Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K404003"

Revision as of 22:12, 27 October 2010

[AAV2]-Rep-VP123(ViralBrick-587KO-empty)_p5-TATAless

Brief introduction in RepVP123

Rep proteins

The Adeno-associated virus (AAV) consists of two open reading frames (ORF), rep and cap ORF. The four non-structural rep genes are driven by two promoters located at map units 5 (p5 promoter) and 19 (p19 promoter). Rep proteins are involved in genome encapsidation, regulation of gene expression and replication of the viral genome.

The two larger proteins Rep78/68 play an essential role in viral genome integration and regulation of AAV gene expression, whereas the smaller Rep proteins are involved in viral genome encapsidation. Rep proteins act both as repressors and activators of AAV transcription in respect to the absence and presence of helper viruses such as adenoviruses (Ad) or herpes simplex viruses (HSV) by interacting with several cellular proteins

Furthermore, in the absence of Rep proteins, as it is the case in recombinant AAVs, integration of the viral genome into the human genome is rare and random. There are several hotspots for integration of wtAAV genomes such as the human chromosome 19q13.42, known as the AAVSI site, but as well some other accessible chromatin regions for preferred integration have been found (5p13.3 and 3p24.3). Integration into the human genome is mediated by the two regulatory proteins Rep68 and Rep78 driven by the AAV p5 promoter. The proteins bind to the Rep binding site (RBS) which is located within the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). The minimal consensus Rep binding site (RBS) GAGT GAGC is found within the ITRs and in the p5 integration-efficient element (p5IEE) of the p5 promoter (Hüser et al., 2010). Rep78/68 proteins possess DNA-binding, helicase and site-specific endonuclease activity located within the first 200 amino acids (Davis, Wu, and Owens 2000). Since the N-terminal region is unique to the larger Rep proteins, the two smaller Rep proteins possess other biological functions. Rep52/40 gene expression is driven by the p19 promoter which is located within rep ORF and the proteins are involved in encapsidating the viral genome into the preformed capsids. Gene expression of these proteins is suppressed in absence of adenovirus infection by binding of Rep78/68 to the p5 promoter. Gene expression of p19 and p40 is transacvtivated by the Rep proteins Rep78/68 during coinfection.

VP proteins

The AAV capsid consists of 60 capsid protein subunits composed of the three cap proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3, which are encoded in an overlapping reading frame. Arranged in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1:10, they form an icosahedral symmetry. The mRNA encoding for the cap proteins is transcribed from p40 and alternative spliced to minor and major products. Alternative splicing and translation initiation of VP2 at a nonconventional ACG initiation codon promote the expression of the VP proteins. VP1, VP2 and VP3 share a common C terminus and stop codon, but begin with a different start codon. The N termini of VP1 and VP2 play important roles in infection and contain motifs that are highly homologous to a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) domain and nuclear localization signals (NLSs). These elements are conserved in almost all parvoviruses. (Johnson et al. 2010)

Overview of RepVP123 plasmid

Modularization: Overview

In our terminology the term “RepVP123” encompasses the whole AAV2 genome excluding the ITRs. The rep locus comprises four proteins related to genome replication while the cap locus codes for the proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and the assembly-associated protein (AAP), which are required for viral capsid assembly. Source of the RepVP123 BioBrick supplied within iGEM team Freiburg_Bioware 2010 Virus Construction Kit is the wild-type AAV2 RepVP123, as provided e. g. in the pAAV vector from Stratagene. In order to introduce the iGEM standard and additionally enabling the possibility to modify the viral capsid via integration of certain motives within the viral loops 453 and 587, a total of twelve mutations within RepVP123 (see Figure 1) and additionally two mutations within the pSB1C3 backbone were introduced by either Site-Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) or by ordering and cloning of specifically designed gene sequences matching the required demands. Modifying the pSB1C3 led to iGEM team Freiburg_Bioware’s variant of this backbone, pSB1C3_001.

Table 1 Overview about all plasmids containing RepVP123 which were used by iGEM team Freiburg_Bioware 2010.

