View source for Part:BBa K864401

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<partinfo>BBa_K864401 short</partinfo>

aeBlue is a blue chromoprotein extracted from the basal disk of a beadlet anemone ''Actinia equina''. The protein has an absorption maximum at 597nm and a deep blue colour. The protein aeBlue has significant sequence homologies with proteins in the GFP family.


'''Important: This part is not available in the registry yet, however, the same part is available from the registry with the standard RBS B0034: <partinfo>BBa_K1033929</partinfo>.'''


===Source===
The protein was first extracted and characterized by Shkrob et. al. 2005 under the name aeCP597. This version is codon optimized for '' E coli'' by Bioneer Corp.

Below to the left is the expressed aeBlue in ''E coli''. To the right comparison of aeBlue with other chromoproteins available from the registry.

[[Image:Aeblue_plate_small.jpg.png|360px]]
[[Image:UUChromo.jpg|500px]]
<br>'''iGEM12_Uppsala_University:''' ''Left picture:'' Visual color expression of aeBlue(<partinfo>BBa_K864401</partinfo>).
''Right picture:'' The Uppsala chromoprotein collection and RFP. Pellets of bacteria expressing chromoproteins eforRed (<partinfo>BBa_K592012</partinfo>), RFP (<partinfo>BBa_E1010</partinfo>), cjBlue (<partinfo>BBa_K592011</partinfo>), aeBlue (<partinfo>BBa_K864401</partinfo>), amilGFP (<partinfo>BBa_K592010</partinfo>) and amilCP (<partinfo>BBa_K592009</partinfo>).

===Characterization===

==NJTech_China 2021’s Characterisation==
Group: NJTech_China iGEM 2021

While most of our project was focused on Design and Construction of Synthetic Yeast-Microalgae Consortia for Biosynthesis of Phenylethanol, we were also interested in chromoproteins. Specifically, we characterized the expression of aeBlue and gfasPurple.
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The aeBlue sequence (Part:BBa_K864401) optimized for E. coli was incorporated into plasmid pET-29a(+), transformed into E. coli BL21 for characterization and measurement. We provided aeBlue with results and data based on protein expression and purification, TOF-Mass spectrometry, full wavelength measurement and Swiss-model.
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Methods:
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SDS-PAGE, TOF-Mass Spectrometry, BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) method, full wavelength measurement and Swiss-Model.

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Results
<p> </p>
[[File:NJTech_China_aeBlue-1.png|width='100%' valign='top'| |center|thumb|550px|''<b>Fig.1</b> The fermentation broth of aeBlue.     &emsp;&emsp;<b>Fig.2</b> The cell pellet collected after centrifugation.]] 
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Conclusion: The cell pellet was collected by harvesting 50mL culture after 24h of induction followed by centrifugation at 4 degrees and 6000 rpm for 10min. Then, we performed ultrasonic disruption and collected the supernatant after centrifugation. The protein was purified and collected through ultrafiltration and affinity chromatography.

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<p> </p>
[[File:NJTech_China_aeBlue-2.png|width='100%' valign='top'| |center|thumb|550px|''<b>Fig.3</b> SDS-PAGE of the chromoprotein aeBlue.]] 
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1· aeBlue- The culture after IPTG induction. 
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2· aeBlue- The pellet after IPTG induction and ultrasound.
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3· aeBlue- Supernatant after IPTG induction and sonication.
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4· aeBlue- The culture without IPTG induction.
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5· aeBlue- The pellet without IPTG induction after ultrasound.
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6· aeBlue- Supernatant sample without IPTG induction after sonication.
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7· aeBlue- Protein sample after the ultrafiltration (diluted 20 times).
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8· aeBlue- Purified protein sample.

