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             Figure FLuc mRNA has similar expression behavior in cells (A), but display superior exportation by VLPs in comparison to exosomes (B). The amount of RNA was determined by qPCR for Exosomes, VLPs transfected cells as well as the actual vesicles. The corresponding negative controls for unspecific RNA loading (No RNA binding protein, RBP) and qPCR specificity (iRFP gene, Mock). Due to the absence of clear housekeeping genes in the used vesicles, housekeeping genes were only used in experiments in cells. Whereas qPCR based on RNA extracted from vesicles was normalized to the cell number. The experiment was executed with n = 2. A) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying engineered VLP (Gag L7Ae) and exosomes (CD63 -L7Ae) or negative control. RNA amount was calculated by qPCR with RNA extracted from cells. B) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying engineered VLP (Gag L7Ae) and exosomes (CD63 -L7Ae) or negative control. RNA amount was extracted from vesicles and calculated by qPCR using standard curve method.
 
             Figure FLuc mRNA has similar expression behavior in cells (A), but display superior exportation by VLPs in comparison to exosomes (B). The amount of RNA was determined by qPCR for Exosomes, VLPs transfected cells as well as the actual vesicles. The corresponding negative controls for unspecific RNA loading (No RNA binding protein, RBP) and qPCR specificity (iRFP gene, Mock). Due to the absence of clear housekeeping genes in the used vesicles, housekeeping genes were only used in experiments in cells. Whereas qPCR based on RNA extracted from vesicles was normalized to the cell number. The experiment was executed with n = 2. A) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying engineered VLP (Gag L7Ae) and exosomes (CD63 -L7Ae) or negative control. RNA amount was calculated by qPCR with RNA extracted from cells. B) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying engineered VLP (Gag L7Ae) and exosomes (CD63 -L7Ae) or negative control. RNA amount was extracted from vesicles and calculated by qPCR using standard curve method.
 
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Using a coiled-coil system allowed us to successfully load the two different RNA binding proteins (RBPs) L7Ae or MCP into exosomes to export FLuc mRNA from HEK293T cells. We used the published parallel heterodimer pair P9SN:P10SN (Ljubetič et al. 2017), where P9SN was fused to the C-terminus of the exosome marker protein CD63 and P10SN N-terminal to the RNA binding proteins L7Ae or MCP. The export efficiencies of FLuc mRNA cargo measured by qPCR proved that coiled-coil mediated targeting of the RBPs L7Ae and MCP into exosomes worked. Exosomes formed from CD63-P9SN and loaded with P10SN-L7Ae or -MCP could export about 800 and 400 transcripts per cell, respectively. This also shows that the two RBPs have different export capabilities, with L7Ae exporting twice as many transcripts per cell compared to MCP.
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<b>Figure: Vesicles can be modularly assembled via coiled-coils.</b> Two different RNA binding proteins (RBP) were fused to the coiled-coil (CC) peptide P10SN and loaded into exosomes displaying the complementary part P9SN. qPCR analysis demonstrated specific export of target FLuc mRNA and a higher efficiency for L7Ae compared to MCP. Quantification was done via standard curve measurements and assuming a confluent well with 350.000 HEK293T cells/cm2 at the time of harvesting. n = 2   
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Revision as of 23:02, 21 October 2019


L7Ae

L7Ae is a 50S ribosomal protein found in Archea. It is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein that recognizes the K-turn motif in ribosomal RNA, the RNA component of RNase P, box H/ACA, box C/D, box C'/D' sRNAs. This RNA-binding protein can be used as an adapter for RNA binding in the extracellular vesicles.

Usage

The informational readout of ALiVE is RNA. To load a specific RNA into the vesicles we fused it to RNA-motifs which are bound specifically by RNA binding proteins. Two combinations of binding protein and motif were tested. One was the archaeal RNA binding protein L7Ae which binds to the k-turns in the box C/D snoRNP.

