Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K5184038"
 
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<partinfo>BBa_K5184038 short</partinfo>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K5184038 short</partinfo>
  
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In our project we employ venom peptides to act as insecticidal agents against T. urticae a global ubiquitous pest. This part presents a mite venom peptide with higher specificity and potency against the spider mite comparing to spider venom peptides. This mite venom peptide may also aid future iGEM teams in identifying homologous venom peptide genes in the acari family that is, right now, currently almost completely unexplored.
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==Essential Information==
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===Abstract===
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Abstract
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In our project we employ venom peptides to act as insecticidal agents against spider mites. This part presents an original mite venom peptide with high potency against spider mites that is determined by in vivo testing against ''T. urticae''. This mite venom peptide may also aid future iGEM teams in identifying homologous venom peptide genes in the acariforme superorder or even across the acarid subclass that is right now almost completely unexplored. <br><br>
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The part collection includes: Parts expressing venom peptides that target various ion channels that leads to paralysis and death of spider mites: PpVP1S (BBa_K5184042), PpVP2S (BBa_K5184043), PpVP1F (BBa_K5184038), rCtx-4 (BBa_K5184021), HxTx-Hv1h (BBa_K5184033), Cs1A (BBa_K5184032); supplementary parts that allows extracellular secretion, facilitates venom peptide folding, and improves contact and oral toxicity (BBa_5184020, and BBa_K5184022); composite parts that guarantee correct folding of venom peptides exhibiting contact toxicity (BBa_K5184071-BBa_K5184076). <br><br>
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G1M5-PpVP1F-His is a fusion protein of a venom peptide identified in the genome of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis using BLAST fused with the G1M5 secretion signal peptide. Via phylogenic analysis, we believe it achieves its paralyzing and insecticidal properties by interfering with voltage gated calcium channels whose affinity towards is illustrated by computer modelling.  
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Our part collection provides a feasible and efficient expression of a collection of venom peptides targeting a diverse range of molecular targets in spider mites. While any one of the venom peptides in the collection can achieve reasonable elimination efficiency, combination of multiple venom peptides with different molecular targets makes resistance development much harder. This can help and inspire future teams to design and perfect venom peptide-based pesticides that are capable of tackling many pests known for their prowness for developing resistance and, as template sequences for identification of other acariforme venom peptides.
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===Basic Characterization===
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===Usage and Biology===
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PpVP1F is the modified version of the venom peptide we identified in genome of the predatory mite, ''Phytoseiulus persimilis'', by genome mining. It shares a high degree of homology to venom peptides from the predatory mite species ''Neoseiulus barkeri'', which is first identified in [1]. Via phylogenic analysis, we believe it likely achieves its paralyzing and insecticidal properties by interfering with voltage gated calcium channels whose affinity towards is then verified by computer modelling.
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"Biology
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===Sequences===
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PpVP1F is the full-length version of the P. persimilis venom peptide that is homologous to NbVP1F. It is composed of a total of 74 amino acids. It contains a total of 11 cysteine residues, 8 of which are involved in the 4 disulfide bridges that form the backbone of the peptide’s core venomous domain. Comparing its core venomous domain to that of the N. barkeri homolog, the P. persimilis venom peptide has the same set of cysteine network of C1xxxC2xxxC3C4xxxC5xC6xxxC7xC8, with disulfide bridges between C1C4, C2C5, C3C8, and C6C7, and therefore shares an almost congruent geometry, differing by only 3 amino acids.
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Via signal peptide prediction results using DeepLoc 2.1, we believe there is a signal peptide at its C-terminus, targeting the peptide for extracellular secretion. The peptide is believed to block insect voltage gated calcium channels and presumably nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (as proposed by [2]) to interfere with the neuron’s normal function.
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The G1M5 tag is a secretion tag utilizing the Sec pathway, a common extracellular secretion system seen across all domains of life; it is fused with the venom peptide to allow extracellular secretion of the peptide, thus decreasing its production costs.
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Features
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Non-toxic to humans/mammals: Due to the venom peptide’s high specificity and the structural differences of its binding site in insect and mammal ion channels
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It should show higher toxicity against T. urticae, the two spotted spider mite that is a global pest against a huge range of host plants."
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<span class='h3bb'>Sequence and Features</span>
 
