Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K1150000"
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|'''Function'''
 
|'''Function'''
 
|Binding protein
 
|Binding protein
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|-
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|'''Use in'''
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|Mammalian cells
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''RFC standard'''
 
|'''RFC standard'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|'''Organism'''
 
|'''Organism'''
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|Streptococcus pyogenes
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|''Streptococcus pyogenes''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Source'''
 
|'''Source'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|'''Submitted by'''
 
|'''Submitted by'''
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|Freiburg 2013
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|[http://2013.igem.org/Team:Freiburg Freiburg 2013]
 
|}
 
|}
  
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Cas9 is the main protein of the CRISPR-Cas system of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, which is categorized as CRISPR system type II. Like all other CRISPR systems it protects bacteria (and archaea) from phages by recognizing and cleaving of the invading phage DNA. This recognition is based on Watson Crick base pairing between a short RNA (called crRNA), which is in complex with Cas9, and the target DNA.<br>
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dCas9 is  a codon optimized and standardized (RFC 25) protein for human cell lines. Interacting with a DNA-binding RNA and fused with different effector domains it can be used for specific gene regulation.
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Because of the ability to recognize almost every DNA sequenz, Cas9 became of interest for research concerning DNA targeting. At first it was used together with the crRNA and a tracrRNA, which is required to form the protein-RNA-complex, to introduce mutations within the genome of several organisms by causing a double strand break. After the exchange of an aminoacid Cas9 was converted from a nuclease to a nickase, introducing only single strand breaks; and very recently converted to a enzymaticly inactive form, called dCas9, by another aminoacid exchange.<br>
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<br>
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The here available dCas9 is codon optimized for human cell lines and standardized (RFC 25). It can be used as a DNA binding protein, that can be fused with different effectors in order to regulate gene expression.
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<br>
 +
Cas9 is the main protein of the CRISPR/Cas system II of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>. CRISPR systems protect bacteria and archaea from phages by recognizing and cleaving of invading phage DNA. This recognition is based on Watson Crick base pairing between a short RNA, called crRNA, and the complementary DNA strand. A second RNA, called tracrRNA, connects crRNA and Cas9. These three parts together form a protein-RNA-DNA complex with the targeted DNA strand [1].<br>
 +
Cas9 became of great interest for research concerning DNA targeting, because of its ability to recognize site specific DNA strands by a crRNA.  
 +
<br>
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At first the functionality of Cas9 was modified by exchanging aminoacids. As a result, Cas9 was able to introduce mutations within the genome of several organisms by causing double strand breaks [2][3]. Then, it was converted from a nuclease to a nickase introducing single strand breaks [4] and lately it was converted to an enzymatically inactive form, called dCas9 [5].<br>
 +
This dCas9 is codon optimized for human cell lines and standardized (RFC 25). It can be used as a DNA binding protein, that can be fused with different effectors in order to regulate gene expression.
  
  
  
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<!-- Add more about the biology of this part here
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<h1>Improvement</h1>
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===Usage and Biology===
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Characterized by Peking 2019
 +
 
 +
In our experiment, we found that the inhibitory effect of dCas9 to DNA replication shows to have over-inhibition on cell growth and small dynamic range when the sgRNAs targeting high affinity DnaA boxes. In order to extend this system to combine all DnaA boxes, we improve the performance of the CRISPRri system to weaken its effect by adding a degradation signal peptide ssrA to dCas9. Thus, we get an improved part (<partinfo>BBa_K3081055</partinfo>) from dCas9 (<partinfo>BBa_K1150000</partinfo>).
 +
The ssrA peptide tag from <i>Mycoplasma florum</i> has been developed as a versatile biotechnology tool to control orthogonal degradation of tagged proteins in <i>Escherichia coli</i> [1]. Ideally, after fused dCas9 and ssrA, it accelerates the degradation rate of dCas9 and thus weaken the inhibition of DNA replication by CRISPRri.
 +
As a preliminary verification, firstly, we fused ssrA tag to dCas9-sfGFP, we tested the expression curve of dCas9-sfGFP-ssrA by adding different concentration of inducer (Figure 1A). We found that the protein with ssrA was expressed at a lower level than the control protein, with the same concentration of inducer. We believe that because ssrA mediates protein degradation, the equilibrium concentration of the protein is reduced.
 +
To test the function of fused version of dCas9-ssrA, we co-transformed two plasmids to one <i>E. coli</i> cell, which express mRFP and dCas9-ssrA with sgRNA targeting CDS of mRFP, respectively. As a matter of fact, the new CRISPRi system shows a gentler decrease in fluorescence when dCas9 is fused with ssrA tag, while non-binding dCas9 with or without ssrA has no influence on mRFP expression (Figure 1B). This result confirmed fusion with ssrA, the original function of dCas9 is unaffected.
 +
So, we tested the improved CRISPRri-ssrA system with targeting site of DnaA boxes which are shown to have excessive inhibition on cell growth before. We found that the degradation tag makes inhibition effect much milder, which allows for a wider adjusting range (Figure 1C).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
https://2019.igem.org/wiki/images/a/ae/T--Peking--dls_and_crispri.jpeg
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 +
https://2019.igem.org/wiki/images/4/43/T--Peking--R1%2Bgif.gif
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https://2019.igem.org/wiki/images/b/b6/T--Peking--R1%2BssrA.gif
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https://2019.igem.org/wiki/images/6/6a/T--Peking--picture_for_ssrA_new.jpeg
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 +
Figure 1. Characterization of CRISPRri-ssrA system. (A) Comparison between dCas9 and dCas9-ssrA system by expression level and CRISPRi effect on mRFP fluorescence.  (B) Comparison of effect on cell growth between CRISPRri and CRISPRri-ssrA, both targeted to R1+ box(left:R1+; right:R1+ ssrA).  (C) Reversibility of CRISPRri-ssrA system targeted to R1+ box. Hollow arrows stand for removal of arabinose while solid black arrows stand for addition of arabinose.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Reference:
 +
 
 +
[1] Lv, L., Wu, Y., Zhao, G., & Qi, H. (2019). Improvement in the Orthogonal Protein Degradation in <i>Escherichia coli</i> by Truncated mf-ssrA Tag. Transactions of Tianjin University, 1-7.
 +
 
