Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K1159002"

Latest revision as of 03:54, 5 October 2013

Laccase from Bacillus pumilus in RFC[25]

Laccase from Bacillus pumilus which degrades a wide variety of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. This part is flanked by RFC[25] pre- and suffix for further protein fusions. This BioBrick was generated by PCR using BBa_K863000 as a template.

Usage and Biology

Laccase

File:TUM13 Animation Laccasex.gif

Figure 8: Animation of protein structure of Laccase

Laccases are an important group of effector proteins that can be utilized in bioremediation to degrade xenobiotics. They are copper-containing enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substances. It was interesting for us as the two important xenobiotics ethinylestradiol and diclofenac can be degraded using laccases and the general function can easily be investigated using the commonly used substrate ABTS.
During the planing phase of our project we decided not to add a new laccase to the Parts Registry but instead to continue the work on the best availible laccase. The iGEM [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany Bielefeld Germany] has created BioBricks for five different laccases during the last summer. So we contacted this iGEM team and got the advise that the laccase derived from Bacillus pumilus BBa_K863000 seems the best choice for our effector collection. As we wanted to try this effector protein in different localisations such as cytoplasmatic, secreted or receptor bound we converted this enzyme to RFC[25] in order to make it compatible for protein fusions.

Protein Data Table for the Laccase from Bacillus pumilus BBa_K863000

Protein data table for BioBrick BBa_K863000 automatically created by the BioBrick-AutoAnnotator version 1.0

Nucleotide sequence in RFC 10: (underlined part encodes the protein)
TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGAGGAGAAAAATGAACCTA ... CACCATCACTAATAA
ORF from nucleotide position 34 to 1581 (excluding stop-codon)

Amino acid sequence: (RFC 25 scars in shown in bold, other sequence features underlined; both given below)

1
101
201
301
401
501

MNLEKFVDELPIPEVAKPVKKNPKQTYYEIAMEEVFLKVHRDLPPTKLWTYNGSLPGPTIHANRNEKVKVKWMNKLPLKHFLPVDHTIHEGHHDEPEVKT
VVHLHGGVTPASSDGYPEAWFSRDFEATGPFFEREVYEYPNHQQACTLWYHDHAMALTRLNVYAGLAGFYLISDAFEKSLELPKGEYDIPLMIMDRTFQE
DGALFYPSRPNNTPEDSDIPDPSIVPFFCGETILVNGKVWPYLEVEPRKYRFRILNASNTRTYELHLDNDATILQIGSDGGFLPRPVHHQSFSIAPAERF
DVIIDFSAYENKTITLKNKAGCGQEVNPETDANIMQFKVTRPLKGRAPKTLRPIFKPLPPLRPCRADKERTLTLTGTQDKYGRPILLLDNQFWNDPVTEN
PRLGSVEVWSIVNPTRGTHPIHLHLVQFRVIDRRPFDTEVYQSTGDIVYTGPNEAPPLHEQGYKDTIQAHAGEVIRIIARFVPYSGRYVWHCHILEHEDY
DMMRPMDIIQHHHHHH*

Sequence features: (with their position in the amino acid sequence, see the list of supported features)

	RFC25 scar (shown in bold):	128 to 129
	His6-tag:	511 to 516

Amino acid composition:

Ala (A)	26 (5.0%)
Arg (R)	29 (5.6%)
Asn (N)	23 (4.5%)
Asp (D)	31 (6.0%)

Cys (C)	5 (1.0%)
Gln (Q)	15 (2.9%)
Glu (E)	37 (7.2%)
Gly (G)	28 (5.4%)

His (H)	29 (5.6%)
Ile (I)	31 (6.0%)
Leu (L)	41 (7.9%)
Lys (K)	27 (5.2%)

Met (M)	10 (1.9%)
Phe (F)	24 (4.7%)
Pro (P)	47 (9.1%)
Ser (S)	18 (3.5%)

Thr (T)	32 (6.2%)
Trp (W)	8 (1.6%)
Tyr (Y)	22 (4.3%)
Val (V)	33 (6.4%)

Amino acid counting

	Total number:	516
	Positively charged (Arg+Lys):	56 (10.9%)
	Negatively charged (Asp+Glu):	68 (13.2%)
	Aromatic (Phe+His+Try+Tyr):	83 (16.1%)

Biochemical parameters

	Atomic composition:	C₂₇₀₁H₄₁₀₄N₇₃₄O₇₆₃S₁₅
	Molecular mass [Da]:	59547.7
	Theoretical pI:	6.18
	Extinction coefficient at 280 nm [M^-1 cm^-1]:	76780 / 77093 (all Cys red/ox)

Plot for hydrophobicity, charge, predicted secondary structure, solvent accessability, transmembrane helices and disulfid bridges

