Difference between revisions of "Part:BBa K3576002"

Latest revision as of 07:25, 26 October 2020

ompR234-mCherry

This is one part of our double reporting system which is responsible for enhancing biofilm synthesis. The protein OmpR234 can activate the operon csgDEFG and the subsequent expression of downstream proteins increasing biofilm formation (Bamhart & Chapman 2006). To visually observe whether the expression is successful, mCherry fluorescent reporter was introduced.

Sequence and Features

Results:

1 Plasmid Construction

We designed our functional parts and cloning into pET-21a(+) backbone plasmid chemical synthesized by GenScript. As mentioned on our DESIGN page, strengthening biofilm part and PETase expression part are our two main parts. To confirm the correctness of the plasmid, BamHI and EcoRI restriction enzymes were used to digest the plasmids. The results of gel electrophoresis (Figure 1) shown that the lengths of OmpR and PETase genes are around 1500-2000 bp, respectively, which meets the expectation. Besides, we then confirmed the results by sequencing the whole plasmids.

Figure 1 Nucleic acid gel electrophoresis results of OmpR234 and PETase.

To co-localized the PETase and OmpR234 enhanced biofilm, we introduced the double fluorescence reporting system, including GFP and mCherry. These two components are recombined with PETase and OmpR parts, respectively. Figure 2 shows the genetic circuit design of the GFP-mCherry reporting system. To visually observe whether the expression is successful, GFP and mCherry fluorescent reporters were introduced into the two plasmids (Figure 2). In the following, we will use the abbreviation OmpR-mCherry and eGFP-PETase. If the PETase and enhanced biofilm were co-expressed as expected, we could see the change of fluorescence color. When separated, one appears red and the other appears green, and when combined, the two appear yellow. Therefore, we further constructed the corresponding plasmid and carried out electrophoresis verification.

Figure 2 Genetic circuit design of double fluorescence reporting system.

2 Co-expression Verification of Double Reporting System

To verify the recognition of OmpR-mCherry and eGFP-PETase, we transformed three sets of plasmids (OmpR-mCherry, eGFP-PETase, OmpR-mCherry + eGFP-PETase) into E. Coli and observed them with a fluorescence microscope. The results are shown in Figure 3. As mentioned above, E. Coli transformed with OmpR-mCherry was designed with mCherry reporter which display red (Figure 3-B) in micrograph and eGFP-PETase designed with GFP reporter display green (Figure 3-A). It is worth mentioning that when the two expressed together, the microscopic image shows yellow, which also qualitatively proves the effective co-localization of PETase and enhanced biofilm.

Figure 3 Fluorescence micrograph of engineered E. Coli transformated with (A) eGFP-PETase, (B) OmpR-mCherry, (C) and OmpR-mCherry + eGFP-PETase.

3 Degradation Activity Test of Co-expressed System

In addition, the p-NP assay was used to further test the effects of the strengthened biofilm on the degradation activity of PETase. eGFP-PETase and OmpR-mCherry + eGFP-PETase plasmids are transformed into E. Coli BL21 and overexpressed respectively. Then these bacteria solutions are mixed with p-NPB substrates and measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 405 nm. Figure 4 demonstrated that, with the extension of time, the OD405 value increases. At the same time, it is significant that the OD405 value of the co-expression system is higher than that of PETase alone. In other words, with the help of enhanced biofilm, the degradation activity of PETase could be improved. After discussing with our instructors, the proximity effect between the substrate and the enzyme may be one of the reasons for the increased degradation efficiency.

Figure 4 OD405 of pNPB hydrolysis by overexpressed PETase and PETase+OmpR

4. Real Sample Degradation Test

In order to verify the degradation effect of our system on the real PET plastic, we cut the PET plastic bottle and grind it to the microplastic. After expressing our ultimate plasmid and culturing it on plastic fragments, we can see the adhesion of biofilm (Congo red staining test) on the large plastic fragment (Figure 5-B inserted). On the other hand, our simulated microplastics were mixed and cultured with our engineered bacteria, and the concentration of MHET (Mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid), the PET degradation product, in the solution was measured by HPLC. The results are shown in Figure 5-C. The relationship between peak area from HPLC results and MHET concentration was plotted to further analyze the degradation efficiency, shown in Figure 5-(A-B). Figure 5-A showed the standard curve of the MHET standard. The results show that there is good linearity between MHET concentration and peak area with R^2 = 0.999. Under the same experimental conditions, the engineered E. Coli overexpressed with eGFP-PETase and co-expressed with eGFP-PETase and OmpR-mCherry was also performed to degrade the real PET microplastics. LB medium and unmodified E. Coli solution are set as the control groups. The results shown in Figure 5-B are revealed that the peak area obtained by the co-expressed group (PETase + OmpR) is significantly (approximately 1.66 times) higher than that of the PETase alone group.

Figure 5 (A) Standard curve of MHET standard; (B) HPLC results of MHET concentration in real sample test (inserted is a photo of biofilm (Congo red staining test) on the large plastic fragment);(C) HPLC results of real PET fragment degradation.

In summary, these results further illustrate that shortening the distance between the enzyme and the substrate is a reliable solution to improve the degradation efficiency of PETase.