 +
== Usage example ==
 +
designed by Peking 2020
 +
<p>David Liu’s lab created the first base editor in 2016 (Komor et al., 2016) and since then has been trying to
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    expand their precision editing capabilities. Base editors make specific DNA base changes and consist of a
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    catalytically impaired Cas protein (dCas or Cas nickase) fused to a DNA-modifying enzyme, in this case a
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    deaminase. Base changes from C•G-to-T•A are mediated by cytosine base editors (CBEs) and base changes from
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    A•T-to-G•C are mediated by adenine base editors (ABEs). How does this work? Through molecular biology teamwork.
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    The guide RNA (gRNA) specifies the editing target site on the DNA, the Cas domain directs the modifying enzyme
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    to the target site, and the deaminase induces the DNA base change without a DNA double-strand break. But base
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    editors aren’t perfect. They may be slow, can only target certain sites, or make only a subset of base
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    substitutions. (addgene blog by Susanna Bachle) </p>
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<p>We used the existing plasmids for enzyme digestion and ligation, and ePCR was added to the BioBrick connector.
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    After multiple rounds of splicing and assembly, we obtained the ABE and CBE we needed. The schematic diagrams
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    are as follows:</p>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
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<h1>CBE</h1>
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<p>Until 2016, precise single base changes were only possible through exploiting the homology-directed repair (HDR)
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    pathway which occurs in cells at low frequencies and relies on the efficient delivery of donor DNA to facilitate
 +
    repair. Since the development of CRISPR-mediated base editing (BE), these types of repairs can now be done more
 +
    efficiently than before. A base editor precisely changes a single base with an efficiency typically ranging from
 +
    2575%, while the success of precise change via HDR limited to 0-5%. This blog post covers a brief review of
 +
    different basic BE technologies and their adaptation for plant genome editing. (addgene blog by Guest Blogger) </p>
 +
<p>In 2016, two independent groups (komor et al., 2016 and Nishida et al., 2016) invented CRISPR base editor by linking
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    cytosine deaminase with cas9 cleavage enzyme (ncas9), thus achieving accurate and efficient base rewriting in the
 +
    genome. Ncas9 creates a gap in DNA by cutting only one single strand, thus greatly reducing the possibility of
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    harmful insertion deletion. After binding with DNA, CBE deamination of target cytosine (C) into uracil (U) base.
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    Later, the resulting U•G pairs were repaired through the cell mismatch repair mechanism to convert the original C•G
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    pair into T•A, or reduced to the original C•G through the uracil glycosylase mediated base excision repair. The
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    presence of UGI minimizes the second result and increases the production of required T•A base pairs. </p>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<h1>CBE</h1>
 +
<p>Until 2016, precise single base changes were only possible through exploiting the homology-directed repair (HDR)
 +
    pathway which occurs in cells at low frequencies and relies on the efficient delivery of donor DNA to facilitate
 +
    repair. Since the development of CRISPR-mediated base editing (BE), these types of repairs can now be done more
 +
    efficiently than before. A base editor precisely changes a single base with an efficiency typically ranging from
 +
    2575%, while the success of precise change via HDR limited to 0-5%. This blog post covers a brief review of
 +
    different basic BE technologies and their adaptation for plant genome editing. (addgene blog by Guest Blogger) </p>
 +
<p>In 2016, two independent groups (komor et al., 2016 and Nishida et al., 2016) invented CRISPR base editor by linking
 +
    cytosine deaminase with cas9 cleavage enzyme (ncas9), thus achieving accurate and efficient base rewriting in the
 +
    genome. Ncas9 creates a gap in DNA by cutting only one single strand, thus greatly reducing the possibility of
 +
    harmful insertion deletion. After binding with DNA, CBE deamination of target cytosine (C) into uracil (U) base.
 +
    Later, the resulting U•G pairs were repaired through the cell mismatch repair mechanism to convert the original C•G
 +
    pair into T•A, or reduced to the original C•G through the uracil glycosylase mediated base excision repair. The
 +
    presence of UGI minimizes the second result and increases the production of required T•A base pairs. </p>
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/b/b4/T--Peking--CBE-5.jpg
 +
<h6>(addgene blog by Guest Blogger)</h6>
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/2/2f/T--Peking--CBE-1.png
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/e/e6/T--Peking--CBE-2.png
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/6/64/T--Peking--CBE-3.png
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/6/6c/T--Peking--CBE-4.png
 +
<h1>ABE</h1>
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/f/f2/T--Peking--ABE-4.jpeg
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<h6>(Gaudelli et al., 2020.)</h6>
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<p>Gaudelli et al. have successfully developed an adenosine deaminase, which can act on DNA for adenine base editing.
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    They first created a defective chloramphenicol resistance gene (CamR) by introducing a point mutation (H193Y).
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    Reversal of this mutation by adenine base editor will restore antibiotic resistance. To find such a protein, they
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    created a mutant library of E.coli tRNA adenosine deaminase (ecTadA), fused it with dcas9, and transformed it into
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    E.coli containing the defective CamR gene. Screening of viable colonies and subsequent rounds of evolution and
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    engineering produced a mutant TadA (TadA *), which accepted DNA as a substrate satisfactorily. </p>
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<p>
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    The artificially evolved adenosine deaminase catalyzes the transformation of target "A" into "I" (inosine), which is
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    regarded as "G" by cell polymerase. Subsequently, a primitive genome A•T base pair was transformed into a G•C base
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    pair. Since inosine excision repair is not as active as uracil excision, ABE does not require any additional
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    inhibitor proteins, such as UGI in CBE.
 +
</p>
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/d/d8/T--Peking--ABE-1.png
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/f/f7/T--Peking--ABE-2.png
 +
https://2020.igem.org/wiki/images/f/f7/T--Peking--ABE-3.png
 +
<h1>Citation</h1>
 +
<p>[1] Madej T, Lanczycki CJ, Zhang D, Thiessen PA, Geer RC, Marchler-Bauer A, Bryant SH. " MMDB and VAST+: tracking
 +
    structural similarities between macromolecular complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan; 42(Database issue):D297-303
 +
</p>
 +
<p>[2] Gaudelli NM, Komor AC, Rees HA, Packer MS, Badran AH, Bryson DI, Liu DR. Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C
 +
    in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage. Nature. 2017 Nov 23;551(7681):464-471. doi: 10.1038/nature24644. Epub 2017 Oct
 +
    25. Erratum in: Nature. 2018 May 2;: PMID: 29160308; PMCID: PMC5726555.</p>
 +
<h6><i>Note: due to Corona Pandemic and so limited experiment time, we were not able to characterize these parts.</i></h6>
 +
 