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Conclusion: The protein gel preliminarily proved that the molecular mass of the aeBlue protein was correct, which is consistent with the expected molecular mass of aeBlue protein (the molecular mass of aeBlue protein is about 27.3 kDa). Compared with lane 1, 2 and 3, lane 4, 5, and 6 indicate that more aeBlue protein can be obtained with IPTG induction. As is shown in lane 7, the concentration of protein was increased after ultrafiltration concentration. Lane 8 shows that the purification effect of protein after nickel affinity chromatography was better, and the impurity protein was less than before affinity chromatography. In conclusion, it can be seen that our expression and purification strategy is effective.

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<p> </p>
[[File:NJTech_China_aeBlue-3.png|width='100%' valign='top'| |center|thumb|550px|''<b>Fig.4</b> BCA Protein Standard Curve.]] 
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We used the BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) method to measure the concentration of aeBlue protein. 
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The concentration of aeblue chromoprotein was 9.10 mg/ml.
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The standard protein curve fitting equation (R2=0.9993) :
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y=12.722x+0.1212
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It comes out that:
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The concentration of aeBlue is 9.10 mg/ml.

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<p> </p>
[[File:NJTech_China_aeBlue-4.png|width='100%' valign='top'| |center|thumb|550px|''<b>Fig.5</b> TOF MS of aeBlue.]] 
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Conclusion : We performed Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer on the purified HIS-tagged aeBlue protein. The predicted molecular mass of this protein is about 27300Da. The result of TOF-Mass Spectrometry showed that the specific molecular mass of aeBlue protein is 27.279kDa (the value of the sharpest peak is shown as the molecular mass of aeBlue protein). Moreover, the intensity of 27.279kDa is up to 1.5×10^5, which indicates the high concentration and purity of the aeBlue protein. There are also some small protein peaks, suggesting that the noise had some effect, but not much.

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<p> </p>
[[File:NJTech_China_aeBlue-5.png|width='100%' valign='top'| |center|thumb|550px|''<b>Fig.6</b> Absorption spectrum of aeBlue (190-1100nm).]] 
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aeBlue protein full-wavelength scan profile :
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1-204nm  0.282A 
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2-598nm  2.446A 
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3-272nm  0.322A
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4-1040nm 0.003A

Conclusion : The full-wavelength scan of aeBlue protein shows that the strongest absorption peak of aeBlue protein occurs at 598nm. As shown in the results, aeBlue has a low intensity peak at 204 to 272 nm, which may be due to the fluorescence excitation.
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Structural modeling results of the aeBlue protein based on Swiss-Model 

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<p> </p>
[[File:NJTech_China_aeBlue-6.png|width='100%' valign='top'| |center|thumb|550px|''<b>Fig.7-1</b> The results of the homology and structural modelling protein aeBlue.]]
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<p> </p>
[[File:NJTech_China_aeBlue-7.png|width='100%' valign='top'| |center|thumb|550px|''<b>Fig.7-2</b> The 3D model of the homology and structural modelling protein aeBlue.]]
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Conclusion: We used Swiss-Model to simulate the three-dimensional structure of aeBlue protein. The above figures showed the modeling result of Swiss-Model.

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===The color change of aeBlue depend on temperature===
<p>(Supplement by NWU-CHINA-A 2021)</p>
<p>According to the work done by Tamayo-Nuñez J et al in recent years, aeBlue shows a color change depending on temperature.[1] When the temperature decreased to 4 degree centigrade, the color of purified aeBlue solution changed to pink. And it’s color would recover to blue at a higher temperature.</p>
[[File:T--NWU-CHINA-A--aeBlue colorChange.jpg|550px|center|]]
<p><center><b>Figure 1.Panel A, an LB plate of E. coli cells expressing aeBlue protein. Panel B, Purified protein at 4 °C was incubated at the indicated temperatures for 10 min. to show the color shift. Panel C, IMAC purified aeBlue-blue (lane 1) and aeBlue-Pink (lane 2) SDS-PAGE analysis. M, molecular size markers (Precision Plus Protein Dual color standards, Bio-rad). The black arrow indicates the expected protein size band obtained.</b></center></p>
[[File:T--NWU-CHINA-A--Absorption spectra of aeBlue.jpg|650px|center|]]
<p><center><b>Figure 2. Absorption spectra of aeBlue-blue and aeBlue-pink (19μM) at different temperature</b></center></p>