Codon usage

	Organism:	E. coli	B. subtilis	S. cerevisiae	A. thaliana	P. patens	Mammals
	Codon quality (CAI):	good (0.72)	good (0.75)	good (0.68)	good (0.75)	good (0.77)	good (0.68)

Alignments (obtained from PredictProtein.org)

	SwissProt:	P07788 (67% identity on 510 AAs), Q12737 (28% identity on 446 AAs)
	TrEML:	B4AIB1 (100% identity on 510 AAs), A8FAG9 (98% identity on 509 AAs)
	PDB:	1gsk (67% identity on 502 AAs), 1of0 (67% identity on 503 AAs)

Predictions (obtained from PredictProtein.org)

Subcellular Localization (reliability in brackets)

	Archaea:	cytosol (100%)
	Bacteria:	cytosol (41%)
	Eukarya:	secreted (79%)

Gene Ontology (reliability in brackets)

	Molecular Function Ontology:	GO:0005507 (35%), GO:0005515 (23%)
	Biological Process Ontology:	GO:0055114 (37%), GO:0017000 (21%)

Predicted features:

	Disulfid bridges:	-
	Transmembrane helices:	-

The BioBrick-AutoAnnotator was created by TU-Munich 2013 iGEM team. For more information please see the documentation.
If you have any questions, comments or suggestions, please leave us a comment.

Laccase - a secreted enzyme

Figure 9: Structural analysis of Laccase by homology

For the production of effector proteins it is always essential to know whether they are naturally cytoplasmatic or whether they are secreted. Cytoplasmatic proteins usually do contain a higher portion of cysteine residues as they are a normal amino acid residue as no disulfide bridges can be formed under the reducing conditions of the cytoplasm. In contrast secreted protein often do contain disulfide briges which make them more stable to environmental stress. The disulfide formation is possible for the secreted proteins as the oxidizing conditions facilitate the bridge formation. On the other hand there is a selection pressure for secreted proteins not to contain exposed cysteine residues that are not involved in the formation of disulfide bridges. Such free cysteine residues would leed to aggregation of proteins which would probably hamper their activity.
Thus it was an important point to find out whether the used laccase is a secreted enzyme as this would increase the chance to express it in a functional form on the extracellular part of our moss and on the other hand it was also an important information for the production of recombinant protein. To solve this question we did an alignment of the laccase BioBrick and the closest related solved structure. The sturcure contains disulfid bridges for example Cys²²⁹-Cys³²². The comparison of the position of these residues within the amino acid sequece alignment shows that these residues are conserved and it can thus be assumed that the laccase BioBrick we used also contains disulfid bridges that have to be formed under oxidizing conditions and will increase the stability of our effector protein.
We thus used 10 mM of potassium ferrocyanide which is a milde oxidisation reagent subsequent to the cell disruption and did not use any 2-mercapto ethanol as a reducing agent during the protein purification.

Analytical preparation

Figure 10: Streptavidin affinity chromatography

Figure 11a: Size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex 200 10/30 column

Figure 11b: SDS-gel of recombinant Laccase with the marker (M) followed by the the cell lysate, concentrated protein throughput of the streptavidin affinity column, 1 fraction of the eluate unconcentrated and concentrated

As all the other effector proteins we performed a first analytical preparation in a 2 L LB-media scale in order to learn about the protein and then up-scaled the production to 6 x 2 L of LB media. The production was carried out cytoplasmatically in E. coli BL21. The culture was grown to OD 0.8 was induced using 5 mM of arabinose and the protein production was carried out for 5 hours. Cell disruption was performed using ultrasonic sound and subsequently the cell lysate was dialyzed against 1 x SA-Buffer that contained additionally 5 mM of the milde oxidation reagent potassium ferrocyanide in order to form the disulfide bridges present in the laccase structure (see previous paragraph).
The Streptavidin affinity chromatography yielded a satisfying elution peak that was then concentrated using a centrifugal filter unit (MWCO: 30 kDa). The concentrated protein was then applied to a ÄKTA purifier equipped with a Superdex 200 10/30 size exclusion chromatography column. The chromatogram shows three major peaks with a first peak near the void volume that corresponds to aggregated protein >600 kDa, a second elution peak of high molecular protein and a third elution peak corresponding to the desired laccase protein. This assumption was made on the knowledge that on this column proteins of arround 50 kDa elute at an elution volume of 14 to 15 ml. This assumption was subsequently confirmed by ABTS activits assays with all elution fractions (see next section).

Activity determination using ABTS

Figure 12: Mechanism of the oxidation of ABTS which is a model substrate for laccase activity

Figure 13: Correlation of size exclusion chromatography and activity determination using ABTS. Relative values are shown.