Modularization: Removing iGEM restriction sites and establishing loop insertion capability

Modifications in Rep

Making the RepVP123 wild-type construct compatible with the iGEM standards required the removal of five restriction sites (see Figure 1). This was achieved using site-directed mutagenesis for PstI (position 310) and PstI (4073). The remaining three iGEM restriction sites EcoRI (1578), PstI (1773) and EcoRI (1796) were replaced by a synthetic gene fragment, since the rep ORF contained these restriction sites in close proximity to each other plus an additional KpnI restriction site which was also not desired (see Figure 2). This gene fragment was cloned into the rep gene using HindIII and SwaI, which are single-cutting restriction enzymes adjacent to the target area. Furthermore, BamHI (859) and SalI (1239) were removed, because these enzymes were required for genetically inserting the loop modifications in VP123.

Modifications in VP123

In order to implement the restriction sites necessary for targeting via loop insertions, the gene coding for the VP proteins was modified as well. The introduction of these restriction required up to four base modifications in a row, hence it was decided to synthesize this gene fragment and replace the wild-type sequence in RepVP123 as well.

Modularization: Adapting pSB1C3 to loop insertions – pSB1C3_001

To fulfill iGEM requirements, all plasmids need to be submitted in pSB1C3. Therefore, primers were ordered for amplifying RepVP123 containing all modifications done so far by PCR and cloning them into pSB1C3. Still, pSB1C3 contains two restriction sites for SspI and PvuII restriction enzymes in its CAT marker. Since these are necessary for cloning ViralBricks in this vector, the iGEM Team Freiburg_Bioware 2010 decided in agreement with iGEM Headquarters to implement a new standard for the pSB1C3 backbone which was named pSB1C3_001. Both restriction sites interfering with ViralBrick insertions were mutated to make SspI and PvuII single-cutters (see method development).

RepVP123 containing both rep and cap synthetic gene fragments including the re-mutation of KpnI and the downstream p5TATA-less promotor was cloned into the newly constructed pSB1C3_001. Testing this newly assembled plasmid in cell culture revealed unexpected data: Not only did the newly assembled plasmid work (see Figure 10), but in comparison to pAAV containing the same RepVP123 construct, pSB1C3_001 showed an about 3 times higher transduction efficiency. Although exact reasons are still unknown, these results are probably related to the length reduction of pSB1C3_001 compared to the original pAAV plasmid of approximately 1000 base pairs.

Turning-off natural tropism: HSPG-knock-out

Shutting-down the natural viral tropism is essential for specific targeting of tumor cells and not infecting healthy cells. Therefore, the iGEM team Freiburg_Bioware 2010 decided to knock-out the viral natural tropism delivered by the heperan sulfate proteoglycan-(HSPG) binding site within the viruses 587 loop. The knock-out was cloned by designing primers containing the required base exchanges and performing a SDM. As before, this RepVP123 variant was tested in cell culture and evaluated as well by flow cytometry. Results show that mutation of HSPG-binding motif has severe impact on transduction efficiency, thus enabling a viral particle carrying this knock-out and additional targeting motifs, e.g. within the loops or presented via N-terminal fusion, to bind target cells’ receptors. Consequently, target cells are infected at a much higher rate compared to unspecific infection of other cell types within an organism (see Figure 6 ).

To quantify differences in infectivity, the infectious titer of viral particles made up of RepVP123 with and without HSPG binding motif was determined by qPCR (see Figure 14) for different cell lines. Results show that the implemented HSPG-knock-out verifies results obtained from flow cytometry: Infectious titers severely dropped compared to RepVP123 with an intact HSPG binding motif.

References

Natsoulis, G., United States Patent 5,622,856 (1997).

Davis, M D, J Wu, and R A Owens. 2000. Mutational analysis of adeno-associated virus type 2 Rep68 protein endonuclease activity on partially single-stranded substrates. Journal of virology 74, no. 6 (March): 2936-42. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=111789&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

Hüser, Daniela, Andreas Gogol-Döring, Timo Lutter, Stefan Weger, Kerstin Winter, Eva-Maria Hammer, Toni Cathomen, Knut Reinert, and Regine Heilbronn. 2010. Integration preferences of wildtype AAV-2 for consensus rep-binding sites at numerous loci in the human genome. PLoS pathogens 6, no. 7 (January): e1000985. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000985. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2900306&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

Johnson, Jarrod S, Chengwen Li, Nina DiPrimio, Marc S Weinberg, Thomas J McCown, and R Jude Samulski. 2010. Mutagenesis of adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid protein VP1 uncovers new roles for basic amino acids in trafficking and cell-specific transduction. Journal of virology 84, no. 17 (September): 8888-902. doi:10.1128/JVI.00687-10. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2918992&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

Sequence and Features