Biology

The archaeal L7Ae and eukaryotic 15.5kD protein homologs are members of the L7Ae/15.5kD protein family that characteristically recognize K-turn motifs found in both archaeal and eukaryotic RNAs. In Archaea, the L7Ae protein uniquely binds the K-loop motif found in box C/D.[1] The k-turn is a ubiquitous structural motif in RNA forming a very tight kink in the axis of helical RNA that plays an important role in many aspects of RNA function. L7Ae is a member of a superfamily of proteins that bind k-turns in RNA, stabilizing the tightly kinked conformation. They are extremely widespread and are important in the assembly of RNA–protein complexes central to translation, splicing and site-specific RNA modification. [2]


Characterization

Secretion efficiency

Figure 1: Virus-like particle (VLP) display higher secretion efficiency in comparison to exosomes. The HiBiT signal was determined from cells as well as the corresponding supernatant including the vesicles. The experiment was executed with n = 5. To demonstrate specific HiBiT assay for engineered VLPs and Exosomes a negative control containing iRFP (Mock). A) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying the VLP (Gag) and RNA binding protein (L7Ae) or negative control (No RNA binding protein, RBP) displayed a high secretion efficiency of vesicles. B) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying the engineered exosomes (CD63) and RNA binding protein (L7Ae) or negative control (No RNA binding protein, RBP) displayed low secretion efficiency.

qPCR

Figure:2 Figure FLuc mRNA has similar expression behavior in cells (A), but display superior exportation by VLPs in comparison to exosomes (B). The amount of RNA was determined by qPCR for Exosomes, VLPs transfected cells as well as the actual vesicles. The corresponding negative controls for unspecific RNA loading (No RNA binding protein, RBP) and qPCR specificity (iRFP gene, Mock). Due to the absence of clear housekeeping genes in the used vesicles, housekeeping genes were only used in experiments in cells. Whereas qPCR based on RNA extracted from vesicles was normalized to the cell number. The experiment was executed with n = 2. A) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying engineered VLP (Gag L7Ae) and exosomes (CD63 -L7Ae) or negative control. RNA amount was calculated by qPCR with RNA extracted from cells. B) Cells were transfected with plasmids carrying engineered VLP (Gag L7Ae) and exosomes (CD63 -L7Ae) or negative control. RNA amount was extracted from vesicles and calculated by qPCR using standard curve method.

Using a coiled-coil system allowed us to successfully load the two different RNA binding proteins (RBPs) L7Ae or MCP into exosomes to export FLuc mRNA from HEK293T cells. We used the published parallel heterodimer pair P9SN:P10SN (Ljubetič et al. 2017), where P9SN was fused to the C-terminus of the exosome marker protein CD63 and P10SN N-terminal to the RNA binding proteins L7Ae or MCP. The export efficiencies of FLuc mRNA cargo measured by qPCR proved that coiled-coil mediated targeting of the RBPs L7Ae and MCP into exosomes worked. Exosomes formed from CD63-P9SN and loaded with P10SN-L7Ae or -MCP could export about 800 and 400 transcripts per cell, respectively. This also shows that the two RBPs have different export capabilities, with L7Ae exporting twice as many transcripts per cell compared to MCP.


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Figure: Vesicles can be modularly assembled via coiled-coils. Two different RNA binding proteins (RBP) were fused to the coiled-coil (CC) peptide P10SN and loaded into exosomes displaying the complementary part P9SN. qPCR analysis demonstrated specific export of target FLuc mRNA and a higher efficiency for L7Ae compared to MCP. Quantification was done via standard curve measurements and assuming a confluent well with 350.000 HEK293T cells/cm2 at the time of harvesting. n = 2
Sequence and Features


Assembly Compatibility:
  • 10
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
  • 12
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
  • 21
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
  • 23
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
  • 25
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
  • 1000
    COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]

References

  1. ↑ Gagnon, Keith T et al. “Signature amino acids enable the archaeal L7Ae box C/D RNP core protein to recognize and bind the K-loop RNA motif.” RNA (New York, N.Y.) vol. 16,1 (2010): 79-90. doi:10.1261/rna.1692310
  2. ↑ Lilley, D. M. J. (2019). "The L7Ae proteins mediate a widespread and highly functional protein–RNA interaction." The Biochemist 41(2): 40-44.