The enzymatic activity of the purified laccase was determined by the ABTS-assay. In a first pre experiment the appropriate dilution factor was determined to 100-fold. The elution fractions obtained from size exclusion chromatography were diluted 1:100 in PBS and in an ELISA plate 100 µl of the enzyme and 100 µl of ABTS substrate were mixed and a kinetic measurement at 405 nm was performed. The absorption at 280 nm in the SEC chromatogramm (blue) identifies three main protein peaks, with a first peak corresponding to aggregated protein, a shoulder which also corresponds to higher molecular protein and a single peak which was proposed to be the monomeric laccase. The relative activity obtained for the different elution fractions was plotted in the same diagramm and shows a clear peak which matches the laccase peak in the SEC. Beside this major peak a second smaller peak of active fraction was visible which appeared in earlier elution fractions and might correspond to dimerized laccase. As the laccase is a secreted enzyme which also bears disluphide bonds it was produced in the cytoplasm and subsequently it was oxidized to form the proper disulphide bond. As this process might be only partial there is a possiblity for the formation of disulphid dimers. Never the less the fractions 14 to 17 were pooled for further experiments as they showed the highest enzymatic activity. The protein concentration of the pooled fraction was determined to 0.48 mg/ml after SEC.

Characterization of the enzyme

The enzymatic activity of the laccase BioBrick was investigated under different conditions as this was important for our [http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Modeling/Filter filter model] in which we try to simulate the application of enzymatic activity for bioremediation purposes. The first activity assays were dilution series experiment in which we wanted to determine the appropriate amount of protein which we had to apply in the assays. We found the 1:100 dilution of the prepared protein (0.49 mg/ml) to a good choice and thus performed all experiments with this concentration.

Michaelis-Menten assay

Figure 14: 96-well plate showing dilutin series of substrate (ABTS) for Michaelis-Menten kinetic experiments

For the Michaelis-Menten assay a 1:1 dilution series of the substrate was set up. The oxidation of the ABTS substrate was then monitored over time using the absorbance at 405 nm. The experiment was performed in triplicates (Figure xxx 1-3) and as a control the dilution series of the substrate was incubated with PBS instead of diluted protein. It can be seen that there is a low level f autolytic oxidation of the ABTS substrate which is by far below the enzymatic conversion achieved in the experiment.

For a detailed evaluation of the results please see our [http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich enzyme kinetics] modeling.

Figure 15: Reaction of Laccase with a serial dilution of ABTS (left) and negative control without the enzyme (right)

Activity dependency of the laccase on pH values

Secondly we did a series of experiments in which we determined the effect of the pH on the enzymatic activity (Figure xxx). For these experiments 100 µl of various 500 mM buffer (various pH), 50 µl of ABTS substrate (0.5 mg/ ml in ABTS-bufer from Roche) and 50 µl of laccase which had been diluted 1:100 were incubated. The absorbance at 405 nm was then recorded over the time in an 96-well plate. The change in absorbance over time is shown for every condition as the average of three measurements with standard deviation. The resulting plot shows that there is an optimum for the pH which is at 4.5 to 5. This matches very good the acidic conditions present in the apoplast of the plant as for example also the used Knop media is adjusted to a pH value of 5.6 to 5.8.

Figure 16: Reaction of Laccase with ABTS in different pH buffers. Absorbance curve with laccase on the lefe; control with PBS on the right

Activity dependency of the laccase on the ionic strength

Beside the substrate dependency and the pH value for optimal catalysis the dependency on the ionic strength of the media was of interest for our project as well as for further users of this BioBrick. We thus incubated the recombinant laccase (1:100 dilution) with ABTS substrate and various concentrations of sodium chloride. This was done in triplicates and for a control without the enzyme and with PBS instead.

Figure 17: Reaction of Laccase with ABTS at different salt concentrations. Absorbance curve with laccase on the lefe; control with PBS on the right