 +
== Usage example2 ==
 +
designed by Peking 2022
 +
 
 +
<p>
 +
Since discovered, Cas9 has been studied by many researchers to expand its application scope. Recently, the Evolvr system[1] which fused Cas9 with error-prone DNA Polymerase was developed and used for directed revolution in E. coli[2-4].As was reported in 2020, The group had proved the effectiveness of this system in yeast[5]. According to the research, Using a toxic arginine analogue to select S.cerevisiae that couldn't uptake this kind of chemicals due to a mutation in CAN1 gene (which is the target of EvolvR), researchers found that Evolvr was able to improve the targeted mutation rate in yeast by four order of magnitude elevation with weak genomic off-target effects.(Fig.1)</p>
 +
 
 +
https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4298/wiki/parts-artidata.png
 +
 
 +
<p> Fig.1 mutation rate of CAN1 for WT S.cerevisiae and Evolvr-carrying S.cerevisiae</p>
 +
<h6>(Tou CJ et al., 2020)</h6>
 +
 
 +
https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4298/wiki/parts-mechanism.png
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<p> Fig.2 Mechanism of Evolvr system</p>
 +
<h6>(Tou CJ et al., 2020)</h6>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<p>In recent years, EvolvR has been used by many researchers for directed evolution in E. coli [2-4], but its application in yeast was rarely reported. We gave it a try and added relevant information to the original Main Page as a usage extension for Cas9. In our work, we combined EvolvR with the co-culture system for directed evolution of yeast. Due to the limited time, our co-culture time was very short, but the sequencing results showed that the EPI sequence of few yeasts did change, which exactly interfered the function of target gene. (Fig.3,Fig.4). It takes more time to further verify and improve the function of EvolvR. </p>
 +
 
 +
[[File:proof-of-concept-seq.png|900px|thumb|left|Fig.3 Sequencing results have shown a shift mutation in target sequence]]
 +
[[File:proof-of-concept-box.png|900px|thumb|left|Fig.4 The level of co-culture ratio S.cerevisiae/E.coli for S.cerevisiae carrying functional target gene. Blue horizontal line: S co-co-culture ratio for S.cerevisiae with a shift mutation in target gene. Target gene will express a kind of short peptide that could reduce the antibiotic resistance level of E.coli, thus increase the S.cerevisiae/E.coli ratio in co-culture. So with a dysfunctional target gene, S.cerevisiae/E.coli ratio will be lower.]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<p>Reference:</p>
 +
<p>[1]. Halperin SO, Tou CJ, Wong EB, et al. CRISPR-guided DNA polymerases enable diversification of all nucleotides in a tunable window[J]. Nature, 2018, 560(7717):248-52.</p>
 +
<p>[2]. Garcia-Garcia JD, Joshi J, Patterson JA, et al. Potential for Applying Continuous Directed Evolution to Plant Enzymes: An Exploratory Study[J]. Life (Basel), 2020, 10(9).</p>
 +
<p>[3]. Long M, Xu M, Qiao Z, et al. Directed Evolution of Ornithine Cyclodeaminase Using an EvolvR-Based Growth-Coupling Strategy for Efficient Biosynthesis of l-Proline[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2020, 9(7):1855-63.</p>
 +
<p>[4]. Rao GS, Jiang W, Mahfouz M. Synthetic directed evolution in plants: unlocking trait engineering and improvement[J]. Synth Biol (Oxf), 2021, 6(1):ysab025.</p>
 +
<p>[5]. Tou CJ, Schaffer DV, Dueber JE. Targeted Diversification in the S. cerevisiae Genome with CRISPR-Guided DNA Polymerase I[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2020, 9(7):1911-16.</p>
 +
 
 +
<!-- Uncomment this to enable Functional Parameter display
 +
==Usage and Biology==
 +
<!-- -->
  