<span class='h3bb'>Sequence and Features</span>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K5184038 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K5184038 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>
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==Characterization==
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===Molecular Structure===
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PpVP1F, composing of a total of 74 amino acids, contains 11 cysteine residues, 8 of which involved in forming 4 disulfide bridges, as well as two antiparallel beta sheets, together contributing to the final highly compact conformation of the venom. Comparing to NbVP1[1], it has the same set of cysteine network of C1xxxC2xxxC3C4xxxC5xC6xxxC7xC8, with disulfide bridges between C(1)C(4), C(2)C(5), C(3)C(8), and C(6)C(7)[Fig.1A], and therefore shares an almost congruent geometry [Fig.1B], differing by only 5 amino acids.
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<center><html><img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5184/parts/p1mvp1.webp" width="600"/></html></center>
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<center><b>Fig.1: A. Disulfide network of the venomous domain of PpVP2S, involving 8 cysteine residues and 4 disulfide bridges B. Comparison of structural prediction results of core venomous domains of NbVP1F (transparent light gray) and PpVP1F (solid blue) from AlphaFold Server; the cysteine residues are colored orange</b></center>
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===Genome Mining===
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Using identified mRNAs of the two ''N. barkeri'' venom peptides as query, we identified the two orthologous venom peptide-encoding loci in the ''P. persimilis'' genome (GenBank Assembly: GCA_037576195.1) using NCBI BLASTn [Fig.2].
 +
Sequences from the BLAST result are then aligned with the two ''N. barkeri'' mRNAs to filter out the introns. Thus, the protein sequence of the ''P. persimilis'' orthologous venom peptides are obtained.
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<center><html><img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5184/parts/mvp2.webp" width="600"/></html></center>
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<center><b>Fig.2: BLAST results of two ''N. barkeri'' venom peptide mRNAs against the ''P. persimilis genome''.</b></center>
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===''in silico'' Analysis===
 +
With further research into spider venom peptides’ molecular mechanisms for their paralyzing and lethal effects, we realized that they (and therefore MVPs due to high levels of homology between them) target neuronal ion channels or receptors. Their interference led to blockage of various receptors or ion channels or neurotransmitter receptors, leading to prevention of release or detection of neurotransmitters. This therefore interferes with normal conduction of neural impulses and achieves paralyzing and lethal effects.
 +
To analyze molecular action of venom peptides using computational approaches such as molecular docking, we constructed a phylogenic tree based on core venomous domains of various SVPs with known molecular targets [3], [4], [5], [6] along with the four MVPs, in an attempt to determine their molecular targets. The results, in [Fig4], suggests that they likely interfere with voltage-gated calcium channels.
 +
We therefore tried to predict molecular effects of the venom peptides against the CaV channels, using both “conventional” docking tools such as HDock server, and “non-classical” tools such as AlphaFold (for its ability to accurately predict conformational changes in both receptor and a peptide ligand upon binding).
 +
The docking results from both AlphaFold and HDock suggests that the MVPs are likely to interfere with the alpha 2 subunit of the ''T. urticae'' CaV channels, blocking flow of ions and therefore release of neurotransmitters.
 +
<center><html><img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5184/parts/p1mvp3.webp" width="600"/></html></center>
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<center><b>Fig.4: A. Phylogenic tree from core venomous domains of MVPs and several SVPs with known molecular targets (all ion channels, ion type identified at the end of each name) B. Docking results of PpVP1F's core venmous domain against T. urticae voltage-gated calcium channel using AlphaFold</b></center>
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===Toxicity Assay===
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The designed and optimized venom peptides are expressed using the expression system G1M5-His-SUMO-MVP-GNA, where G1M5-SUMO proved to facilitate correct folding and therefore soluble expression of the attached protein [7][Fig.5A], and GNA, which enhances the fusion protein’s oral and contact toxicity [8].
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Plasmids pET28a-G1M5-His-SUMO-MVP-GNA [Fig.5B] are assembled using GoldenGate clonining, and is transformed into BL21(DE3) strain. After IPTG induction and overnight incubation, the culture is harvested and underwent cell lysis; SDS-PAGE is then ran for supernatant and precipitate. The supernatant is then treated with SUMO protease [Fig.5B].
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<center><html><img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5184/parts/ppvp1f-sumo.webp" width="600"/></html></center>
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<center><b>Fig5: A. G1M5 signal peptide meditates extracellular secretion of the fusion protein B. Plasmid construct pET28a-G1M5-His-SUMO-PpVP1F-GNA-His C. SDS-PAGE of SUMO-digested supernatant of PpVP1F, with supernatant of BL21(DE3) as control; S: supernatant, SUMO: SUMO protease-treated supernatant</b></center>
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Supernatant from cell lysis is treated with SUMO protease to, ideally, give MVP-GNA fusion proteins. For toxicity assay, Professor Huang of SCAU tested the contact toxicity of SUMO-protease-treated supernatant on 3 groups of 20 females of ''Tetranychus urticae'', which is the most prominent specie in spider mites [14]. The treated supernatant is applied to the spider mites using a spraying method, with supernatant of induced BL21(DE3) that underwent the same treatments as control. The results reveal that PpVP2S shows very high toxicity against ''T. urticae'' [Fig.6C&D], achieving a death rate of 98.25% in the first day and 100% in the next.
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<center><html><img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5184/parts/p1f-lethality1.webp" width="600"/></html></center>
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<center><b>Fig6: A. ''T. urticae'' before being sprayed with PpVP1F B. ''T. urticae'' after being sprayed with PpVP1F C. Survival plot of PpVP1F against female ''T. urticae'' using a spraying method, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control D. Lethality data of PpVP1F over 24, 48, and 72 hours, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control; data is the means of ± SD of three parallel replicate experiments</b></center>
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==Part Collection==
 +
Our part collection provides a comprehensive list of venom peptides with a diverse range of molecular targets, and all displays satisfactory elimination efficacy during our testings [Fig7A&B].
 +
<center><html><img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5184/parts/vp-lethality-v.webp" width="600"/></html></center>
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<center><b>Fig7: A. Survival plot of 6 venom peptides against female ''T. urticae'' using a spraying method, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control D. Lethality data of 6 venom peptides over 24, 48, and 72 hours, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control; data is the means of ± SD of three parallel replicate experiments</b></center>
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{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
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|+ Our Part Collection
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|-
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!Current VP!!Venom Name!!Targeted Ion Channel!!New?!!Part Number!!Original Specie
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|-
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|||PpVP2S||Ca||New||BBa_K5184043||''Phytoseiulus persimilis''
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|-
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|||PpVP1S||Ca||New||BBa_K5184042||''Phytoseiulus persimilis''
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|-
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|✳️||PpVP1F||Ca||New||BBa_K5184038||''Phytoseiulus persimilis''
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|-
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|||rCtx4||Na||||BBa_K5184021||''Phoneutria depilata''
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|-
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|||Cs1A||Ca||||BBa_K5184032||''Calommata signata''
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|-
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|||HxTx-Hv1h||Ca, K||||BBa_K5184033||''Hadronyche versuta''
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|}
  