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

10
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
12
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
21
INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
Illegal BglII site found at 120
23
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
25
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
1000
COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
-Blablub
-<!-- Add more about the biology of this part here
 ===Usage and Biology===
+==Laccase==
+[[File:TUM13 Animation_Laccasex.gif|thumb|right|320px| '''Figure 8:''' Animation of protein structure of Laccase]]
+Laccases are an important group of effector proteins that can be utilized in bioremediation to degrade xenobiotics. They are copper-containing enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substances. It was interesting for us as the two important xenobiotics ethinylestradiol and diclofenac can be degraded using laccases and the general function can easily be investigated using the commonly used substrate ABTS.<br>
+During the planing phase of our project we decided not to add a new laccase to the Parts Registry but instead to continue the work on the best availible laccase. The iGEM [http://2012.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany Bielefeld Germany] has created BioBricks for five different laccases during the last summer. So we contacted this iGEM team and got the advise that the laccase derived from ''Bacillus pumilus'' <partinfo>BBa_K863000</partinfo> seems the best choice for our effector collection. As we wanted to try this effector protein in different localisations such as cytoplasmatic, secreted or receptor bound we converted this enzyme to RFC[25] in order to make it compatible for protein fusions.
+===Protein Data Table for the Laccase from ''Bacillus pumilus'' <partinfo>BBa_K863000</partinfo> ===
+<html><!--- Please copy this table containing parameters for BBa_ at the end of the parametrs section ahead of the references. ---><style type="text/css">table#AutoAnnotator {border:1px solid black; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;} th#AutoAnnotatorHeader { border:1px solid black; width:100%; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 221);} td.AutoAnnotator1col { width:100%; border:1px solid black; } span.AutoAnnotatorSequence { font-family:'Courier New', Arial; } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqNum	{ text-align:right; width:2%; } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqSeq { width:98% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat1 { width:3% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat2a { width:27% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat2b { width:97% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat3 { width:70% } table.AutoAnnotatorNoBorder { border:0px; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; } table.AutoAnnotatorWithBorder { border:1px solid black; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; } td.AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino { border:0px solid black; width:20% } td.AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino { border:1px solid black; width:50% } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingOuter { border:1px solid black; width:40%;  } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParOuter { border:1px solid black; width:60%; } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1 { width: 7.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2 { width:62.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3 { width:30% } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1 { width: 5% } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2 { width:55% } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3 { width:40% } td.AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage1 { width: 3% } td.AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage2 { width:14.2% } td.AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3 { width:13.8% } td.AutoAnnotatorAlignment1 { width: 3% } td.AutoAnnotatorAlignment2 { width: 10% } td.AutoAnnotatorAlignment3 { width: 87% } td.AutoAnnotatorLocalizationOuter {border:1px solid black; width:40%} td.AutoAnnotatorGOOuter {border:1px solid black; width:60%} td.AutoAnnotatorLocalization1 { width: 7.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorLocalization2 { width: 22.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorLocalization3 { width: 70% } td.AutoAnnotatorGO1 { width: 5% } td.AutoAnnotatorGO2 { width: 35% } td.AutoAnnotatorGO3 { width: 60% } td.AutoAnnotatorPredFeat1 { width:3% } td.AutoAnnotatorPredFeat2a { width:27% } td.AutoAnnotatorPredFeat3 { width:70% } div.AutoAnnotator_trans { position:absolute; background:rgb(11,140,143); background-color:rgba(11,140,143, 0.8); height:5px; top:100px; } div.AutoAnnotator_sec_helix { position:absolute; background:rgb(102,0,102); background-color:rgba(102,0,102, 0.8); height:5px; top:110px; } div.AutoAnnotator_sec_strand { position:absolute; background:rgb(245,170,26); background-color:rgba(245,170,26, 1); height:5px; top:110px; } div.AutoAnnotator_acc_buried { position:absolute; background:rgb(89,168,15); background-color:rgba(89,168,15, 0.8); height:5px; top:120px; } div.AutoAnnotator_acc_exposed { position:absolute; background:rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color:rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.8); height:5px; top:120px; } div.AutoAnnotator_dis { position:absolute; text-align:center; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; background:rgb(255, 200, 0); background-color:rgba(255, 200, 0, 1); height:16px; width:16px; top:80px; border-radius:50%; } </style><div id='AutoAnnotator_container_1380926576045'><table id="AutoAnnotator"><tr><!-- Time stamp in ms since 1/1/1970 1380926576045 --><th id="AutoAnnotatorHeader" colspan="2">Protein data table for BioBrick <a href="https://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_<K863000">BBa_K863000</a> automatically created by the <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/AutoAnnotator">BioBrick-AutoAnnotator</a> version 1.0</th></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Nucleotide sequence</strong> in <strong>RFC 10</strong>: (underlined part encodes the protein)<br><span class="AutoAnnotatorSequence">&nbsp;TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGAGGAGAAAA<u>ATGAACCTA&nbsp;...