 
<!-- -->
 
<!-- -->
 
<span class='h3bb'>
 
<span class='h3bb'>
 +
 
==Sequence and Features==
 
==Sequence and Features==
 
</span>
 
</span>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K1150000 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K1150000 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>
 +
<br>
 +
<html><!--- Please copy this table containing parameters for BBa_ at the end of the parametrs section ahead of the references. ---><style type="text/css">table#AutoAnnotator {border:1px solid black; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;} th#AutoAnnotatorHeader { border:1px solid black; width:100%; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 221);} td.AutoAnnotator1col { width:100%; border:1px solid black; } span.AutoAnnotatorSequence { font-family:'Courier New', Arial; } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqNum { text-align:right; width:2%; } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqSeq { width:98% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat1 { width:3% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat2a { width:27% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat2b { width:97% } td.AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat3 { width:70% } table.AutoAnnotatorNoBorder { border:0px; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; } table.AutoAnnotatorWithBorder { border:1px solid black; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; } td.AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino { border:0px solid black; width:20% } td.AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino { border:1px solid black; width:50% } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingOuter { border:1px solid black; width:40%;  } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParOuter { border:1px solid black; width:60%; } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1 { width: 7.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2 { width:62.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3 { width:30% } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1 { width: 5% } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2 { width:55% } td.AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3 { width:40% } td.AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage1 { width: 3% } td.AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage2 { width:14.2% } td.AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3 { width:13.8% } td.AutoAnnotatorAlignment1 { width: 3% } td.AutoAnnotatorAlignment2 { width: 10% } td.AutoAnnotatorAlignment3 { width: 87% } td.AutoAnnotatorLocalizationOuter {border:1px solid black; width:40%} td.AutoAnnotatorGOOuter {border:1px solid black; width:60%} td.AutoAnnotatorLocalization1 { width: 7.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorLocalization2 { width: 22.5% } td.AutoAnnotatorLocalization3 { width: 70% } td.AutoAnnotatorGO1 { width: 5% } td.AutoAnnotatorGO2 { width: 35% } td.AutoAnnotatorGO3 { width: 60% } td.AutoAnnotatorPredFeat1 { width:3% } td.AutoAnnotatorPredFeat2a { width:27% } td.AutoAnnotatorPredFeat3 { width:70% } div.AutoAnnotator_trans { position:absolute; background:rgb(11,140,143); background-color:rgba(11,140,143, 0.8); height:5px; top:100px; } div.AutoAnnotator_sec_helix { position:absolute; background:rgb(102,0,102); background-color:rgba(102,0,102, 0.8); height:5px; top:110px; } div.AutoAnnotator_sec_strand { position:absolute; background:rgb(245,170,26); background-color:rgba(245,170,26, 1); height:5px; top:110px; } div.AutoAnnotator_acc_buried { position:absolute; background:rgb(89,168,15); background-color:rgba(89,168,15, 0.8); height:5px; top:120px; } div.AutoAnnotator_acc_exposed { position:absolute; background:rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color:rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.8); height:5px; top:120px; } div.AutoAnnotator_dis { position:absolute; text-align:center; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; background:rgb(255, 200, 0); background-color:rgba(255, 200, 0, 1); height:16px; width:16px; top:80px; border-radius:50%; } </style><div id='AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341'><table id="AutoAnnotator"><tr><!-- Time stamp in ms since 1/1/1970 1381279185341 --><th id="AutoAnnotatorHeader" colspan="2">Protein data table for BioBrick <a href="https://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1150000<!------------------------Enter BioBrick number here------------------------>">BBa_K1150000<!------------------------Enter BioBrick number here------------------------></a> automatically created by the <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/AutoAnnotator">BioBrick-AutoAnnotator</a> version 1.0</th></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Nucleotide sequence</strong> in <strong>RFC 25</strong>, so ATGGCCGGC and ACCGGT were added (in italics) to the 5' and 3' ends: (underlined part encodes the protein)<br><span class="AutoAnnotatorSequence">&nbsp;<u><i>ATGGCCGGC</i>GACAAGAAG&nbsp;...&nbsp;GGAGGCGAC<i>ACCGGT</i></u></span><br>&nbsp;<strong>ORF</strong> from nucleotide position -8 to 4107 (excluding stop-codon)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Amino acid sequence:</strong> (RFC 25 scars in shown in bold, other sequence features underlined; both given below)<br><span class="AutoAnnotatorSequence"><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqNum">1&nbsp;<br>101&nbsp;<br>201&nbsp;<br>301&nbsp;<br>401&nbsp;<br>501&nbsp;<br>601&nbsp;<br>701&nbsp;<br>801&nbsp;<br>901&nbsp;<br>1001&nbsp;<br>1101&nbsp;<br>1201&nbsp;<br>1301&nbsp;</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqSeq">MAGDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFF<br>HRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE<br>NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSD<br>AILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDL<br>LRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNF<br>DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL<br>KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRY<b>TG</b>WGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIH<br>DDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKE<br>HPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFD<br>NLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALI<br>KKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKT<br>EVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKL<br>PKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR<br>DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSI<b>TG</b>LYETRIDLSQLGGDTG*</td></tr></table></span></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Sequence features:</strong> (with their position in the amino acid sequence, see the <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/Software/FeatureList">list of supported features</a>)<table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat2a">RFC25 scar (shown in bold):&nbsp;</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorSeqFeat3">659 to 660, 1355 to 1356</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Amino acid composition:</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Ala (A)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">75 (5.5%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Arg (R)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">77 (5.6%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Asn (N)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">70 (5.1%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Asp (D)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">98 (7.1%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Cys (C)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">2 (0.1%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Gln (Q)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">52 (3.8%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Glu (E)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">108 (7.9%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Gly (G)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">71 (5.2%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">His (H)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">31 (2.3%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Ile (I)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">93 (6.8%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Leu (L)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">148 (10.8%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Lys (K)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">150 (10.9%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Met (M)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">22 (1.6%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Phe (F)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">63 (4.6%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Pro (P)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">35 (2.6%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Ser (S)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">76 (5.5%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorOuterAmino"><table class="AutoAnnotatorWithBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Thr (T)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">66 (4.8%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Trp (W)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">7 (0.5%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Tyr (Y)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">55 (4.0%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">Val (V)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorInnerAmino">73 (5.3%)</td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingOuter"><strong>Amino acid counting</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Total number:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">1372</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Positively charged (Arg+Lys):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">227 (16.5%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Negatively charged (Asp+Glu):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">206 (15.0%)</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner2">Aromatic (Phe+His+Try+Tyr):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorAminoCountingInner3">156 (11.4%)</td></tr></table></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParOuter"><strong>Biochemical parameters</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Atomic composition:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">C<sub>7120</sub>H<sub>11348</sub>N<sub>1944</sub>O<sub>2104</sub>S<sub>24</sub></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Molecular mass [Da]:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">158617.6</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Theoretical pI:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">9.01</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner2">Extinction coefficient at 280 nm [M<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup>]:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorBiochemParInner3">120450 / 120575 (all Cys red/ox)</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Plot for hydrophobicity, charge, predicted secondary structure, solvent accessability, transmembrane helices and disulfid bridges</strong>&nbsp;<input type='button' id='hydrophobicity_charge_button' onclick='show_or_hide_plot_1381279185341()' value='Show'><span