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===References===
 +
[1]: Chen, L., Adang, M. J., & Shen, G. (2024c). A novel spider venom peptide from the predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri shows lethal effect on phytophagous pests. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 202, 105963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105963 <br>
 +
[2]: Vásquez-Escobar, J.;  Benjumea-Gutiérrez, D.M.; Lopera,  C.; Clement, H.C.; Bolaños, D.I.;  Higuita-Castro, J.L.; Corzo, G.A.;  Corrales-Garcia, L.L. Heterologous  Expression of an Insecticidal Peptide  Obtained from the Transcriptome of  the Colombian Spider Phoneutria  depilate. Toxins 2023, 15, 436.  https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070436 <br>
 +
[3]: Wu, X.; Chen, Y.; Liu, H.;  Kong, X.; Liang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Tang,  C.; Liu, Z. The Molecular  Composition of Peptide Toxins in the  Venom of Spider Lycosa coelestis as  Revealed by cDNA Library and  Transcriptomic Sequencing. Toxins  2023, 15, 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020143 <br>
 +
[4]: Ahmed, J.; Walker, A.A.;  Perdomo, H.D.; Guo, S.; Nixon, S.A.;  Vetter, I.; Okoh, H.I.; Shehu, D.M.;  Shuaibu, M.N.; Ndams, I.S.; et al.  TwoNovel Mosquitocidal Peptides  Isolated from the Venom of the Bahia  Scarlet Tarantula (Lasiodora klugi).  Toxins 2023, 15, 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070418 <br>
 +
[5]: Ho, T. N., Turner, A., Pham, S. H., Nguyen, H. T., Nguyen, L. T., Nguyen, L. T., & Dang, T. T. (2023). Cysteine-rich peptides: From bioactivity to bioinsecticide applications. Toxicon, 230, 107173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107173 <br>
 +
[6]: Guo, R.; Guo, G.; Wang, A.;  Xu, G.; Lai, R.; Jin, H. Spider-Venom  Peptides: Structure, Bioactivity,  Strategy, and Research Applications.  Molecules 2024, 29, 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010035 <br>
 +
[7]: Shad, M., Nazir, A., Usman, M., Akhtar, M. W., & Sajjad, M. (2024b). Investigating the effect of SUMO fusion on solubility and stability of amylase-catalytic domain from Pyrococcus abyssi. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 266, 131310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131310 <br>
 +
[8]: Fitches EC, Pyati P, King GF, Gatehouse JA. Fusion to snowdrop lectin magnifies the oral activity of insecticidal ω-Hexatoxin-Hv1a peptide by enabling its delivery to the central nervous system. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039389. Epub 2012 Jun 22. <br>
 +
[9]: Windley, M. J., Herzig, V., Dziemborowicz, S. A., Hardy, M. C., King, G. F., & Nicholson, G. M. (2012b). Spider-Venom peptides as bioinsecticides. Toxins, 4(3), 191–227. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4030191
  