&nbsp;CACCATCAC</u>TAATAA</span><br>&nbsp;<strong>ORF</strong> from nucleotide position 34 to 1581 (excluding stop-codon)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Amino acid sequence:</strong> (RFC 25 scars in shown in bold, other sequence features underlined; both given below)<br><span class="AutoAnnotatorSequence"><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqNum">1&nbsp;<br>101&nbsp;<br>201&nbsp;<br>301&nbsp;<br>401&nbsp;<br>501&nbsp;</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqSeq">MNLEKFVDELPIPEVAKPVKKNPKQTYYEIAMEEVFLKVHRDLPPTKLWTYNGSLPGPTIHANRNEKVKVKWMNKLPLKHFLPVDHTIHEGHHDEPEVKT<br>VVHLHGGVTPASSDGYPEAWFSRDFEA<b>TG</b>PFFEREVYEYPNHQQACTLWYHDHAMALTRLNVYAGLAGFYLISDAFEKSLELPKGEYDIPLMIMDRTFQE<br>DGALFYPSRPNNTPEDSDIPDPSIVPFFCGETILVNGKVWPYLEVEPRKYRFRILNASNTRTYELHLDNDATILQIGSDGGFLPRPVHHQSFSIAPAERF<br>DVIIDFSAYENKTITLKNKAGCGQEVNPETDANIMQFKVTRPLKGRAPKTLRPIFKPLPPLRPCRADKERTLTLTGTQDKYGRPILLLDNQFWNDPVTEN<br>PRLGSVEVWSIVNPTRGTHPIHLHLVQFRVIDRRPFDTEVYQSTGDIVYTGPNEAPPLHEQGYKDTIQAHAGEVIRIIARFVPYSGRYVWHCHILEHEDY<br>DMMRPMDIIQ<u>HHHHHH</u>*</td></tr></table></span></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Sequence features:</strong> (with their position in the amino acid sequence, see the <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/Software/FeatureList">list of supported features</a>)<table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat2a">RFC25 scar (shown in bold):&nbsp;</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat3">128 to 129</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat2a">His6-tag:&nbsp;</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat3">511 to 516</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Amino acid composition:</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Ala (A)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">26 (5.0%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Arg (R)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">29 (5.6%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Asn (N)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">23 (4.5%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Asp (D)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">31 (6.0%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Cys (C)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">5 (1.0%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Gln (Q)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">15 (2.9%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Glu (E)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">37 (7.2%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Gly (G)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">28 (5.4%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">His (H)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">29 (5.6%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Ile (I)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">31 (6.0%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Leu (L)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">41 (7.9%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Lys (K)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">27 (5.2%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Met (M)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">10 (1.9%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Phe (F)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">24 (4.7%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Pro (P)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">47 (9.1%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Ser (S)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">18 (3.5%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Thr (T)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">32 (6.2%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Trp (W)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">8 (1.6%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Tyr (Y)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">22 (4.3%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Val (V)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">33 (6.4%)</td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingOuter"><strong>Amino acid counting</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Total number:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">516</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Positively charged (Arg+Lys):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">56 (10.9%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Negatively charged (Asp+Glu):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">68 (13.2%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Aromatic (Phe+His+Try+Tyr):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">83 (16.1%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParOuter"><strong>Biochemical parameters</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Atomic composition:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">C<sub>2701</sub>H<sub>4104</sub>N<sub>734</sub>O<sub>763</sub>S<sub>15</sub></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Molecular mass [Da]:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">59547.7</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Theoretical pI:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">6.18</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Extinction coefficient at 280 nm [M<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup>]:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">76780 / 77093 (all Cys red/ox)</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Plot for hydrophobicity, charge, predicted secondary structure, solvent accessability, transmembrane helices and disulfid bridges</strong>&nbsp;<input type='button' id='hydrophobicity_charge_button' onclick='show_or_hide_plot_1380926576045()' value='Show'><span id="hydrophobicity_charge_explanation"></span><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_container" style='display:none'><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder0" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder1" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder2" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Codon usage</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage2">Organism:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>E. coli</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>B. subtilis</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>S. cerevisiae</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>A. thaliana</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>P. patens</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">Mammals</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage2">Codon quality (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_Adaptation_Index">CAI</a>):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.72)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.75)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.68)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.75)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.77)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.68)</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Alignments</strong> (obtained from <a href='http://predictprotein.org'>PredictProtein.org</a>)<table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment2">SwissProt:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment3"><a href='http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P07788'>P07788</a> (67% identity on 510 AAs), <a href='http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q12737'>Q12737</a> (28% identity on 446 AAs)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment2">TrEML:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment3"><a href='http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B4AIB1'>B4AIB1</a> (100% identity on 510 AAs), <a href='http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A8FAG9'>A8FAG9</a> (98% identity on 509 AAs)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment2">PDB:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAlignment3"><a href='http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1gsk'>1gsk</a> (67% identity on 502 AAs), <a href='http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1of0'>1of0</a> (67% identity on 503 AAs)</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><th id='AutoAnnotatorHeader' colspan="2"><strong>Predictions</strong> (obtained from <a href='http://predictprotein.org'>PredictProtein.org</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalizationOuter"><strong>Subcellular Localization</strong> (reliability in brackets)<table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization2">Archaea:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization3">cytosol (100%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization2">Bacteria:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization3">cytosol (41%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization2">Eukarya:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorLocalization3">secreted (79%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorGOOuter"><strong>Gene Ontology</strong> (reliability in brackets)<br><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO1'></td><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO2'>Molecular Function Ontology:</td><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO3'><a href='http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0005507'>GO:0005507</a> (35%), <a href='http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0005515'>GO:0005515</a> (23%)</td></tr><tr><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO1'></td><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO2'>Biological Process Ontology:</td><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO3'><a href='http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0055114'>GO:0055114</a> (37%), <a href='http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0017000'>GO:0017000</a> (21%)</td></tr><tr><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO1'> </td><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO2'> </td><td class='AutoAnnotatorGO3'>&nbsp;</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Predicted features:</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorPredFeat1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorPredFeat2a">Disulfid bridges:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorPredFeat3">&nbsp;- </td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorPredFeat1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorPredFeat2a">Transmembrane helices:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorPredFeat3">&nbsp;- </td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"> The BioBrick-AutoAnnotator was created by <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich">TU-Munich 2013</a> iGEM team. For more information please see the <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/Software">documentation</a>.<br>If you have any questions, comments or suggestions, please leave us a <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/AutoAnnotator">comment</a>.</td></tr></table></div><br><!-- IMPORTANT: DON'T REMOVE THIS LINE, OTHERWISE NOT SUPPORTED FOR IE BEFORE 9 --><!--[if lte IE 8]><script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="excanvas.min.js"></script><![endif]--><script type='text/javascript' src='http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.10.0.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Flot.js?action=raw&ctype=text/js'></script><script>function show_or_hide_plot_1380926576045(){hydrophobicity_datapoints = 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= [];trans_datapoints = [];sec_helix_datapoints = [[160,163],[494,499]];sec_strand_datapoints = [[26,39],[47,51],[59,63],[67,74],[101,104],[136,141],[147,150],[168,173],[189,195],[233,234],[242,245],[249,256],[261,268],[273,278],[291,294],[299,306],[313,317],[406,412],[422,423],[427,432],[466,469],[474,481],[487,493],[504,509]];acc_exposed_datapoints = [[1,2],[4,5],[8,9],[14,14],[17,17],[20,24],[42,42],[44,45],[64,65],[94,95],[97,97],[114,115],[131,131],[133,133],[177,179],[181,181],[184,184],[186,186],[201,201],[238,238],[246,248],[270,270],[308,308],[310,310],[336,336],[338,338],[344,345],[349,349],[367,367],[402,402],[450,450],[452,454],[483,483],[511,516]];acc_buried_datapoints = [[6,6],[10,10],[12,12],[28,28],[30,30],[32,32],[35,35],[39,40],[43,43],[48,53],[55,60],[62,62],[68,78],[80,89],[98,98],[100,109],[117,117],[119,129],[135,137],[139,141],[143,143],[145,173],[189,195],[197,198],[204,207],[222,237],[239,239],[242,243],[250,263],[265,267],[269,269],[272,284],[286,287],[289,304],[306,306],[313,318],[334,335],[337,337],[339,339],[355,355],[372,372],[374,374],[381,382],[384,388],[397,397],[401,401],[406,406],[408,415],[417,432],[435,435],[462,463],[465,471],[475,475],[477,482],[486,509]];flot_plot_options = []; flot_plot_options[0] = {grid: {borderWidth: {top: 0,right: 0,bottom: 0,left: 0}},legend: {show: false},xaxes: [{show: true,min: 0,max: 200,ticks: [[0.5, '1'], [24.5, '25'], [49.5, '50'], [74.5, '75'], [99.5, '100'], [124.5, '125'], [149.5, '150'], [174.5, '175'], [199.5, '200']],tickLength: -5}],yaxes: [{show: true,ticks: [[0, '0'], [4.5,'hydro-<br>phobic&nbsp;&nbsp;'], [-4.5,'hydro-<br>philic&nbsp;&nbsp;']],min: -4.5,max: +4.5,font: {size: 12,lineHeight: 14,style: 'italic',weight: 'bold',family: 'sans-serif',variant: 'small-caps',color: 'rgba(100,149,237,1)'}},{show: true,ticks: [[0, ''], [1,'positive<br>&nbsp;charge'], [-1,'negative<br>&nbsp;charge']],position: 'right',min: -1,max: 1,font: {size: 12,lineHeight: 14,style: 'italic',weight: 'bold',family: 'sans-serif',variant: 'small-caps',color: 'rgba(255,99,71,1)'}}]};number_of_plots = 3;for ( plot_num = 1 ; plot_num < number_of_plots ; plot_num ++){flot_plot_options[plot_num] = $.extend(true, {} ,flot_plot_options[0]);flot_plot_options[plot_num].xaxes = [{min: plot_num*200,max: (plot_num + 1)*200,ticks: [ [plot_num*200 +   0.5, (plot_num*200 +   1).