id="hydrophobicity_charge_explanation"></span><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_container" style='display:none'><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder0" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder1" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder2" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder3" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder4" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder5" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div><div id="hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder6" style="width:100%;height:150px"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Codon usage</strong><table class="AutoAnnotatorNoBorder"><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage2">Organism:</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>E. coli</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>B. subtilis</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>S. cerevisiae</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>A. thaliana</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3"><i>P. patens</i></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">Mammals</td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage1"></td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage2">Codon quality (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_Adaptation_Index">CAI</a>):</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.71)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.70)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">very bad (0.00)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">good (0.65)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">excellent (0.89)</td><td class="AutoAnnotatorCodonUsage3">excellent (0.94)</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"><strong>Alignments</strong> (obtained from <a href='http://predictprotein.org'>PredictProtein.org</a>)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There were no alignments for this protein in the data base. The BLAST search was initialized and should be ready in a few hours.</td></tr><tr><th id='AutoAnnotatorHeader' colspan="2"><strong>Predictions</strong> (obtained from <a href='http://predictprotein.org'>PredictProtein.org</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There were no predictions for this protein in the data base. The prediction was initialized and should be ready in a few hours.</td><tr><td class="AutoAnnotator1col" colspan="2"> The BioBrick-AutoAnnotator was created by <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich">TU-Munich 2013</a> iGEM team. For more information please see the <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/Software">documentation</a>.<br>If you have any questions, comments or suggestions, please leave us a <a href="http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Results/AutoAnnotator">comment</a>.</td></tr></table></div><br><!-- IMPORTANT: DON'T REMOVE THIS LINE, OTHERWISE NOT SUPPORTED FOR IE BEFORE 9 --><!--[if lte IE 8]><script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="excanvas.min.js"></script><![endif]--><script type='text/javascript' src='http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.10.0.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='http://2013.igem.org/Team:TU-Munich/Flot.js?action=raw&ctype=text/js'></script><script>function show_or_hide_plot_1381279185341(){hydrophobicity_datapoints = 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= undefined;trans_datapoints = undefined;sec_helix_datapoints = undefined;sec_strand_datapoints = undefined;acc_exposed_datapoints = undefined;acc_buried_datapoints = undefined;flot_plot_options = []; flot_plot_options[0] = {grid: {borderWidth: {top: 0,right: 0,bottom: 0,left: 0}},legend: {show: false},xaxes: [{show: true,min: 0,max: 200,ticks: [[0.5, '1'], [24.5, '25'], [49.5, '50'], [74.5, '75'], [99.5, '100'], [124.5, '125'], [149.5, '150'], [174.5, '175'], [199.5, '200']],tickLength: -5}],yaxes: [{show: true,ticks: [[0, '0'], [4.5,'hydro-<br>phobic&nbsp;&nbsp;'], [-4.5,'hydro-<br>philic&nbsp;&nbsp;']],min: -4.5,max: +4.5,font: {size: 12,lineHeight: 14,style: 'italic',weight: 'bold',family: 'sans-serif',variant: 'small-caps',color: 'rgba(100,149,237,1)'}},{show: true,ticks: [[0, ''], [1,'positive<br>&nbsp;charge'], [-1,'negative<br>&nbsp;charge']],position: 'right',min: -1,max: 1,font: {size: 12,lineHeight: 14,style: 'italic',weight: 'bold',family: 'sans-serif',variant: 'small-caps',color: 'rgba(255,99,71,1)'}}]};number_of_plots = 7;for ( plot_num = 1 ; plot_num < number_of_plots ; plot_num ++){flot_plot_options[plot_num] = $.extend(true, {} ,flot_plot_options[0]);flot_plot_options[plot_num].xaxes = [{min: plot_num*200,max: (plot_num + 1)*200,ticks: [ [plot_num*200 +  0.5, (plot_num*200 +  1).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  24.5, (plot_num*200 +  25).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  49.5, (plot_num*200 +  50).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  74.5, (plot_num*200 +  75).toString()], [plot_num*200 +  99.5, (plot_num*200 + 100).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 124.5, (plot_num*200 + 125).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 149.5, (plot_num*200 + 150).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 174.5, (plot_num*200 + 175).toString()], [plot_num*200 + 199.5, (plot_num*200 + 200).toString()] ],tickLength: -5}];};try {if( $('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_button').val() =='Show' ){$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_container').css('display','block');$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_button').val('Hide');var description_html = '<div id=\'AutoAnnotator_plot_selectors\'>';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'hydrophobicity_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Moving average over 5 amino acids for hydrophobicity (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e9/TUM13_hydrophobicity_icon.png\' alt=\'blue graph\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'charge_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Moving average over 5 amino acids for charge (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/3/3e/TUM13_charge_icon.png\' alt=\'red graph\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'dis_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted disulfid bridges (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/2/28/TUM13_dis_icon.png\' alt=\'yellow circle\' height=\'10\'></img>) with the number of the bridge in the center';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'trans_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted transmembrane helices (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/78/TUM13_trans_icon.png\' alt=\'turquois bars\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'sec_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted secondary structure: Helices (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/b/bf/TUM13_helix_icon.png\' alt=\'violet bars\' height=\'10\'></img>) and beta-strands (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/b/bf/TUM13_strand_icon.png\' alt=\'yellow bars\' height=\'10\'></img>)';description_html = description_html + '<br>&nbsp;<input type=\'checkbox\' id=\'acc_checkbox\' checked=\'checked\'>&nbsp;Predicted solvent accessability: Exposed (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/1/16/TUM13_exposed_icon.png\' alt=\'blue bars\' height=\'10\'></img>) and buried (<img src=\'https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/0/0b/TUM13_buried_icon.png\' alt=\'green bars\' height=\'10\'></img>) residues';description_html = description_html + '<br></div>';$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_explanation').html(description_html);plot_according_to_selectors_1381279185341();$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #AutoAnnotator_plot_selectors').find('input').click(plot_according_to_selectors_1381279185341);}else{$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_container').css('display','none');$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_button').val('Show');$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_explanation').html('');}}catch(err){txt='There was an error with the button controlling the visibility of the plot.\n';txt=txt+'The originating error is:\n' + err + '\n\n';alert(txt);}};function plot_according_to_selectors_1381279185341(){try{var plot_datasets = [[],[]];if($('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_checkbox').prop('checked') == true){plot_datasets[0] = { color: 'rgba(100,149,237,1)',data: hydrophobicity_datapoints,label: 'Hydrophobicity',lines: { show: true, fill: true, fillColor: 'rgba(100,149,237,0.1)' },yaxis: 1};}if($('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #charge_checkbox').prop('checked') == true){plot_datasets[1] = {color: 'rgba(255,99,71,1)',data: charge_datapoints,label: 'Charge',lines: { show: true, fill: true, fillColor: 'rgba(255,99,71,0.1)' },yaxis: 2};}for (plot_num = 0 ; plot_num < number_of_plots ; plot_num ++){$.plot('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder'+ plot_num.toString(), plot_datasets, flot_plot_options[plot_num] );}var screen_width = $('canvas.flot-base').width(); var pos_of_first_tick = 46;var 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left:' + ((pos_of_first_tick + (sec_helix_datapoints[j][0] - 1.5)*tick_diff - Math.floor((sec_helix_datapoints[j][0] - 1)/200)*200*tick_diff).toFixed(0)).toString() + 'px\'></div>');}for ( j = 0 ; j < sec_strand_datapoints.length ; j++ ){$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder' + Math.floor((sec_strand_datapoints[j][0] - 1)/200) ).append('<div class=\'AutoAnnotator_sec_strand\' style=\'width:' + (((sec_strand_datapoints[j][1] - sec_strand_datapoints[j][0] + 1)*tick_diff).toFixed(0)).toString() + 'px; left:' + ((pos_of_first_tick + (sec_strand_datapoints[j][0] - 1.5)*tick_diff - Math.floor((sec_strand_datapoints[j][0] - 1)/200)*200*tick_diff).toFixed(0)).toString() + 'px\'></div>');}}if($('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #acc_checkbox').prop('checked') == true){for ( j = 0 ; j < acc_buried_datapoints.length ; j++ ){$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder' + Math.floor((acc_buried_datapoints[j][0] - 1)/200) ).append('<div class=\'AutoAnnotator_acc_buried\' style=\'width:' + (((acc_buried_datapoints[j][1] - acc_buried_datapoints[j][0] + 1)*tick_diff).toFixed(0)).toString() + 'px; left:' + ((pos_of_first_tick + (acc_buried_datapoints[j][0] - 1.5)*tick_diff - Math.floor((acc_buried_datapoints[j][0] - 1)/200)*200*tick_diff).toFixed(0)).toString() + 'px\'></div>');}for ( j = 0 ; j < acc_exposed_datapoints.length ; j++ ){$('#AutoAnnotator_container_1381279185341 #hydrophobicity_charge_placeholder' + Math.floor((acc_exposed_datapoints[j][0] - 1)/200) ).append('<div class=\'AutoAnnotator_acc_exposed\' style=\'width:' + (((acc_exposed_datapoints[j][1] - acc_exposed_datapoints[j][0] + 1)*tick_diff).toFixed(0)).toString() + 'px; left:' + ((pos_of_first_tick + (acc_exposed_datapoints[j][0] - 1.5)*tick_diff - Math.floor((acc_exposed_datapoints[j][0] - 1)/200)*200*tick_diff).toFixed(0)).toString() + 'px\'></div>');}}}catch(err){txt='There was an error while drawing the selected elements for the plot.\n';txt=txt+'The originating error is:\n' + err + '\n\n';throw(txt);}}</script></html>
  
