Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K4202004"

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	<p><div align="center"><b>Fig 1-2</b> A: SDS-PAGE analysis of CA1 protein purified by Ni column. Lane1: flowing fluid, Lane2-4: the 1-4 washing fluid, Lane5-9: the 1-5 eluate, Lane10: protein Maker  B:SDS-PAGE analysis of CA2 protein purified by Ni column. Lane1-5: the 1-5 eluent, Lane6-8: the 1, 2 and 4 washing fluid, Lane9: the flowing fluid, Lane10: protein Maker.</div></p>		<p><div align="center"><b>Fig 1-2</b> A: SDS-PAGE analysis of CA1 protein purified by Ni column. Lane1: flowing fluid, Lane2-4: the 1-4 washing fluid, Lane5-9: the 1-5 eluate, Lane10: protein Maker  B:SDS-PAGE analysis of CA2 protein purified by Ni column. Lane1-5: the 1-5 eluent, Lane6-8: the 1, 2 and 4 washing fluid, Lane9: the flowing fluid, Lane10: protein Maker.</div></p>
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−	===Determination the ability of TSLV-BS-CA to hydrate CO<sub>2</sub>===	+	===Determination the ability of TSLV-BS-CA to catalyze the hydration of CO<sub>2</sub>===
	<p>To measure the activity of CA, we used the modified Wilbur-Anderson's method. As we know, CA can catalyze CO<sub>2</sub> hydration and at the same time release H<sup>+</sup> reducing the pH. According to that, we chose bromothymol blue, an acid-base indicator that appears yellow when pH≤6 and blue when pH > 7.6. Therefore, the color development of bromothymol blue can indirectly reflect the change of pH from 8.0 to 6.0 by CA. </p>		<p>To measure the activity of CA, we used the modified Wilbur-Anderson's method. As we know, CA can catalyze CO<sub>2</sub> hydration and at the same time release H<sup>+</sup> reducing the pH. According to that, we chose bromothymol blue, an acid-base indicator that appears yellow when pH≤6 and blue when pH > 7.6. Therefore, the color development of bromothymol blue can indirectly reflect the change of pH from 8.0 to 6.0 by CA. </p>
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	<div align="center"><b>Fig 1-3</b> The activity of CA detected by the Wilbur-Anderson's method. From left to right, the four tubes were pH=6.0 Tris-HCl buffer with bromothymol blue indicator, reaction system with blank WB600 lysate, CA2 crude enzyme solution, CA1 crude enzyme solution. A: Initial reaction solution（0min); B: 10min after adding ice-saturated CO<sub>2</sub> solution; C: 5d after adding ice-saturated CO<sub>2</sub> solution.</div>		<div align="center"><b>Fig 1-3</b> The activity of CA detected by the Wilbur-Anderson's method. From left to right, the four tubes were pH=6.0 Tris-HCl buffer with bromothymol blue indicator, reaction system with blank WB600 lysate, CA2 crude enzyme solution, CA1 crude enzyme solution. A: Initial reaction solution（0min); B: 10min after adding ice-saturated CO<sub>2</sub> solution; C: 5d after adding ice-saturated CO<sub>2</sub> solution.</div>
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−	===Determination the ability of TSLV-BS-CA to precipitate CaCO<sub>3</sub>===	+	===Determination the ability of TSLV-BS-CA to catalyze the precipitation of CaCO<sub>3</sub>===
	<p>To test the ability of engineered <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> WB600 to precipitate CaCO<sub>3</sub>, we cultured the engineered bacteria in 30ml of LB medium at 25℃ for 3 days and added 5 ml of 100mM CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution on the first and second days. We filtered the culture medium through a Whatman membrane filter paper to separate the bacteria and CaCO<sub>3</sub>. The bacteria and CaCO<sub>3</sub> were dried and weighed, respectively. We can calculate  CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitation capacity of engineered bacteria by the formula:CaCO<sub>3</sub> dry weight (mg)/cell dry weight (g).</p>		<p>To test the ability of engineered <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> WB600 to precipitate CaCO<sub>3</sub>, we cultured the engineered bacteria in 30ml of LB medium at 25℃ for 3 days and added 5 ml of 100mM CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution on the first and second days. We filtered the culture medium through a Whatman membrane filter paper to separate the bacteria and CaCO<sub>3</sub>. The bacteria and CaCO<sub>3</sub> were dried and weighed, respectively. We can calculate  CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitation capacity of engineered bacteria by the formula:CaCO<sub>3</sub> dry weight (mg)/cell dry weight (g).</p>
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Revision as of 10:26, 2 October 2022

TSLV-BS-CA

Usage and Biology

Biomineralization can be used to deposit calcium carbonate on the surface of microbial cells, filling cracks in stone artifacts. This part is the coding sequence (CDS) of Carbonic anhydrase (CA) encoding a zinc-containing enzyme, α-carbonic anhydrase, which efficiently catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO₂ to rapidly produce bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) and protons (H⁺).

Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) can be transported down the concentration gradient to the outside of the cell. When we provide calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in the extracellular medium, the bicarbonate can combine to the Ca²⁺ to form calcium carbonate precipitates. In our project, the calcium carbonate precipitate can accumulate in the tiny cracks of the stone artifacts, filling the cracks and providing support.

Sequence and Features

Characterization

As Part:BBa_K4202004 is improved by codon optimization from Part:BBa_K2232000, we have done a series of control experiments to compare the function of two parts. Both of the two parts encodes carbonic anhydrase, so we name the carbonic anhydrase expressed by BBa_K2232000 as CA1, while name the carbonic anhydrase expressed by BBa_K4202004 as CA2.

Expression of BBa_K4202004

After chemical transformation of plasmid with this part, the transformed Bacillus subtilis WB600 were cultured in optimized LB and SMM medium, and obtained crude enzyme solution by centrifugation and ultrasonic disruption.Then we detected the molecular mass by SDS-PAGE and coomassie blue staining.
SDS-PAGE displayed bands of 37kDa and 74kDa for CA monomer and dimer, which didn' t exist in the control group(Fig.1-1).

Purification of TSLV-BS-CA

<p>We added a 6X His tag to the N-terminus of CA on the vector, and the CA was purified by agarose-nickel column affinity chromatography. SDS-page analysis was performed on the flowing fluid, washing fluid and eluent during the purification of CA1 and CA2 by Ni-column. The eluate of CA1 and CA2 had two obvious bands at 37kDa and 74kDa, which were monomer CA and dimer CA, respectively. However, the Ni column had much non-specific protein binding, we can add a small amount of imidazole to reduce non-specific protein binding(Fig.1-2).

Determination the ability of TSLV-BS-CA to catalyze the hydration of CO₂

To measure the activity of CA, we used the modified Wilbur-Anderson's method. As we know, CA can catalyze CO₂ hydration and at the same time release H⁺ reducing the pH. According to that, we chose bromothymol blue, an acid-base indicator that appears yellow when pH≤6 and blue when pH > 7.6. Therefore, the color development of bromothymol blue can indirectly reflect the change of pH from 8.0 to 6.0 by CA.

After adding ice-saturated CO₂ solution for 10min, the color of the tubes containing crude enzyme solution CA1 and CA2 began to change, indicating that the pH of the solution began to decrease. After 10min, the tubes containing the crude enzyme solution showed significant discoloration, and after 5 days, the tubes containing the CA1 crude enzyme solution turned completely yellow, implying that the pH had decreased from 8.0 to 6.0 due to the formation of H⁺ during CO₂ hydration(Fig.1-3).

The activity of CA1 and CA2 were verified in this experiment, but the enzyme activities were weak, possibly due to low enzyme expression or insufficient concentration of unpurified enzyme. In addition, the catalytic rate of CA2 crude enzyme solution was lower than that of CA1.

Determination the ability of TSLV-BS-CA to catalyze the precipitation of CaCO₃

To test the ability of engineered Bacillus subtilis WB600 to precipitate CaCO₃, we cultured the engineered bacteria in 30ml of LB medium at 25℃ for 3 days and added 5 ml of 100mM CaCl₂ solution on the first and second days. We filtered the culture medium through a Whatman membrane filter paper to separate the bacteria and CaCO₃. The bacteria and CaCO₃ were dried and weighed, respectively. We can calculate CaCO₃ precipitation capacity of engineered bacteria by the formula:CaCO₃ dry weight (mg)/cell dry weight (g).

After three days of cultivation, we could clearly see that the culture medium of the CA1 and CA2 transformant became turbid(Fig.1-4 A). The precipitate was filtered and dried.(Fig.1-4B). According to the the foemula:CaCO₃ production capacity = CaCO₃ dry weight (mg)/cell dry weight (g), we found that the the precipitation efficiency of CA1 was higher than that of CA2(Fig.1-4C).