Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K4247011"

Revision as of 17:01, 28 September 2022

Minispidroin_NT-4rep-CT

This composite part codes for the full minispidroin protein, a highly soluble spider silk protein. This is a composite part consisting of the following basic parts: BBa_K4247000 (Minispidroin_NT), BBa_K4247001 (Minispidroin_2rep) and BBa_K4247002 (Minispidroin_CT). BBa_K4247004 contains the coding sequence for the full minispidroin protein with 2 repeats of the central repetitive domain.

This part is one of a collection of compatible minispidroin parts: BBa_K4247000 (Minispidroin_NT), BBa_K4247001 (Minispidroin_2rep), BBa_K4247002 (Minispidroin_CT), BBa_K4247004 (Minispidroin_NT-2rep-CT), BBa_K247005 (Minispidroin_NT_N-6His), BBa_K247007 (Minispidroin_NT-2rep-CT_N-6His), BBa_K247010 (Minispidroin_NT-2rep-CT-SnoopTag_N-6His), BBa_K247011 (Minispidroin_NT-4rep-CT), BBa_K247012 (Minispidroin_NT-4rep-CT_N-6His), BBa_K247013 (Minispidroin_NT-4rep-CT-SnoopTag_N-6His).

Usage and Biology

Dragline silk produced by spiders is one of the strongest natural materials to exist and it is mainly made up of structural proteins called spidroins. These spidroins consist of non-repetitive N-terminal and C-terminal domains and a repetitive central part consisting of tandem repeats of a certain amino acid sequence. These sequences are rich in alanine and glycine to form the crystalline and amorphous parts of the fibre respectively.

There are many research articles whose authors could successfully produce recombinant spider silk proteins and spin them into fibres by mimicking the conditions of the spider’s silk gland where the fibers are formed naturally. But a major drawback in many of these recombinant spidroins was their low solubility. It has been found that the N-terminus of the spidroin is highly soluble at neutral pH which contributes to the solubility of the protein.

In the spider's silk gland, before spinning, the spidroins remain in a highly concentrated and soluble state. Then, this highly concentrated spidroin solution called spinning dope is subject to a gradual drop in pH from 7.6 to 5.7 along the gland which triggers the formation of the fiber. This drop in pH triggers the N-terminus to be more stable and form large network-like structures whereas the C-terminus becomes more unstable to drive spontaneous fibre formation by forming the beta-sheet fibrils which form the core of the fiber. The N-terminal domain restricts the formation of silk fibers to a precise point in the silk duct, preventing silk proteins stored in the silk gland from agglutinating.

This clearly shows us that the solubility and pH sensitivity have a huge effect on the N- and C-terminus of the spidroin which thus affects the formation of fibers. It has been found that the N-terminus of MaSp1 (Major ampullate spidroin 1) from Euprosthenops australis, shows extremely high solubility and pH sensitivity whereas the C-terminus has low solubility and is inert to pH changes and vice versa for the MiSp (Minor ampullate spidroin) of Araneus ventricosus.

Andersson et al., 2017 show how minispidroin can be spun into long fibers

Herein, part BBa_K4247011 is a composite part formed from the following basic parts: BBa_K4247000 (Minispidroin_NT), 2x BBa_K4247001 (Minispidroin_2rep) and BBa_K4247002 (Minispidroin_NT). BBa_K4247003 contains the coding sequence for the full minispidroin protein with 4 repeats of the central repetitive domain.

Characterization

Optimization of inducer concentration

Aim - To determine the concentration of inducer required for optimal protein expression, the weight of the desired protein is 40.3 KDa.

Results - Cell cultures were grown ON at 37°C. Then, the next day, the cultures were diluted to an OD600 of 0.1 and induced with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1mM IPTG and grew ON. We can clearly see that around 40kDa, there is a darker band in the induced lanes compared to the uninduced lane, showing that the protein is expressed upon induction with IPTG. Further, among the induced lanes, protein expression seems to be best in the range of 0.1-0.5 mM, but a western blot is needed for any clear conclusion.

A western blot was done on the above SDS-gel to confirm that the proteins we see are indeed the minispidroin proteins. Since the proteins were expressed with a 6x His-tag, we used mouse anti-hexa his primary antibodies and goat anti-mouse HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies for the western blot.

Conclusion - As observed in the western blot, IPTG concentration does not seem to impact particularly the expression of the protein. Considering that the shorter version of this minispidroin is expressed better at 0.3 mM, we decided to stick to this concentration for protein expression. This result aligns with the minispidroin literature since the authors found 0.3 mM IPTG to the optimal concentration but it also shows that IPTG concentration may not particularly impact protein expression of this protein.