−
 
+
==References==
 +
<small>
 +
[1] Westra E.R., Swarts D.C., Staals R.H., Jore M.M., Brouns S.J., van der Oost J. (2012). The CRISPRs, they are a-changin': how prokaryotes generate adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Genet. 46, 311-39 <br>
 +
[2] Mali P., Yang L., Esvelt K.M., Aach J., Guell M., DiCarlo J.E., Norville J.E., Church G.M. (2013). RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339(6121), 823-6 <br>
 +
[3] Jiang W., Bikard D., Cox D., Zhang F., Marraffini L.A. (2013). RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 31(3), 233-9 <br>
 +
[4] Cong, L., Ran, F.A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P.D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L.A., Zhang, F. (2013). Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Science 339 (6121), 819-23 <br>
 +
[5] Qi L.S., Larson M.H., Gilbert L.A., Doudna J.A., Weissman J.S., Arkin A.P., Lim W.A. (2013). Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell 152(5), 1173-83
 +
</small>
 
<!-- Uncomment this to enable Functional Parameter display  
 
<!-- Uncomment this to enable Functional Parameter display  
 +
 +
 
===Functional Parameters===
 
===Functional Parameters===
 
<partinfo>BBa_K1150000 parameters</partinfo>
 
<partinfo>BBa_K1150000 parameters</partinfo>
 
<!-- -->
 
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Latest revision as of 19:28, 11 October 2022

dCas9

dCas9
Function Binding protein
Use in Mammalian cells
RFC standard RFC 25
Backbone pSB1C3
Organism Streptococcus pyogenes
Source Feng Zhang, Addgene
Submitted by [http://2013.igem.org/Team:Freiburg Freiburg 2013]

dCas9 is a codon optimized and standardized (RFC 25) protein for human cell lines. Interacting with a DNA-binding RNA and fused with different effector domains it can be used for specific gene regulation.

Cas9 is the main protein of the CRISPR/Cas system II of Streptococcus pyogenes. CRISPR systems protect bacteria and archaea from phages by recognizing and cleaving of invading phage DNA. This recognition is based on Watson Crick base pairing between a short RNA, called crRNA, and the complementary DNA strand. A second RNA, called tracrRNA, connects crRNA and Cas9. These three parts together form a protein-RNA-DNA complex with the targeted DNA strand [1].
Cas9 became of great interest for research concerning DNA targeting, because of its ability to recognize site specific DNA strands by a crRNA.
At first the functionality of Cas9 was modified by exchanging aminoacids. As a result, Cas9 was able to introduce mutations within the genome of several organisms by causing double strand breaks [2][3]. Then, it was converted from a nuclease to a nickase introducing single strand breaks [4] and lately it was converted to an enzymatically inactive form, called dCas9 [5].
This dCas9 is codon optimized for human cell lines and standardized (RFC 25). It can be used as a DNA binding protein, that can be fused with different effectors in order to regulate gene expression.


Improvement

Characterized by Peking 2019

In our experiment, we found that the inhibitory effect of dCas9 to DNA replication shows to have over-inhibition on cell growth and small dynamic range when the sgRNAs targeting high affinity DnaA boxes. In order to extend this system to combine all DnaA boxes, we improve the performance of the CRISPRri system to weaken its effect by adding a degradation signal peptide ssrA to dCas9. Thus, we get an improved part (BBa_K3081055) from dCas9 (BBa_K1150000). The ssrA peptide tag from Mycoplasma florum has been developed as a versatile biotechnology tool to control orthogonal degradation of tagged proteins in Escherichia coli [1]. Ideally, after fused dCas9 and ssrA, it accelerates the degradation rate of dCas9 and thus weaken the inhibition of DNA replication by CRISPRri. As a preliminary verification, firstly, we fused ssrA tag to dCas9-sfGFP, we tested the expression curve of dCas9-sfGFP-ssrA by adding different concentration of inducer (Figure 1A). We found that the protein with ssrA was expressed at a lower level than the control protein, with the same concentration of inducer. We believe that because ssrA mediates protein degradation, the equilibrium concentration of the protein is reduced. To test the function of fused version of dCas9-ssrA, we co-transformed two plasmids to one E. coli cell, which express mRFP and dCas9-ssrA with sgRNA targeting CDS of mRFP, respectively. As a matter of fact, the new CRISPRi system shows a gentler decrease in fluorescence when dCas9 is fused with ssrA tag, while non-binding dCas9 with or without ssrA has no influence on mRFP expression (Figure 1B). This result confirmed fusion with ssrA, the original function of dCas9 is unaffected. So, we tested the improved CRISPRri-ssrA system with targeting site of DnaA boxes which are shown to have excessive inhibition on cell growth before. We found that the degradation tag makes inhibition effect much milder, which allows for a wider adjusting range (Figure 1C).


T--Peking--dls_and_crispri.jpeg

T--Peking--R1%2Bgif.gif T--Peking--R1%2BssrA.gif T--Peking--picture_for_ssrA_new.jpeg

Figure 1. Characterization of CRISPRri-ssrA system. (A) Comparison between dCas9 and dCas9-ssrA system by expression level and CRISPRi effect on mRFP fluorescence. (B) Comparison of effect on cell growth between CRISPRri and CRISPRri-ssrA, both targeted to R1+ box(left:R1+; right:R1+ ssrA). (C) Reversibility of CRISPRri-ssrA system targeted to R1+ box. Hollow arrows stand for removal of arabinose while solid black arrows stand for addition of arabinose.