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  24.5, (plot_num*200 +  25).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  49.5, (plot_num*200 +  50).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  74.5, (plot_num*200 +  75).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  99.5, (plot_num*200 + 100).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 124.5, (plot_num*200 + 125).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 149.5, (plot_num*200 + 150).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 174.5, (plot_num*200 + 175).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 199.5, (plot_num*200 + 200).toString()] ],tickLength: -5}];};try {if( $('#AutoAnnotator_container_1380926576045 #hydrophobicity_charge_button').val() =='Show' ){$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1380926576045 #hydrophobicity_charge_container').css('display','block');$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1380926576045 #hydrophobicity_charge_button').val('Hide');var description_html = '<div id=\'AutoAnnotator_plot_selectors\'>';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'hydrophobicity_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Moving average over 5 amino acids for hydrophobicity (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e9/TUM13_hydrophobicity_icon.png\' alt=\'blue graph\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'charge_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Moving average over 5 amino acids for charge (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/3/3e/TUM13_charge_icon.png\' alt=\'red graph\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'dis_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted disulfid bridges (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/28/TUM13_dis_icon.png\' alt=\'yellow circle\' height=\'10\'></img>) with the number of the bridge in the center';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'trans_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted transmembrane helices (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/78/TUM13_trans_icon.png\' alt=\'turquois bars\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'sec_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted secondary structure: Helices (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/b/bf/TUM13_helix_icon.png\' alt=\'violet bars\' height=\'10\'></img>) and beta-strands (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/b/bf/TUM13_strand_icon.png\' alt=\'yellow bars\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'acc_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted solvent accessability: Exposed (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/1/16/TUM13_exposed_icon.png\' alt=\'blue bars\' height=\'10\'></img>) and buried (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/0/0b/TUM13_buried_icon.png\' alt=\'green bars\' height=\'10\'></img>) residues';description_html = description_html + '<br></div>';$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1380926576045 #hydrophobicity_charge_explanation').html(description_html);plot_according_to_selectors_1380926576045();$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1380926576045 #AutoAnnotator_plot_selectors').find('input').click(plot_according_to_selectors_1380926576045);}else{$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1380926576045 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+===Laccase - a secreted enzyme===
+[[File:TUM13_Laccase_DSB.png|thumb|right|320px| '''Figure 9:''' Structural analysis of Laccase by homology]]
+For the production of effector proteins it is always essential to know whether they are naturally cytoplasmatic or whether they are secreted. Cytoplasmatic proteins usually do contain a higher portion of cysteine residues as they are a normal amino acid residue as no disulfide bridges can be formed under the reducing conditions of the cytoplasm. In contrast secreted protein often do contain disulfide briges which make them more stable to environmental stress. The disulfide formation is possible for the secreted proteins as the oxidizing conditions facilitate the bridge formation. On the other hand there is a selection pressure for secreted proteins not to contain exposed cysteine residues that are not involved in the formation of disulfide bridges. Such free cysteine residues would leed to aggregation of proteins which would probably hamper their activity.<br>
+Thus it was an important point to find out whether the used laccase is a secreted enzyme as this would increase the chance to express it in a functional form on the extracellular part of our moss and on the other hand it was also an important information for the production of recombinant protein. To solve this question we did an alignment of the laccase BioBrick and the closest related solved structure. The sturcure contains disulfid bridges for example Cys<sup>229</sup>-Cys<sup>322</sup>. The comparison of the position of these residues within the amino acid sequece alignment shows that these residues are conserved and it can thus be assumed that the laccase BioBrick we used also contains disulfid bridges that have to be formed under oxidizing conditions and will increase the stability of our effector protein.<br>
+We thus used 10 mM of potassium ferrocyanide which is a milde oxidisation reagent subsequent to the cell disruption and did not use any 2-mercapto ethanol as a reducing agent during the protein purification.
+===Analytical preparation===
+[[File:TUM13_Laccase_Chromatogramm.png|thumb|left|350px| '''Figure 10:''' Streptavidin affinity chromatography]]
+[[File:TUM13_Preparative_Laccase.png|thumb|right|320px| '''Figure 11a:''' Size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex 200 10/30 column]]
+[[File:TUM13_SDS_laccase.png|thumb|right|320px| '''Figure 11b:''' SDS-gel of recombinant Laccase with the marker (M) followed by the the cell lysate, concentrated protein throughput of the streptavidin affinity column, 1 fraction of the eluate unconcentrated and concentrated]]