 
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===Functional Parameters===
 
===Functional Parameters===
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<partinfo>BBa_K5184038 parameters</partinfo>
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<partinfo>BBa_K5184043 parameters</partinfo>
 
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Latest revision as of 13:51, 12 November 2024


PpVP1-F

Essential Information

Abstract

In our project we employ venom peptides to act as insecticidal agents against spider mites. This part presents an original mite venom peptide with high potency against spider mites that is determined by in vivo testing against T. urticae. This mite venom peptide may also aid future iGEM teams in identifying homologous venom peptide genes in the acariforme superorder or even across the acarid subclass that is right now almost completely unexplored.

The part collection includes: Parts expressing venom peptides that target various ion channels that leads to paralysis and death of spider mites: PpVP1S (BBa_K5184042), PpVP2S (BBa_K5184043), PpVP1F (BBa_K5184038), rCtx-4 (BBa_K5184021), HxTx-Hv1h (BBa_K5184033), Cs1A (BBa_K5184032); supplementary parts that allows extracellular secretion, facilitates venom peptide folding, and improves contact and oral toxicity (BBa_5184020, and BBa_K5184022); composite parts that guarantee correct folding of venom peptides exhibiting contact toxicity (BBa_K5184071-BBa_K5184076).

Our part collection provides a feasible and efficient expression of a collection of venom peptides targeting a diverse range of molecular targets in spider mites. While any one of the venom peptides in the collection can achieve reasonable elimination efficiency, combination of multiple venom peptides with different molecular targets makes resistance development much harder. This can help and inspire future teams to design and perfect venom peptide-based pesticides that are capable of tackling many pests known for their prowness for developing resistance and, as template sequences for identification of other acariforme venom peptides.

Basic Characterization

PpVP1F is the modified version of the venom peptide we identified in genome of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, by genome mining. It shares a high degree of homology to venom peptides from the predatory mite species Neoseiulus barkeri, which is first identified in [1]. Via phylogenic analysis, we believe it likely achieves its paralyzing and insecticidal properties by interfering with voltage gated calcium channels whose affinity towards is then verified by computer modelling.