Reference:

[1] Lv, L., Wu, Y., Zhao, G., & Qi, H. (2019). Improvement in the Orthogonal Protein Degradation in Escherichia coli by Truncated mf-ssrA Tag. Transactions of Tianjin University, 1-7.

Usage example

designed by Peking 2020

David Liu’s lab created the first base editor in 2016 (Komor et al., 2016) and since then has been trying to expand their precision editing capabilities. Base editors make specific DNA base changes and consist of a catalytically impaired Cas protein (dCas or Cas nickase) fused to a DNA-modifying enzyme, in this case a deaminase. Base changes from C•G-to-T•A are mediated by cytosine base editors (CBEs) and base changes from A•T-to-G•C are mediated by adenine base editors (ABEs). How does this work? Through molecular biology teamwork. The guide RNA (gRNA) specifies the editing target site on the DNA, the Cas domain directs the modifying enzyme to the target site, and the deaminase induces the DNA base change without a DNA double-strand break. But base editors aren’t perfect. They may be slow, can only target certain sites, or make only a subset of base substitutions. (addgene blog by Susanna Bachle)

We used the existing plasmids for enzyme digestion and ligation, and ePCR was added to the BioBrick connector. After multiple rounds of splicing and assembly, we obtained the ABE and CBE we needed. The schematic diagrams are as follows:



CBE

Until 2016, precise single base changes were only possible through exploiting the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway which occurs in cells at low frequencies and relies on the efficient delivery of donor DNA to facilitate repair. Since the development of CRISPR-mediated base editing (BE), these types of repairs can now be done more efficiently than before. A base editor precisely changes a single base with an efficiency typically ranging from 2575%, while the success of precise change via HDR limited to 0-5%. This blog post covers a brief review of different basic BE technologies and their adaptation for plant genome editing. (addgene blog by Guest Blogger)

In 2016, two independent groups (komor et al., 2016 and Nishida et al., 2016) invented CRISPR base editor by linking cytosine deaminase with cas9 cleavage enzyme (ncas9), thus achieving accurate and efficient base rewriting in the genome. Ncas9 creates a gap in DNA by cutting only one single strand, thus greatly reducing the possibility of harmful insertion deletion. After binding with DNA, CBE deamination of target cytosine (C) into uracil (U) base. Later, the resulting U•G pairs were repaired through the cell mismatch repair mechanism to convert the original C•G pair into T•A, or reduced to the original C•G through the uracil glycosylase mediated base excision repair. The presence of UGI minimizes the second result and increases the production of required T•A base pairs.




CBE

Until 2016, precise single base changes were only possible through exploiting the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway which occurs in cells at low frequencies and relies on the efficient delivery of donor DNA to facilitate repair. Since the development of CRISPR-mediated base editing (BE), these types of repairs can now be done more efficiently than before. A base editor precisely changes a single base with an efficiency typically ranging from 2575%, while the success of precise change via HDR limited to 0-5%. This blog post covers a brief review of different basic BE technologies and their adaptation for plant genome editing. (addgene blog by Guest Blogger)

In 2016, two independent groups (komor et al., 2016 and Nishida et al., 2016) invented CRISPR base editor by linking cytosine deaminase with cas9 cleavage enzyme (ncas9), thus achieving accurate and efficient base rewriting in the genome. Ncas9 creates a gap in DNA by cutting only one single strand, thus greatly reducing the possibility of harmful insertion deletion. After binding with DNA, CBE deamination of target cytosine (C) into uracil (U) base. Later, the resulting U•G pairs were repaired through the cell mismatch repair mechanism to convert the original C•G pair into T•A, or reduced to the original C•G through the uracil glycosylase mediated base excision repair. The presence of UGI minimizes the second result and increases the production of required T•A base pairs.

T--Peking--CBE-5.jpg

(addgene blog by Guest Blogger)

T--Peking--CBE-1.png T--Peking--CBE-2.png T--Peking--CBE-3.png T--Peking--CBE-4.png

ABE

T--Peking--ABE-4.jpeg

(Gaudelli et al., 2020.)

Gaudelli et al. have successfully developed an adenosine deaminase, which can act on DNA for adenine base editing. They first created a defective chloramphenicol resistance gene (CamR) by introducing a point mutation (H193Y). Reversal of this mutation by adenine base editor will restore antibiotic resistance. To find such a protein, they created a mutant library of E.coli tRNA adenosine deaminase (ecTadA), fused it with dcas9, and transformed it into E.coli containing the defective CamR gene. Screening of viable colonies and subsequent rounds of evolution and engineering produced a mutant TadA (TadA *), which accepted DNA as a substrate satisfactorily.

The artificially evolved adenosine deaminase catalyzes the transformation of target "A" into "I" (inosine), which is regarded as "G" by cell polymerase. Subsequently, a primitive genome A•T base pair was transformed into a G•C base pair. Since inosine excision repair is not as active as uracil excision, ABE does not require any additional inhibitor proteins, such as UGI in CBE.

T--Peking--ABE-1.png T--Peking--ABE-2.png T--Peking--ABE-3.png

Citation

[1] Madej T, Lanczycki CJ, Zhang D, Thiessen PA, Geer RC, Marchler-Bauer A, Bryant SH. " MMDB and VAST+: tracking structural similarities between macromolecular complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan; 42(Database issue):D297-303

[2] Gaudelli NM, Komor AC, Rees HA, Packer MS, Badran AH, Bryson DI, Liu DR. Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage. Nature. 2017 Nov 23;551(7681):464-471. doi: 10.1038/nature24644. Epub 2017 Oct 25. Erratum in: Nature. 2018 May 2;: PMID: 29160308; PMCID: PMC5726555.

Note: due to Corona Pandemic and so limited experiment time, we were not able to characterize these parts.