+As all the other effector proteins we performed a first analytical preparation in a 2 L LB-media scale in order to learn about the protein and then up-scaled the production to 6 x 2 L of LB media. The production was carried out cytoplasmatically in ''E. coli'' BL21. The culture was grown to OD 0.8 was induced using 5 mM of arabinose and the protein production was carried out for 5 hours. Cell disruption was performed using ultrasonic sound and subsequently the cell lysate was dialyzed against 1 x SA-Buffer that contained additionally 5 mM of the milde oxidation reagent potassium ferrocyanide in order to form the disulfide bridges present in the laccase structure (see previous paragraph).<br>
+The Streptavidin affinity chromatography yielded a satisfying elution peak that was then concentrated using a centrifugal filter unit (MWCO: 30 kDa). The concentrated protein was then applied to a ÄKTA purifier equipped with a Superdex 200 10/30 size exclusion chromatography column. The chromatogram shows three major peaks with a first peak near the void volume that corresponds to aggregated protein >600 kDa, a second elution peak of high molecular protein and a third elution peak corresponding to the desired laccase protein. This assumption was made on the knowledge that on this column proteins of arround 50 kDa elute at an elution volume of 14 to 15 ml. This assumption was subsequently confirmed by ABTS activits assays with all elution fractions (see next section).
+===Activity determination using ABTS===
+[[File:TUM13_ABTS-oxidation.png|thumb|left|250px| '''Figure 12:''' Mechanism of the oxidation of ABTS which is a model substrate for laccase activity]]
+[[File:TUM13_Laccase_activity.png|thumb|right|320px| '''Figure 13:''' Correlation of size exclusion chromatography and activity determination using ABTS. Relative values are shown.]]
+The enzymatic activity of the purified laccase was determined by the ABTS-assay. In a first pre experiment the appropriate dilution factor was determined to 100-fold. The elution fractions obtained from size exclusion chromatography were diluted 1:100 in PBS and in an ELISA plate 100 µl of the enzyme and 100 µl of ABTS substrate were mixed and a kinetic measurement at 405 nm was performed. The absorption at 280 nm in the SEC chromatogramm (blue) identifies three main protein peaks, with a first peak corresponding to aggregated protein, a shoulder which also corresponds to higher molecular protein and a single peak which was proposed to be the monomeric laccase. The relative activity obtained for the different elution fractions was plotted in the same diagramm and shows a clear peak which matches the laccase peak in the SEC. Beside this major peak a second smaller peak of active fraction was visible which appeared in earlier elution fractions and might correspond to dimerized laccase. As the laccase is a secreted enzyme which also bears disluphide bonds it was produced in the cytoplasm and subsequently it was oxidized to form the proper disulphide bond. As this process might be only partial there is a possiblity for the formation of disulphid dimers. Never the less the fractions 14 to 17 were pooled for further experiments as they showed the highest enzymatic activity. The protein concentration of the pooled fraction was determined to 0.48 mg/ml after SEC.
+====Characterization of the enzyme====
+The enzymatic activity of the laccase BioBrick was investigated under different conditions as this was important for our [http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Modeling/Filter filter model] in which we try to simulate the application of enzymatic activity for bioremediation purposes. The first activity assays were dilution series experiment in which we wanted to determine the appropriate amount of protein which we had to apply in the assays. We found the 1:100 dilution of the prepared protein (0.49 mg/ml) to a good choice and thus performed all experiments with this concentration.
+=====Michaelis-Menten assay=====
+[[File:TUM13 Laccase_plate1.jpeg|thumb|left|400px| '''Figure 14:''' 96-well plate showing dilutin series of substrate (ABTS) for Michaelis-Menten kinetic experiments]] For the Michaelis-Menten assay a 1:1 dilution series of the substrate was set up. The oxidation of the ABTS substrate was then monitored over time using the absorbance at 405 nm. The experiment was performed in triplicates (Figure xxx 1-3) and as a control the dilution series of the substrate was incubated with PBS instead of diluted protein. It can be seen that there is a low level f  autolytic oxidation of the ABTS substrate which is by far below the enzymatic conversion achieved in the experiment.
+For a detailed evaluation of the results please see our [http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich enzyme kinetics] modeling.
+[[File:TUM13 Laccase_kinetic.png|thumb|left|900px| '''Figure 15:''' Reaction of Laccase with a serial dilution of ABTS (left) and negative control without the enzyme (right)]]
+=====Activity dependency of the laccase on pH values=====
+Secondly we did a series of experiments in which we determined the effect of the pH on the enzymatic activity (Figure xxx). For these experiments 100 µl of various 500 mM buffer (various pH), 50 µl of ABTS substrate (0.5 mg/ ml in ABTS-bufer from Roche) and 50 µl of laccase which had been diluted 1:100 were incubated. The absorbance at 405 nm was then recorded over the time in an 96-well plate.
+The change in absorbance over time is shown for every condition as the average of three measurements with standard deviation. The resulting plot shows that there is an optimum for the pH which is at 4.5 to 5. This matches very good the acidic conditions present in the apoplast of the plant as for example also the used Knop media is adjusted to a pH value of 5.6 to 5.8.
+[[File:TUM13 Laccase_pH.png|thumb|left|900px| '''Figure 16:''' Reaction of Laccase with ABTS in different pH buffers. Absorbance curve with laccase on the lefe; control with PBS on the right ]]
+=====Activity dependency of the laccase on the ionic strength=====
+Beside the substrate dependency and the pH value for optimal catalysis the dependency on the ionic strength of the media was of interest for our project as well as for further users of this BioBrick. We thus incubated the recombinant laccase (1:100 dilution) with ABTS substrate and various concentrations of sodium chloride. This was done in triplicates and for a control without the enzyme and with PBS instead.
+[[File:TUM13 Laccase_Salz.png|thumb|left|900px| '''Figure 17:''' Reaction of Laccase with ABTS at different salt concentrations. Absorbance curve with laccase on the lefe; control with PBS on the right]]
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