Sequences

Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
  • 10
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
  • 12
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
  • 21
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
  • 23
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
  • 25
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
  • 1000
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

Characterization

Molecular Structure

PpVP1F, composing of a total of 74 amino acids, contains 11 cysteine residues, 8 of which involved in forming 4 disulfide bridges, as well as two antiparallel beta sheets, together contributing to the final highly compact conformation of the venom. Comparing to NbVP1[1], it has the same set of cysteine network of C1xxxC2xxxC3C4xxxC5xC6xxxC7xC8, with disulfide bridges between C(1)C(4), C(2)C(5), C(3)C(8), and C(6)C(7)[Fig.1A], and therefore shares an almost congruent geometry [Fig.1B], differing by only 5 amino acids.

Fig.1: A. Disulfide network of the venomous domain of PpVP2S, involving 8 cysteine residues and 4 disulfide bridges B. Comparison of structural prediction results of core venomous domains of NbVP1F (transparent light gray) and PpVP1F (solid blue) from AlphaFold Server; the cysteine residues are colored orange

Genome Mining

Using identified mRNAs of the two N. barkeri venom peptides as query, we identified the two orthologous venom peptide-encoding loci in the P. persimilis genome (GenBank Assembly: GCA_037576195.1) using NCBI BLASTn [Fig.2]. Sequences from the BLAST result are then aligned with the two N. barkeri mRNAs to filter out the introns. Thus, the protein sequence of the P. persimilis orthologous venom peptides are obtained.

Fig.2: BLAST results of two N. barkeri venom peptide mRNAs against the P. persimilis genome.

in silico Analysis

With further research into spider venom peptides’ molecular mechanisms for their paralyzing and lethal effects, we realized that they (and therefore MVPs due to high levels of homology between them) target neuronal ion channels or receptors. Their interference led to blockage of various receptors or ion channels or neurotransmitter receptors, leading to prevention of release or detection of neurotransmitters. This therefore interferes with normal conduction of neural impulses and achieves paralyzing and lethal effects. To analyze molecular action of venom peptides using computational approaches such as molecular docking, we constructed a phylogenic tree based on core venomous domains of various SVPs with known molecular targets [3], [4], [5], [6] along with the four MVPs, in an attempt to determine their molecular targets. The results, in [Fig4], suggests that they likely interfere with voltage-gated calcium channels. We therefore tried to predict molecular effects of the venom peptides against the CaV channels, using both “conventional” docking tools such as HDock server, and “non-classical” tools such as AlphaFold (for its ability to accurately predict conformational changes in both receptor and a peptide ligand upon binding). The docking results from both AlphaFold and HDock suggests that the MVPs are likely to interfere with the alpha 2 subunit of the T. urticae CaV channels, blocking flow of ions and therefore release of neurotransmitters.

Fig.4: A. Phylogenic tree from core venomous domains of MVPs and several SVPs with known molecular targets (all ion channels, ion type identified at the end of each name) B. Docking results of PpVP1F's core venmous domain against T. urticae voltage-gated calcium channel using AlphaFold

Toxicity Assay

The designed and optimized venom peptides are expressed using the expression system G1M5-His-SUMO-MVP-GNA, where G1M5-SUMO proved to facilitate correct folding and therefore soluble expression of the attached protein [7][Fig.5A], and GNA, which enhances the fusion protein’s oral and contact toxicity [8]. Plasmids pET28a-G1M5-His-SUMO-MVP-GNA [Fig.5B] are assembled using GoldenGate clonining, and is transformed into BL21(DE3) strain. After IPTG induction and overnight incubation, the culture is harvested and underwent cell lysis; SDS-PAGE is then ran for supernatant and precipitate. The supernatant is then treated with SUMO protease [Fig.5B].

Fig5: A. G1M5 signal peptide meditates extracellular secretion of the fusion protein B. Plasmid construct pET28a-G1M5-His-SUMO-PpVP1F-GNA-His C. SDS-PAGE of SUMO-digested supernatant of PpVP1F, with supernatant of BL21(DE3) as control; S: supernatant, SUMO: SUMO protease-treated supernatant

Supernatant from cell lysis is treated with SUMO protease to, ideally, give MVP-GNA fusion proteins. For toxicity assay, Professor Huang of SCAU tested the contact toxicity of SUMO-protease-treated supernatant on 3 groups of 20 females of Tetranychus urticae, which is the most prominent specie in spider mites [14]. The treated supernatant is applied to the spider mites using a spraying method, with supernatant of induced BL21(DE3) that underwent the same treatments as control. The results reveal that PpVP2S shows very high toxicity against T. urticae [Fig.6C&D], achieving a death rate of 98.25% in the first day and 100% in the next.