===References===
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1316306/]Shkrob, M.A., Yanushevich, Y.G., Chudakov, D.M., Gurskaya, N.G., Labas, Y.A., Poponov, S.Y., Mudrik, N.N., Lukyanov, S., Lukyanov, K.A., 2005. Far-red fluorescent proteins evolved from a blue chromoprotein from Actinia equina. Biochem. J. 392, 649–654.
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[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6978647/]Tamayo-Nuñez J, de la Mora J, Padilla-Vaca F, et al. aeBlue Chromoprotein Color is Temperature Dependent. Protein and Peptide Letters. 2020 ;27(1):74-84. DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190806145740. PMID: 31385759; PMCID: PMC6978647.

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==Encapsulation in liposomes, Thermal unfolding and Aggregation analysis==
<strong>Group:</strong> Linköping iGEM 2024
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<strong>Authors:</strong> Tess Wiglund, Moa Ackemark, Isac Kreku

<strong>Summary:</strong> We encapsulated aeBlue into liposomes, as our project aims to encapsulate different enzymes involved in ichthyosis. We then separated the liposomes with encapsulated aeBlue from unencapsulated aeBlue with a Size exclusion Chromatography (SEC). To validate successful encapsulation we visualized the liposomes in a microscope. Using prometheus we performed a Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (nanoDSF) measurement on aeBlue to acquire the Tm-value, as well as analyze the aggregation through light scattering. During the nanoDSF we also analyzed the effect on thermal stability of aeBlue in liposomes and in the presence of liposomes. 

<strong>Methods:</strong> We chose to order aeBlue as a linear sequence, based on the sequence in the airtable. We then ligated it into pET-28 a (+) before transforming into NEB-5-alpha competent cells and later on BL21 E. coli cells. After that we purified the protein using a PD 10 nickel column. At the end we had our aeBlue in PBS buffer. From there we encapsulated different concentrations of aeBlue into liposomes with a diameter of 200 nm using thin film hydration and extrusion. We used the concentrations 0,1 mg/ml, 0,5 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml. 

We then separated the liposomes containing aeBlue from the free aeBlue using SEC as a method. After that we visualized them in a microscope. Samples were prepared with liposomes stained with the dye Nile red as it fluoresces in lipid rich environments. All samples were prepared on superfrost glass slides by applying 3µl of sample left to dry, which were thereafter rewetted by application of fluorescence mounting medium.  

NanoDSF uses intrinsic fluorescence to measure the change in fluorescence intensity over an increasing temperature to obtain the Tm-value, where 50% of the protein is unfolded. aeBlue contains 2 tryptophans (Trp) and 9 tyrosines (Tyr), which are both important for nano-DSF measurements. Both Trp residues and Tyr are on the inside of the protein and get exposed when it unfolds, which changes the fluorescence [1]. 

<strong>Results:</strong> The results from microscopy suggest that we successfully encapsulated aeBlue, however further studies would be necessary to validate encapsulation. The nanoDSF gave a Tm-value of 79.5 ± 0.1 °C for aeBlue alone and showed that the protein started to aggregate at 69.3 ± 0.7 °C and had an aggregation midpoint of 78.4 ± 0.1 °C. The results from the prometheus are summarized in Table 1. We also found that the thermal stability of aeBlue was not affected by encapsulation in liposomes or the presence of liposomes. 