Usage example2

designed by Peking 2022

Since discovered, Cas9 has been studied by many researchers to expand its application scope. Recently, the Evolvr system[1] which fused Cas9 with error-prone DNA Polymerase was developed and used for directed revolution in E. coli[2-4].As was reported in 2020, The group had proved the effectiveness of this system in yeast[5]. According to the research, Using a toxic arginine analogue to select S.cerevisiae that couldn't uptake this kind of chemicals due to a mutation in CAN1 gene (which is the target of EvolvR), researchers found that Evolvr was able to improve the targeted mutation rate in yeast by four order of magnitude elevation with weak genomic off-target effects.(Fig.1)

parts-artidata.png

Fig.1 mutation rate of CAN1 for WT S.cerevisiae and Evolvr-carrying S.cerevisiae

(Tou CJ et al., 2020)

parts-mechanism.png


Fig.2 Mechanism of Evolvr system

(Tou CJ et al., 2020)


In recent years, EvolvR has been used by many researchers for directed evolution in E. coli [2-4], but its application in yeast was rarely reported. We gave it a try and added relevant information to the original Main Page as a usage extension for Cas9. In our work, we combined EvolvR with the co-culture system for directed evolution of yeast. Due to the limited time, our co-culture time was very short, but the sequencing results showed that the EPI sequence of few yeasts did change, which exactly interfered the function of target gene. (Fig.3,Fig.4). It takes more time to further verify and improve the function of EvolvR.

Fig.3 Sequencing results have shown a shift mutation in target sequence
Fig.4 The level of co-culture ratio S.cerevisiae/E.coli for S.cerevisiae carrying functional target gene. Blue horizontal line: S co-co-culture ratio for S.cerevisiae with a shift mutation in target gene. Target gene will express a kind of short peptide that could reduce the antibiotic resistance level of E.coli, thus increase the S.cerevisiae/E.coli ratio in co-culture. So with a dysfunctional target gene, S.cerevisiae/E.coli ratio will be lower.


Reference:

[1]. Halperin SO, Tou CJ, Wong EB, et al. CRISPR-guided DNA polymerases enable diversification of all nucleotides in a tunable window[J]. Nature, 2018, 560(7717):248-52.

[2]. Garcia-Garcia JD, Joshi J, Patterson JA, et al. Potential for Applying Continuous Directed Evolution to Plant Enzymes: An Exploratory Study[J]. Life (Basel), 2020, 10(9).

[3]. Long M, Xu M, Qiao Z, et al. Directed Evolution of Ornithine Cyclodeaminase Using an EvolvR-Based Growth-Coupling Strategy for Efficient Biosynthesis of l-Proline[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2020, 9(7):1855-63.

[4]. Rao GS, Jiang W, Mahfouz M. Synthetic directed evolution in plants: unlocking trait engineering and improvement[J]. Synth Biol (Oxf), 2021, 6(1):ysab025.

[5]. Tou CJ, Schaffer DV, Dueber JE. Targeted Diversification in the S. cerevisiae Genome with CRISPR-Guided DNA Polymerase I[J]. ACS Synth Biol, 2020, 9(7):1911-16.


Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
  • 10
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
  • 12
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
  • 21
    INCOMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
    Illegal BglII site found at 248
  • 23
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
  • 25
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
  • 1000
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]


Protein data table for BioBrick BBa_K1150000 automatically created by the BioBrick-AutoAnnotator version 1.0
Nucleotide sequence in RFC 25, so ATGGCCGGC and ACCGGT were added (in italics) to the 5' and 3' ends: (underlined part encodes the protein)
 ATGGCCGGCGACAAGAAG ... GGAGGCGACACCGGT
 ORF from nucleotide position -8 to 4107 (excluding stop-codon)
Amino acid sequence: (RFC 25 scars in shown in bold, other sequence features underlined; both given below)
1 
101 
201 
301 
401 
501 
601 
701 
801 
901 
1001 
1101 
1201 
1301 		MAGDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFF
HRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEE
NPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSD
AILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDL
LRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNF
DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLL
KIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIH
DDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKE
HPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFD
NLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALI
KKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKT
EVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKL
PKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHR
DKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGDTG*
Sequence features: (with their position in the amino acid sequence, see the list of supported features)
RFC25 scar (shown in bold): 659 to 660, 1355 to 1356
Amino acid composition:
Ala (A)75 (5.5%)
Arg (R)77 (5.6%)
Asn (N)70 (5.1%)
Asp (D)98 (7.1%)
Cys (C)2 (0.1%)
Gln (Q)52 (3.8%)
Glu (E)108 (7.9%)
Gly (G)71 (5.2%)
His (H)31 (2.3%)
Ile (I)93 (6.8%)
Leu (L)148 (10.8%)
Lys (K)150 (10.9%)
Met (M)22 (1.6%)
Phe (F)63 (4.6%)
Pro (P)35 (2.6%)
Ser (S)76 (5.5%)
Thr (T)66 (4.8%)
Trp (W)7 (0.5%)
Tyr (Y)55 (4.0%)
Val (V)73 (5.3%)
Amino acid counting
Total number:1372
Positively charged (Arg+Lys):227 (16.5%)
Negatively charged (Asp+Glu):206 (15.0%)
Aromatic (Phe+His+Try+Tyr):156 (11.4%)
Biochemical parameters
Atomic composition:C7120H11348N1944O2104S24
Molecular mass [Da]:158617.6
Theoretical pI:9.01
Extinction coefficient at 280 nm [M-1 cm-1]:120450 / 120575 (all Cys red/ox)
Plot for hydrophobicity, charge, predicted secondary structure, solvent accessability, transmembrane helices and disulfid bridges 
Codon usage
Organism:E. coliB. subtilisS. cerevisiaeA. thalianaP. patensMammals
Codon quality (CAI):good (0.71)good (0.70)very bad (0.00)good (0.65)excellent (0.89)excellent (0.94)
Alignments (obtained from PredictProtein.org)
   There were no alignments for this protein in the data base. The BLAST search was initialized and should be ready in a few hours.
Predictions (obtained from PredictProtein.org)
   There were no predictions for this protein in the data base. The prediction was initialized and should be ready in a few hours.
The BioBrick-AutoAnnotator was created by TU-Munich 2013 iGEM team. For more information please see the documentation.
If you have any questions, comments or suggestions, please leave us a comment.

References

[1] Westra E.R., Swarts D.C., Staals R.H., Jore M.M., Brouns S.J., van der Oost J. (2012). The CRISPRs, they are a-changin': how prokaryotes generate adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Genet. 46, 311-39
[2] Mali P., Yang L., Esvelt K.M., Aach J., Guell M., DiCarlo J.E., Norville J.E., Church G.M. (2013). RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339(6121), 823-6
[3] Jiang W., Bikard D., Cox D., Zhang F., Marraffini L.A. (2013). RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 31(3), 233-9
[4] Cong, L., Ran, F.A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P.D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L.A., Zhang, F. (2013). Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Science 339 (6121), 819-23
[5] Qi L.S., Larson M.H., Gilbert L.A., Doudna J.A., Weissman J.S., Arkin A.P., Lim W.A. (2013). Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell 152(5), 1173-83