> Blots of Prussian blue ferritin on nitrocellulose (20 µL samples) that are reacted with TMB (10 mg/mL). Concentrations of Prussian blue ferritin used are indicated in the figure. Results indicate colour change after 6 minutes. Controls include the substrate by itself, unmodified ferritin and bovine serum albumin. Four replicates are present per sample trial.</p>
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| − | </figcaption>
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| − | </figure>
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| − |
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| − | <b>Making Prussian Blue out of This Part</b>
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| − |
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| − | <p>We applied a scaled down Prussian blue synthesis experiment to our own ferritinOur own Prussian blue ferritin was then exposed to the TMB substrate (Figure 12). From the results we can see that the ferritin with the E-coil attached had excellent catalytic activity.</p>
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| − |
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| − | <figure>
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| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/8/89/UCalgary2013TRRecombinantPrussianBlueFerritin.png" alt="Creating Prussian Blue Ferritin out of our Own Ferritin" width="800" height="511">
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| − | <figcaption>
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| − | <p><b>Figure 12.</b> Measurements of the coloured substrate TMB (10 mg/mL) at 650 nm over a 600 second time period for our own Prussian blue ferritin and unmodified ferritin. Sample volume was 242 µL. Controls for this experiment include bovine serum albumin (1 mg/mL)and the substrate solution by itself. Due to limitations on the protein available only one replicate was performed. Zero time points do not have low absorbance as colour change was rapid and began before measurements started.</p>
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| − | </figcaption>
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| − | </figure>
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| − |
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| − | <b>Does the coil bind?</b>
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| − |
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| − | <p>In the case of the coils we were interested to see if the K-coil fused to TALE proteins (<a href="http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1189029"><span class="Green"><b>BBa_K1189029</b></span></a>, <a href="http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1189030"><span class="Green"><b>BBa_K1189030</b></span></a>) could bind to the E-coil found on one of our Prussian blue ferritin constructs (<a href="http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1189018"><span class="Green"><b>BBa_K1189018</b></span></a>). To complete this task we placed the TALE on the membrane, washed and blocked the membrane. The ferritin protein with the complimentary coil was then added to the membrane. If this coil successfully binds to the other coil then the ferritin will not be washed off during the next wash step. We can then see if Prussian blue ferritin is bound by adding a TMB substrate solution that will cause a colour change. To this extent we saw a blue ring in this trial indicating a positive result. This suggests that our coils are actually binding in an <i>in vitro</i> system.</p>
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| − |
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| − | <p>Another interesting element of this assay is why we used two variants of the TALE K-coil negative control. A blue ring on our TALE negative control confirmed our fear that during the second protein application and wash step that some of the ferritin with coil proteins would drift over and bind to the TALE K-coils on the nitrocellulose. This did not occur for our separate negative control (Figure 13).</p>
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| − | <figure>
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| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e3/UCalgary2013TRCoilbindingpreliminary.png" alt="Preliminary Coil Binding" width="757" height="751">
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| − | <figcaption>
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| − | <p><b>Figure 13.</b> This basic qualitative assay was used to inform us whether certain elements of our system are able to bind to each other. Our TALE proteins were mounted to the membrane along with positive controls of three Prussian blue variants; two recombinant ferritins and one commercial protein. The membranes were then washed and blocked. Prussian blue ferritin with a coil was added to our TALE protein containing a coil. Prussian blue ferritin with a TALE that could bind to the DNA held by another TALE on the membrane was also added. A TMB substrate solution was added to cause a colourimetric change over 5 minutes. Positive results are indicated by dark rings of colour. Negative controls include a TALE with a coil on the same membrane and the same TALE and bovine serum albumin on separate membranes that were treated separately. Image contrast was altered to make the results more clear on a digital monitor; the same changes were applied to each element of the figure.</p>
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| − | <br>
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| | </html> | | </html> |
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| | <!-- --> | | <!-- --> |
This part has an N-terminal fusion to an E coil connected to ferritin by a GS linker (Figure 2). The coil system is of utility to other iGEM teams because they can express K coils on their own proteins of interest, and bind them to the complementary E coil on ferritin. Such a coiled-coil linker system reduces potential for large protein fusions to harm ferritin formation, allowing user to build intricate nanoparticle devices with myriad proteins. See Figures 3 application examples.
