View source for Part:BBa K1175006

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BglS
This gene encodes an endo-beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase (bglS), which is from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis subtilis 168.  The enzyme will hydrolyze and thereby cleave internal 1,4 linkages adjacent to 1,3 linkages.

Usage and Biology
The substrates vulnerable to the bglS encoded enzyme are mixed linked beta-glucans. These glucans would have 1,3 and 1,4 beta linkages within the polysaccharide linking together the glucose monomers. Examples of these glucans can be found in oats, maize, and barley.

(1) http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/141/2/281.long 
(2) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1984.tb04259.x/pdf

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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e3/WLC-Bglsmod.png" width="450">
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<h1>bglS</h1>
The endo-1,3-1,4-glucanase bglS is a globular protein that that has two residues of interest. The putative nucleophile and acid-base cleavage sites at the E residues 133 and 137 highlighted in red. 
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<h2>bglS Enzyme Activity</h2>
Table 2. Substrate specificity of 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase (BglS) purified to electrophoretic homogenity from E. coli cells harboring recombinant plasmid pRB33. Enzyme activities were calculated from the results of three independent measurements.
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/f/ff/WLC-Bglschart.png" width="450">
*Unit defined as 1 micromole reducing sugar min-1 (mg purified enzyme)-1.
**Unit defined as 1 OD595 unit min-1 (mg purified enzyme)-1.
Table and data from:
http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/141/2/281.long
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/e/e7/WLC-Bglsplates.png" width="450">
The plates shown are differential medias containing both lichenan ,able to be broken down by the Bacillus Subtilis Subtilis 168 BglS gene.  The plates were stained by flooding the plate with Congo red and the visualization of clearing zones was improved by flooding the stained plates with 1M NaCl.  
The Upper plate indicates, due to an apparent lack of clearing zones, that the strains MW14 (Deleted BglS), MW10 (Deleted EglS102 and Bgl BglSRV) and MW9 (Deletion of EglS and BglS) do not contain a significant ability to break down Lichenan.  Whereas the strains MW8 (Deletion of EglS) and DB104 (No deletions) were able to break down the lichenan. 
    The lower plate indicates, due to an apparent lack of clearing zones, that the strains MW10, MW8, and MW9 did not contain a significant ability to break down the CM-cellulose.  On the other side of the coin, however, the strains MW14 and DB104 did have the ability to produce clearing zones, indicating their ability to break down CM-cellulose. 
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<tr><td colspan="2"><h1>bglS on Cellulose Plates</h1></td></tr>
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/7/7e/WLC-BglSplate1.jpg" width="450">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2013/9/99/WLC-Bglsplate2.jpg" width="450">
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The two plates above are cellulose plates stained with congo red, clearing zones are visible around the colonies where bglS is breaking down the cellulose