====Size exclusion and microscopy analysis====

To separate the liposomes from unencapsulated aeBlue, a Size Exclusion Chromatography was performed. We visualized samples of aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes both before and after the SEC. All samples were stained with the dye Nile red as it fluoresces in lipid rich environments. Before the SEC, our idea was that we might be able to see a visual difference between liposomes with aeBlue on the outside compared to the liposomes that we believed had encapsulated aeBlue. The area of importance is highlighted with white or black dotted lines in figure 1-3 and the procedure renders a “coffee ring” effect where liposomes and proteins are collected as a ring following the drying droplet [2]. The results showed a difference between the two samples, as can be seen in figure 1 and 2 but further experiments were needed to validate encapsulation. After the SEC we visualized liposomes with aeBlue in fluorescence light and in bright field and, as seen in <i>figure 3 and 4 </i>, there are clusters of dots indicating lipid structures that suggest that liposomes are present. The dots are not visually blue but the fact that we can see the outlines of the dots indicates that aeBlue is present as seen in figure 4. It was discovered that the SEC column had high affinity for aeBlue as seen by the blue color in figure 5, meaning that the liposomes most likely were separated from unencapsulated aeBlue. Therefore it is suggested that the cluster of dots seen in figure 3 corresponds to encapsulated aeBlue.  

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    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 1.</strong>  2 mg/ml aeBlue outside of liposomes, in bright field.</p>
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    <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5387/bba-k864401-microscopy-photo-2.png" width="400px"/>
    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 2.</strong> 2 mg/ml aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes, in bright field.</p>
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    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 3.</strong> 2 mg/ml aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes after SEC, in fluorescent light with excitation at 535 nm.</p>
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    <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5387/bba-k864401-microscopy-photo-4.png" width="400px"/>
    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 4.</strong> 2 mg/ml aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes after size exclusion chromatography, in bright-field microscopy.</p>
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    <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5387/bba-k864401-sec-image.jpg" width="400px"/>
    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 5.</strong> The SEC column after washing the column with 500 ml PBS after applying aeBlue. The blue color of the column indicates that it has affinity for aeBlue.</p>
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====Thermal unfolding====

To study the thermal unfolding of the chromoprotein aeBlue, aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes and in the presence of liposomes, a nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (nanoDSF) measurement was performed. The Trp fluorescence in aeBlue is quenched in the folded structure, probably due to the phenomenon fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the chromophore [3]. Therefore the intrinsic fluorescence was plotted at 350 nm, corresponding to the unfolded structure of the chromoprotein, because the Trp fluorescence increased during unfolding as seen in figure 5 [4]. The temperature interval was set to 20 ºC - 110 ºC with an increasing temperature of 1.0 ºC/ min. Graphs were constructed by plotting one of several replicates as a representative for all data. The midpoint of thermal denaturation (Tm-value) is represented by the middle of the slopes in figure 6 and by the midpoint of the peaks in figure 7. The different Tm-values for the samples can be seen in table 1. It can be seen in figure 6, 7 and table 1 that the thermal stability of free aeBlue, aeBlue encapsulated liposomes and aeBlue in the presence of liposomes is similar since the Tm-value for the different samples are all around 79.5 ºC. This suggests that the thermal stability of aeBlue is not affected by encapsulation in liposomes or the presence of liposomes. 

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    <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5387/bba-k864401-thermal-unfolding-graph-1.png" width="400px"/>
    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 6.</strong> Representative unfolding curve of aeBlue, aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes and aeBlue in the presence of liposomes. Temperature is on the X-axis and the fluorescence intensity at 350 nm on the Y-axis. The midpoint of the slopes suggests a Tm-value around 79.5 ºC for all samples.</p>
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    <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5387/bba-k864401-thermal-unfolding-graph-2.png" width="400px"/>
    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 7.</strong> Representative unfolding curve of aeBlue, aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes and aeBlue in the presence of liposomes. Temperature is on the X-axis and 1st derivative at 350 nm on the Y-axis. The midpoint of the peaks suggests a Tm-value around 79.5 ºC for all samples.</p>
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====Aggregation analysis====

