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Granulysin is a member of the saposin-like protein (SAPLIP) family and primarily secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, which possesses antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and other organisms [1].

===Usage and Biology===
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It is generally recognized that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells play vital roles in host defense against pathogenic bacteria, which could exhibit cytolytic activity against microbes via producing various antimicrobial substances, such as perforin, granzyme and granulysin [2]. Granulysin is a cationic protein possessing broad antimicrobial activity, especially fatal to Mtb. It directly kills extracellular Mtb by damaging membrane integrity and disrupting lipid metabolism of the bacillus [3]. Moreover, granulysin significantly decreased the number of bacteria in Mtb H37Rv-infected mice model and there was no obvious cytotoxicity of granulysin [4]. Therefore, in 2019 CPU_CHINA project, we choose granulysin as a weapon to directly attack extracellular Mtb in blood circulation due to its excellent anti-TB activity.
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===Characterization===
<p>2019 CPU_CHINA attempted to develop a novel strategy to treat tuberculosis based on immune-like cells. Since granulysin is a major part of our project, we conducted research on it and obtained valuable results.</p>

[[File:T--CPU_CHINA--Induced_secretion_of_granulysin.png|800px|thumb|left|'''Figure 1.'''Induced secretion of granulysin.]]

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<p>Plasmid (TLR2-P2A-TLR1-T2A-CD14) and plasmid (NF-κB induced promoter-granulysin) were co-transfected into HEK293T cells. Then, we utilized Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4, TLR1/TLR2 agonist to stimulate Toll like receptor (TLR) and its downstream signaling pathway. In our project, the activation of NF-κB can eventually leads to the expression of granulysin. Since the granulysin contains signal peptides, it is eventually destined to be secreted out of cells. Therefore, we determine the concentration of granulysin by ELISA assay. As shown in Figure 1, the concentration of granulysin in the cell culture medium is significantly higher than other groups at 24h (A), 36h (B) and 48h (C).</p>

[[File:T--CPU_CHINA--Time-killing_curve.png|700px|thumb|left|'''Figure 2.'''Time-Killing Curve of granulysin against <i>M. smegmatis</i>.]]
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<p>Since <i>M.tuberculosis</i> is quite a dangerous species, we utilize a safer strain, M. smegmatis as a substitute to test in vitro antimicrobial activity of granulysin. The same amount of M. smegmatis was seeded into the cell culture medium with or without granlysin. Then, bacteria and cell medium were incubated at 37℃ with 200 rpm and OD600 of the medium was determined every 10 hours. The results demonstrate that granulysin exhibits good antimicrobial activity against M. smegmatis.</p>

===References===
<p>[1] Dotiwala, F. , Lieberman, J. (2019). Granulysin: killer lymphocyte safeguard against microbes. Curr Opin Immunol, 60:19-29.</p>
<p>[2] Dotiwala, F. , Sen Santara, S. , Binker-Cosen, A. A. , Li, B. , Chandrasekaran, S. , & Lieberman, J. . (2017). Granzyme b disrupts central metabolism and protein synthesis in bacteria to promote an immune cell death program. Cell, 171(5):1125-1137. </p>
<p>[3] Stenger, & S. (1998). An antimicrobial activity of cytolytic t cells mediated by granulysin. Science, 282(5386), 121-125.</p>
<p>[4] Ma, J. , Lu, J. , Huang, H. , Teng, X. , Tian, M. , & Yu, Q. , et al. (2015). Inhalation of recombinant adenovirus expressing granulysin protects mice infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene Therapy.</p>

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===Usage and Biology===

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<span class='h3bb'>Sequence and Features</span>
<partinfo>BBa_K2976004 SequenceAndFeatures</partinfo>


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===Functional Parameters===
<partinfo>BBa_K2976004 parameters</partinfo>
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