Optimization of lysis buffer

Aim - To determine the best buffer for cell lysis that provides the protein in a soluble state.

Results - In order to lyse our cells by sonication, we used 2 different lysis buffers and then decided which lysis buffer gave the most proteins in the soluble fraction. The recipes of the buffers are as follows, Buffer 1: 50 mM NaH2PO4 + 500 mM sodium chloride + 10 mM imidazole + 0.5% Triton X-100 + 10% glycerol + 2 mM DTT (added right before use), pH 8.0 Buffer 2: 20mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0

The cell cultures were centrifuged to obtain the cell pellets which were resuspended in the cell lysis buffer and then sonicated until a clear lysate was obtained. The lysate was centrifuged to obtain the insoluble and soluble fractions in the pellet and supernatant respectively. In the SDS-gel, minispidroin_NT-4rep_CT is visible in the buffer 2 supernatant.

Further, a western blot was done on the above SDS-gel to confirm that the proteins are indeed the minispidroin_NT-4rep-CT by using the above mentioned antibodies. Minispidroin_NT-4rep_CT is better obtained with buffer 2 since by using buffer 1 it seems to accumulate more in the pellet and would thus require a more difficult purification.

Conclusion - From the SDS-gel and western blot, we can conclude that buffer 2 is better than buffer 1 since it provides more protein in the soluble fraction. This confirms the results of the minispidroin literature since the authors used buffer 2.

Heat purification

Aim - To determine if there is a temperature that would precipitate only the minispidroin proteins without the other E.coli proteins, to facilitate an easy purification method using heat treatment.

Results - To test if higher temperatures would yield pure proteins or help separate minispidroin_Nt-4rep_CT from the native E. coli proteins, the lysate was subject to 70 and 80°C heat treatment for 20 minutes. It is clear that most of the protein precipitates at 70 and 80°C but it is not very pure since a lot of other proteins are also precipitating. We performed a western blot to confirm the finding. However, we decided to try lowering the heat treatment temperatures and check at what temperature the protein does precipitate. A note is that also in the controls, a low level of expression leads to the production of minimal amounts of the protein.

The soluble fraction of the lysate was subject to different temperatures (37, 40, 45, 50, 60°C) for 20 minutes. Then, after heat treatment, the samples were centrifuged and the supernatants and pellets obtained after different temperatures were run on an SDS-gel. It seems that minispidroin-NT_4rep_CT remains soluble up to 50°C. Again, a lot of other proteins also precipitate at those temperatures, so it is not possible to obtain the pure protein just by heat treatment.

Conclusion - So, although most of the protein precipitates at temperatures above 50°C, heat treatment is not a suitable method for protein purification since there is no temperature that precipitates minispidroin without also precipitating other proteins.

pH purification

Aim - To determine if there is a certain pH at which minispidroin_NT-4rep-CT precipitates without the other E.coli proteins, to facilitate an easy purification method using changes in pH.

Results - The soluble fraction of the lysate was adjusted to different pH (5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5) and incubated for 1h at room temperature. Then, the samples were centrifuged and the supernatants and pellets obtained at different pH values were run on an SDS-gel. It is clear that minispidroin_NT-4rep-CT does not precipitate at any pH since the lanes with pellets do not have any bands around 40kDa.

Conclusion - Since there is no pH value at which the protein precipitates, the method of adjusting the pH cannot be used for purification.

Protein purification by IMAC

Aim - To purify the protein by IMAC (immobilized metal ion chromatography) using Ni-NTA resin.

Results - Mini columns were loaded with Ni-NTA resin and the soluble fraction of the lysate was added to the columns. Then, the columns were washed twice and eluted to obtain the purified protein. An SDS-gel was run on the different purification fractions and it is clear that most of the protein was lost in the flowthrough and washes and almost nothing was eluted. This shows that the proteins did not bind to the Ni-NTA column at all.

Since most of the protein was lost in the flowthrough and washes in the previous attempt, the soluble fraction containing the proteins was allowed to incubate with the Ni-NTA resin under shaking conditions for 30-60 mins. This would provide sufficient time for the resin to bind the protein. Then, the columns were washed twice and eluted to obtain the purified protein. An SDS-gel was run on the different purification fractions and it is clear that most of the protein is obtained in the eluate and none of it is lost in the flowthrough or washes. Further, the purity of the obtained protein is high since there are no other bands.

Conclusion - So, with a sufficient incubation time (30-60mins) that allows the Ni-NTA resin to bind all the proteins, it is possible to elute the proteins with high purity.