While running a nanoDSF measurement the aggregation can also be monitored. This data results in an aggregation onset, which corresponds to the temperature where the protein starts to aggregate, as well as the midpoint of aggregation (TAm-value) where 50% of the protein is aggregated. The temperature for aggregation onset and midpoint of aggregation for the different samples were summarized in table 1 and graphs were constructed by plotting one of several replicates and is representative for all samples. The temperature for aggregation onset is visualized by the point where the curves start to slope uphill in figure 8 and 9 and the TAm-value is represented by the midpoint of the slopes in figure 8 and by the midpoint of the peaks in figure 9. As best visualized in table 1, the aggregation onset for free aeBlue is slightly higher from the aggregation onset for aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes, and aeBlue outside of liposomes. Furthermore, it can be seen in table 1 that there is a downward trend for the aggregation onset temperature with increasing concentration of liposomes. However, the aggregation midpoint is similar between the samples at around 78.4 ºC as seen in figure 8 and 9, suggesting that the protein aggregation is not affected by encapsulation in liposomes or the presence of liposomes. 

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    <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5387/bba-k864401-aggregation-analysis-graph-1.png" width="400px"/>
    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 8.</strong> Representative scattering curve of aeBlue, aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes and aeBlue in the presence of liposomes. Temperature is on the X-axis and the scattering is on the Y-axis. The midpoint of the slopes suggests a TAm-value around 78.4 ºC for all samples and where the curves start to slope uphill represents the aggregation onset temperatures.</p>
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    <div style="margin : 10px;">
    <img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/5387/bba-k864401-aggregation-analysis-graph-2.png" width="400px"/>
    <p style="font-size : 11px"><strong>Figure 9.</strong> Representative scattering curve of aeBlue, aeBlue encapsulated in liposomes and aeBlue in the presence of liposomes. Temperature is on the X-axis and 1st derivative of scattering is on the Y-axis. The midpoint of the peaks suggests a TAm-value around 78.4 °C for all samples and where the curves start to slope uphill represents the aggregation onset temperatures.</p>
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<span class='h3bb'><strong>Table 1.</strong> Summary of data from the nanoDSF measurements</span>
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<table border="1">
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>n</th>
<th>Tm (350 nm) (°C)</th>
<th>Aggregation onset (°C)</th>
<th>TAm aggregation midpoint (°C)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>aeBlue 0.5 mg/ml</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>79.5 ± 0.1</td>
<td>69.3 ± 0.7</td>
<td>78.4 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1.8 mM liposomes with 1.9 mg/ml aeBlue inside and 0.5 mg/ml aeBlue outside</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>79.2 ± 0.1</td>
<td>68.4 ± 0.2</td>
<td>78.3 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3.6 mM liposomes with 0.5 mg/ml aeBlue outside</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>79.5 ± 0.1</td>
<td>67.3 ± 0.6</td>
<td>78.4 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1.8 mM liposomes with 0.5 mg/ml aeBlue outside</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>79.6 ± 0.1</td>
<td>67.5 ± 0.5</td>
<td>78.3 ± 0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.9 mM liposomes with 0.5 mg/ml aeBlue outside</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>79.6 ± 0.1</td>
<td>68.1 ± 0.7</td>
<td>78.4 ± 0.03</td>
</table>


===References===
[1] NanoDSF - NanoTemper Technologies. NanoTemper Technologies. 2024. Available from: https://nanotempertech.com/nanodsf/ 
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[2] Deegan, R., Bakajin, O., Dupont, T. et al. Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops. Nature 389, 827–829 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/39827 
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[3] Li, Y., Forbrich, A., Wu, J. et al. Engineering Dark Chromoprotein Reporters for Photoacoustic Microscopy and FRET Imaging. Sci Rep 6, 22129 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22129 
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[4] NanoTemper Technologies. (n.d.). Why are there unfolding profiles in different directions? Retrieved from support.nanotempertech: https://support.nanotempertech.com/hc/en-us/articles/19208573958801-Why-are-there-unfolding-profiles-in-different-directions 


<!-- Add more about the biology of this part here
===Usage and Biology===

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<span class='h3bb'>Sequence and Features</span>
<partinfo>BBa_K864401 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>


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===Functional Parameters===
<partinfo>BBa_K864401 parameters</partinfo>
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