Fig6: A. T. urticae before being sprayed with PpVP1F B. T. urticae after being sprayed with PpVP1F C. Survival plot of PpVP1F against female T. urticae using a spraying method, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control D. Lethality data of PpVP1F over 24, 48, and 72 hours, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control; data is the means of ± SD of three parallel replicate experiments

Part Collection

Our part collection provides a comprehensive list of venom peptides with a diverse range of molecular targets, and all displays satisfactory elimination efficacy during our testings [Fig7A&B].

Fig7: A. Survival plot of 6 venom peptides against female T. urticae using a spraying method, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control D. Lethality data of 6 venom peptides over 24, 48, and 72 hours, CK is induced liquid culture of BL21(DE3), of which acts as control; data is the means of ± SD of three parallel replicate experiments
Our Part Collection
Current VP Venom Name Targeted Ion Channel New? Part Number Original Specie
PpVP2S Ca New BBa_K5184043 Phytoseiulus persimilis
PpVP1S Ca New BBa_K5184042 Phytoseiulus persimilis
✳️ PpVP1F Ca New BBa_K5184038 Phytoseiulus persimilis
rCtx4 Na BBa_K5184021 Phoneutria depilata
Cs1A Ca BBa_K5184032 Calommata signata
HxTx-Hv1h Ca, K BBa_K5184033 Hadronyche versuta

References

[1]: Chen, L., Adang, M. J., & Shen, G. (2024c). A novel spider venom peptide from the predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri shows lethal effect on phytophagous pests. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 202, 105963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105963
[2]: Vásquez-Escobar, J.; Benjumea-Gutiérrez, D.M.; Lopera, C.; Clement, H.C.; Bolaños, D.I.; Higuita-Castro, J.L.; Corzo, G.A.; Corrales-Garcia, L.L. Heterologous Expression of an Insecticidal Peptide Obtained from the Transcriptome of the Colombian Spider Phoneutria depilate. Toxins 2023, 15, 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070436
[3]: Wu, X.; Chen, Y.; Liu, H.; Kong, X.; Liang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, C.; Liu, Z. The Molecular Composition of Peptide Toxins in the Venom of Spider Lycosa coelestis as Revealed by cDNA Library and Transcriptomic Sequencing. Toxins 2023, 15, 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020143
[4]: Ahmed, J.; Walker, A.A.; Perdomo, H.D.; Guo, S.; Nixon, S.A.; Vetter, I.; Okoh, H.I.; Shehu, D.M.; Shuaibu, M.N.; Ndams, I.S.; et al. TwoNovel Mosquitocidal Peptides Isolated from the Venom of the Bahia Scarlet Tarantula (Lasiodora klugi). Toxins 2023, 15, 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070418
[5]: Ho, T. N., Turner, A., Pham, S. H., Nguyen, H. T., Nguyen, L. T., Nguyen, L. T., & Dang, T. T. (2023). Cysteine-rich peptides: From bioactivity to bioinsecticide applications. Toxicon, 230, 107173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107173
[6]: Guo, R.; Guo, G.; Wang, A.; Xu, G.; Lai, R.; Jin, H. Spider-Venom Peptides: Structure, Bioactivity, Strategy, and Research Applications. Molecules 2024, 29, 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010035
[7]: Shad, M., Nazir, A., Usman, M., Akhtar, M. W., & Sajjad, M. (2024b). Investigating the effect of SUMO fusion on solubility and stability of amylase-catalytic domain from Pyrococcus abyssi. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 266, 131310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131310
[8]: Fitches EC, Pyati P, King GF, Gatehouse JA. Fusion to snowdrop lectin magnifies the oral activity of insecticidal ω-Hexatoxin-Hv1a peptide by enabling its delivery to the central nervous system. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039389. Epub 2012 Jun 22.
[9]: Windley, M. J., Herzig, V., Dziemborowicz, S. A., Hardy, M. C., King, G. F., & Nicholson, G. M. (2012b). Spider-Venom peptides as bioinsecticides. Toxins, 4(3), 191–227. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4030191