===Thinker-Shenzhen 2023===
===Description===
Considering the low degradation efficiency of alginate, we decided to construct cellulase Bgls, which will function with alginate lyase to break down alginate into much smaller molecules. It is derived from Bacillus Subtilis and is capable of depolymerizing cellulose, which can be tranferred into carbon source.
===Usage and Biology===
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<p style="font-size: 98%; line-height: 1.4em;">Figure 1. The design of  bgls.</p >
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We use T7 promoter to initiate the transcription and BBa_B0034 as RBS to start translation gene sequence of Endoglucanase, Exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase [1]. We choose BBa_B0015 as the terminator, which terminates the transcription. The Cellulase Bgls gene sequence is cloned into pET23b vector and expressed in E.coli Rosetta.
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<p style="font-size: 98%; line-height: 1.4em;">Figure 2. Mechanism of Cellulase</p >
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===Characterization===
To evaluate the expression and activity of Bacillus subtilis cellulase Bgls in E. coli Rosetta, we first synthesized the bgls gene and cloned it into the pET23b vector.  The recombinant vector was transformed into E. coli Rosetta cells and positive clones were screened on LB agar plates containing ampicillin.  Positive clones were verified by DNA sequencing.  Engineered E. coli Rosetta was cultured in LB broth medium for 3 days at 37°C, and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 minutes.  Cell pellet was resuspended in PBS buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) and then lysed through ultrasonication (150 W, 1s sonication with 3s intervals, for a total of 20 minutes).  1 ml of the supernatant (crude enzyme solution) was mixed with one ml of 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, Sigma-Aldrich) solubilized in PBS buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes under shaking (120 rpm).  One ml of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reagent was added and the mixture was boiled for 5 minutes, then the absorbance was measured at 540 nm.
===1.Validation of Cellulase Bgls===
The activity of the control group is 0.5 U/mg. Under the experimental conditions, which are 37℃ and pH 7.4, the specific enzyme activity of Cellulase Bgls crude enzyme mixture is 11.45 U/mg, which means that each milligram of crude enzyme mixture is capable of releasing 12 micromoles of reducing sugar per minute. Therefore, it proves the activity of Cellulase Bgls, indicating the result that Cellulase Bgls is functioning at relative efficient rate.
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<p style="font-size: 98%; line-height: 1.4em;">Figure 3. Th Graph of the Cellulase Activity of Control Group E.coli Rosetta and pT7-Bgls.</p >
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Different concentrations of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) were conducted for plotting standard curve.  Cellulase specific activity was calculated by dividing the product concentration (μmol reducing sugars/min) expressed as units by the total protein (mg) of the sample.  All experiments were performed in triplicate, and the data are presented as mean values with SD.
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<p style="font-size: 98%; line-height: 1.4em;">Figure 4. Unpaired t Test of the Activity of Cellulase Bgls</p >
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===2.The optimal reaction temperature for Cellulase Bgls===
To determine the optimal reaction for Cellulase Bgls, we mixed the crude enzyme mixture with 1% CMC solution and incubated the mixture under 25℃, 37℃, and 55℃ for at least 30 minutes. After then, we used DNS (3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid) test to find the concentration of the reducing sugar. As the graph shown, Cellulase Bgls performs the highest cellulase activity under 37 ℃.
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<p style="font-size: 98%; line-height: 1.4em;">Figure 5. Th Graph of the Cellulase Activity of Cellulase Bgls under three different temperatures.</p >
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===3.The Optimal pH Value of reaction for Cellulase Bgls===
To determine the optimal pH Value of reaction for Cellulase Bgls, we mixed the crude enzyme mixture with 1% CMC solution and incubated the mixture with the PBS buffer, which help to minimize the changes of pH value, at pH 5.8, pH 6.5, and pH 7.4 for at least 30 minutes. After the incubation, we used DNS (3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid) test to determine the concentration of reducing sugar. Based on the graph below, the optimal pH value for Cellulase Bgls to perform reaction is 6.5.
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<p style="font-size: 98%; line-height: 1.4em;">Figure 6. Th Graph of the Cellulase Activity of Cellulase Bgls at three different pH value.</p >
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===Potential application directions===
Under the experimental verification, cellulase Bgls is able to depolymerize cellulose, converting them into usable energy, which is an effcient and environmentally friendly way to develop energy. While cellulose is one of the most important components of plant cell wall and is abundant in the natural environment, the process of hydrolyzing cellulose by Cellulase Bgls has a wide range of applications in environmental protection (waste treatment), agriculture (fertilizer), bioengineering (bioethanol production), and industrial production (textiles and paper). 
===References===
[1] Ejaz U, Sohail M, Ghanemi A. Cellulases: From Bioactivity to a Variety of Industrial Applications. Biomimetics (Basel). 2021 Jul 5;6(3):44. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics6030044. PMID: 34287227; PMCID: PMC8293267.



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===Usage and Biology===

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<span class='h3bb'>Sequence and Features</span>
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===Functional Parameters===
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